A Technical Guide to 2 Cylinders Deutz 912 Engine: Standards, Properties, and Applications in Practice

Types of 2-Cylinder Deutz 912 Engines

Two-cylinder Deutz engines are part of the renowned Deutz engine family, manufactured by Deutz AG — a leading German company specializing in diesel and alternative fuel engines. Known for their reliability, efficiency, and compact design, these engines power a wide range of equipment across agriculture, construction, and industrial sectors. Within the Deutz 912 engine series, 2-cylinder variants are available in both air-cooled and water-cooled configurations, each tailored to specific performance and operational requirements.

Air-Cooled 2-Cylinder Engines

Designed for simplicity and durability, air-cooled Deutz engines require no radiator or coolant system, making them ideal for compact and mobile applications.

Advantages

• No radiator or coolant system needed
• Lower maintenance requirements
• Compact and lightweight design
• Ideal for remote or harsh environments

Limitations

• Lower heat dissipation efficiency
• Limited sustained high-load performance
• Less suitable for continuous heavy-duty operation

Key Models:

• Deutz F2L 511: Delivers 20 kW (27 HP), commonly used in small tractors, portable generators, and light construction machinery.
• Deutz F2L 612: Produces 30–50 kW (40–67 HP), ideal for medium-sized agricultural equipment and industrial vehicles.
• Deutz F2L 912: Offers up to 80 kW (107 HP), suitable for larger machinery requiring robust performance in a compact air-cooled package.

Water-Cooled 2-Cylinder Engines

Water-cooled engines provide superior thermal management, enabling higher power output and extended operation under heavy loads.

Advantages

• Higher power density and efficiency
• Better temperature control under load
• Longer service life in continuous operation
• Smoother performance in variable conditions

Limitations

• More complex cooling system (radiator, hoses, water pump)
• Higher initial and maintenance cost
• Increased weight and space requirements

Key Models:

• Deutz BF2M 1015: Outputs 18–37 kW (24–50 HP), widely used in lawn mowers, small compressors, and utility machines.
• Deutz BF2M 2015: Delivers 36–75 kW (48–100 HP), powering construction machinery, commercial tractors, and light mining equipment.
• Deutz BF2M 913: Provides 80–150 kW (107–201 HP), designed for high-demand applications requiring maximum output from a 2-cylinder platform.

Engine Model	Cooling Type	Power Output (kW)	Power Output (HP)	Typical Applications
F2L 511	Air-Cooled	20	27	Small tractors, generators, light equipment
F2L 612	Air-Cooled	30–50	40–67	Medium agricultural & industrial vehicles
F2L 912	Air-Cooled	Up to 80	Up to 107	Larger machinery, compact power units
BF2M 1015	Water-Cooled	18–37	24–50	Lawn mowers, small compressors
BF2M 2015	Water-Cooled	36–75	48–100	Construction, tractors, mining
BF2M 913	Water-Cooled	80–150	107–201	Heavy-duty industrial & mining equipment

Expert Tip: When selecting between air-cooled and water-cooled 2-cylinder Deutz engines, consider the operating environment and duty cycle. Air-cooled models excel in simplicity and mobility, while water-cooled versions offer superior performance for continuous, high-load applications. Always ensure proper maintenance of cooling fins (air-cooled) or coolant systems (water-cooled) to maximize engine lifespan.

Specifications and Maintenance of 2-Cylinder Deutz 912 Engines

The Deutz 912 series 2-cylinder diesel engines are renowned for their compact design, reliability, and efficiency in a wide range of industrial, agricultural, and construction applications. Understanding their technical specifications enables optimal integration into machinery, while consistent maintenance ensures long-term performance and durability.

Key Technical Specifications

Power Output (15–75 kW)

The 2-cylinder Deutz 912 engine delivers a power range of 15 to 75 kilowatts, making it suitable for small to mid-sized machinery such as compact loaders, irrigation pumps, generators, and agricultural implements. This power band provides sufficient output for tasks requiring moderate mechanical energy without excessive fuel consumption.

Engines at the higher end of this range are often used in applications demanding continuous operation under load, while lower-power variants are ideal for auxiliary systems or lightweight mobile equipment.

Torque Range (70–260 Nm)

With a torque output between 70 and 260 Newton-meters, the Deutz 912 excels in low-speed pulling and starting performance. High torque at lower RPMs allows machinery to start under load—such as plows engaging soil or hydraulic systems initiating movement—without stalling.

This characteristic is especially beneficial in stop-start operations and uneven terrain, where responsive power delivery enhances productivity and reduces operator strain.

Engine Displacement (1.3–2.5 Liters)

The total engine displacement ranges from 1.3 to 2.5 liters, directly influencing power potential and combustion efficiency. Larger displacement models generate more power and torque due to increased air-fuel mixture volume per cycle, making them suitable for heavier-duty applications.

Despite the compact two-cylinder layout, Deutz engineers optimize combustion chamber design and fuel injection timing to maximize energy extraction across the displacement variants.

Weight (150–250 kg)

Weighing between 150 and 250 kilograms, the Deutz 912 engine strikes a balance between structural robustness and portability. The lightweight construction simplifies installation in space-constrained environments and reduces overall machine weight, contributing to better fuel economy and maneuverability.

Advanced materials and precision casting techniques ensure durability without unnecessary mass, supporting use in mobile and transportable equipment.

Dimensions & Mounting Design

The engine's length and diameter are engineered to fit standard mounting configurations, enabling seamless integration into existing mechanical systems. Standardized bolt patterns, flywheel housing, and PTO (Power Take-Off) interfaces allow compatibility with a wide array of transmissions, pumps, and generators.

This modular design philosophy reduces customization costs and speeds up replacement or retrofitting processes in fleet maintenance scenarios.

Fuel Efficiency

As a diesel engine, the Deutz 912 offers excellent fuel efficiency thanks to high compression ratios and direct fuel injection technology. It delivers more work per liter of diesel compared to gasoline engines, reducing operating costs and extending runtime between refuels.

Optimized combustion and minimal parasitic losses contribute to lower emissions and improved thermal efficiency, aligning with modern environmental standards and sustainability goals.

Specification	Value Range	Application Impact
Power Output	15–75 kW	Suitable for light to medium-duty machinery; scalable for different load requirements
Torque	70–260 Nm	Excellent low-end performance for starting under load and variable speed tasks
Displacement	1.3–2.5 L	Higher displacement = greater power; ideal for sustained heavy operation
Engine Weight	150–250 kg	Lightweight yet durable; supports mobile and compact equipment designs
Fuel Type	Diesel	High efficiency, lower operating cost, and longer service intervals

Essential Maintenance Practices for Longevity and Performance

Proper maintenance is critical to preserving the reliability and efficiency of the Deutz 912 engine. Regular servicing not only prevents unexpected breakdowns but also maintains optimal fuel economy and emission levels.

Monitor Oil Levels Regularly: Check engine oil weekly or before each operation. Low oil levels can cause increased friction, overheating, and accelerated wear on internal components such as bearings and pistons.

Perform Timely Oil Changes: Replace engine oil and oil filter according to the manufacturer’s recommended intervals (typically every 150–250 operating hours). Using degraded oil reduces lubrication effectiveness and can lead to sludge buildup and engine damage.

Maintain the Air Filter: Clean or replace the air filter element based on operating conditions. In dusty environments, more frequent replacement is necessary. A clogged filter restricts airflow, reducing combustion efficiency and increasing fuel consumption.

Inspect the Fuel System: Periodically examine fuel injectors, lines, and filters for leaks, blockages, or wear. Clogged injectors or contaminated fuel can cause poor atomization, misfiring, and reduced power output.

Service the Cooling System: Ensure the radiator, water pump, thermostat, and hoses are functioning properly. Remove debris from radiator fins and check coolant levels and concentration to prevent overheating and corrosion.

Listen for Abnormal Noises and Vibrations: Unusual knocking, rattling, or excessive vibration may indicate internal wear, loose mounts, or imbalance. Early diagnosis can prevent catastrophic failure and costly repairs.

Keep a Maintenance Log: Record all inspections, oil changes, filter replacements, and repairs. A detailed log helps track service intervals, identify recurring issues, and support warranty claims or resale value.

Important: Always consult the official Deutz 912 engine service manual for model-specific procedures, torque specifications, and fluid types. Using incorrect oils, filters, or parts can void warranties and compromise engine integrity. Adhering to a structured maintenance schedule significantly extends engine life and ensures safe, efficient operation in demanding environments.

Application Scenarios of the 2-Cylinder Deutz 912 Engine

The Deutz 912 engine is a compact, air-cooled, 2-cylinder diesel engine renowned for its durability, fuel efficiency, and low maintenance requirements. Its robust design and reliable performance make it ideal for a wide range of industrial, agricultural, and mobile applications. Below is a detailed breakdown of its key application areas, highlighting how this versatile engine powers essential machinery across various sectors.

Construction Machinery

The Deutz 912 engine is a preferred power source for compact construction equipment due to its consistent torque output and ability to withstand harsh operating conditions. It powers machines such as mini excavators, skid-steer loaders, and small bulldozers.

• Delivers reliable performance in high-vibration and dusty environments
• Air-cooled design eliminates the need for radiators and coolant systems, reducing complexity and maintenance
• Ideal for confined spaces where compact, self-contained power units are required

Key benefit: Minimal downtime and excellent adaptability to rugged job sites

Small Agricultural Machinery

Widely used in small-scale farming operations, the Deutz 912 engine powers essential agricultural tools such as walk-behind tractors, rotary tillers, seeders, and small harvesters.

• Provides consistent power for soil preparation, planting, and harvesting tasks
• Fuel-efficient operation reduces running costs for seasonal use
• Resistant to dust, moisture, and temperature fluctuations common in field environments

Pro tip: Often integrated into multi-functional farm implements for year-round utility

Generator Sets (Gensets)

The Deutz 912 engine is frequently used in portable and stationary diesel generators, delivering dependable electricity in off-grid or emergency situations.

• Commonly found in 5–15 kVA generator sets for construction sites, rural areas, and outdoor events
• Stable RPM control ensures clean power output for sensitive electronics
• Long service intervals and low oil consumption enhance operational efficiency

Critical advantage: Proven reliability during extended runtime under variable loads

Logistics & Material Handling Equipment

In warehouse and industrial settings, the Deutz 912 engine powers various material handling machines, including forklifts, pallet trucks, and stacker cranes.

• Used in internal combustion forklifts where electric models may lack power or runtime
• Air-cooled system prevents overheating in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces
• Compact size allows integration into tight chassis designs

Note: Often preferred in outdoor or semi-indoor logistics operations with high throughput demands

Specialized Engineering Vehicles

The engine is employed in niche engineering vehicles such as road sweepers, trenchers, and mobile compressors that require durable, long-lasting power solutions.

• Supports hydraulic systems and auxiliary attachments through PTO (Power Take-Off) configurations
• Engine longevity reduces replacement costs in municipal and utility fleets
• Operates efficiently in stop-and-go duty cycles typical of urban maintenance work

Technical insight: Often paired with hydraulic pumps for direct drive applications

Marine Applications

The Deutz 912 engine is adapted for use in small marine vessels, including fishing boats, patrol boats, and workboats, where simplicity and reliability are paramount.

• Available in marinized versions with corrosion-resistant components
• Direct drive or shaft-drive configurations suitable for displacement hulls
• Low fuel consumption supports extended operation without refueling

Safety note: Requires proper ventilation and exhaust routing when used in enclosed boat compartments

Agricultural Sprayers & Irrigation Systems

Beyond general machinery, the Deutz 912 powers specialized agricultural equipment like crop sprayers, irrigation pumps, and grain augers.

• Drives high-pressure pumps for even chemical distribution in precision farming
• Operates irrigation systems in remote fields without access to grid power
• Vibration-resistant mounting ensures stable performance during transport

Efficiency gain: Enables consistent flow rates and pressure control for optimal crop care

Specialty & Utility Vehicles

Though not common in mainstream automotive applications, the Deutz 912 engine finds use in off-road utility vehicles, mobile workshops, and food vending trucks.

• Provides auxiliary power for refrigeration, lighting, and cooking equipment
• Suitable for custom-built or retrofitted mobile service units
• Low noise and emissions profile meets urban operation standards

Innovation use case: Integrated into hybrid power systems for sustainable mobile operations

Expert Recommendation: When selecting equipment powered by the Deutz 912 engine, prioritize models with accessible service points and OEM-approved parts. Regular maintenance—especially air filter cleaning and oil changes—maximizes engine life and ensures peak performance across all application types. For operators in remote or harsh environments, consider models with enhanced filtration and protective coatings.

Application Sector	Typical Equipment	Key Engine Advantages	Operational Benefits
Construction	Mini excavators, loaders	Rugged build, air-cooled	Low maintenance, high uptime
Agriculture	Tillers, sprayers, tractors	Fuel-efficient, compact	Cost-effective for seasonal use
Power Generation	Portable diesel gensets	Stable RPM, long runtime	Reliable backup power
Logistics	Forklifts, stackers	Vibration-resistant, compact	Efficient indoor/outdoor use
Marine	Small fishing & work boats	Corrosion-resistant options	Durable in wet environments
Specialty Vehicles	Utility & mobile service trucks	Adaptable mounting, low noise	Versatile for custom builds

Additional Considerations for Optimal Use

• Maintenance Simplicity: Air-cooled design eliminates coolant leaks and radiator issues, reducing service complexity
• Fuel Flexibility: Compatible with standard diesel and biodiesel blends (subject to manufacturer guidelines)
• Environmental Compliance: Meets Tier 3/Stage IIIA emissions standards in updated models
• Noise Levels: Engine noise is moderate; sound-dampening enclosures recommended for urban or indoor use
• Aftermarket Support: Extensive global parts network ensures long-term availability and repairability

How to Choose the Right 2-Cylinder Deutz 912 Engine for Industrial Applications

Selecting the appropriate Deutz 912 engine is a critical decision for ensuring optimal performance, reliability, and efficiency in industrial machinery. The Deutz 912 series, known for its compact design and robust engineering, offers a range of 2-cylinder models ideal for applications such as construction equipment, agricultural machinery, generators, and material handling systems. To make an informed choice, it’s essential to evaluate several technical and operational factors. This guide walks you through the key considerations to help you select the best Deutz 912 engine model for your specific needs.

Important Note: The Deutz 912 engine series primarily includes diesel-powered models designed for industrial use. Always verify engine specifications with official Deutz documentation or authorized distributors, as model availability and configurations may vary by region and application.

Key Factors When Choosing a Deutz 912 Engine

1. Understand the Application Requirements

   Before selecting an engine, thoroughly assess the demands of your application. Consider the following:

   • Power Needs: Determine the required horsepower (kW or HP) and whether the load is constant or variable.
   • Operating Environment: Evaluate temperature extremes, dust levels, humidity, and altitude, as these can affect engine performance and cooling efficiency.
   • Duty Cycle: Identify if the engine will run continuously, intermittently, or under peak load conditions.
   • Installation Constraints: Note any spatial limitations, mounting orientation requirements, or integration needs with existing drivetrain components.
   • Regulatory Compliance: Ensure the engine meets local emissions standards (e.g., EU Stage V, EPA Tier 4) applicable to your region and industry.

   Matching these operational parameters to the right Deutz 912 variant ensures long-term reliability and peak performance.

2. Select the Appropriate Engine Model

   The Deutz 912 series includes multiple configurations with varying power outputs and features. Key selection criteria include:

   • Fuel Type: Most 912 engines are diesel-powered, offering high torque and fuel efficiency. Confirm fuel compatibility with your site infrastructure.
   • Displacement: Typically around 1.1 liters, but verify exact displacement for your model to ensure compatibility with performance goals.
   • Power Range: The 2-cylinder Deutz 912 engines generally produce between 18–30 kW (24–40 HP), depending on configuration.
   • Torque and Speed: Check maximum torque (Nm) and rated RPM to ensure smooth integration with hydraulic pumps, generators, or mechanical drives.
   • Cooling System: Choose between air-cooled or liquid-cooled variants based on ambient conditions and space availability.

   Consult the Deutz product catalog or technical datasheets to compare exact specifications across models such as the 912, 913, or 914, which may offer incremental improvements in power and emissions control.

3. Consider Installation Space and Weight

   The compact footprint of the 2-cylinder Deutz 912 makes it ideal for space-constrained applications, but proper fitment is crucial.

   • Measure available engine bay dimensions, including clearance for exhaust, air intake, and service access.
   • Verify mounting points and engine orientation (horizontal or vertical shaft output).
   • Assess engine weight (typically 100–140 kg / 220–310 lbs) to ensure it does not compromise equipment balance or structural integrity.
   • Account for additional components like radiators, mufflers, and fuel tanks when planning installation.

   Proper spatial planning prevents costly redesigns and ensures ease of maintenance access.

4. Evaluate Engine Performance and Efficiency

   Efficiency directly impacts operating costs and environmental compliance. Focus on:

   • Fuel Consumption: Review specific fuel consumption (g/kWh) at rated load to estimate running costs.
   • Thermal Efficiency: Higher efficiency reduces heat output and improves longevity.
   • Speed Control: Ensure the engine supports the required RPM range for your application (e.g., constant speed for generators, variable for mobile equipment).
   • Emissions Compliance: Newer 912 models may include advanced fuel injection and exhaust treatment to meet strict environmental regulations.

   A well-matched engine delivers consistent power while minimizing fuel use and emissions.

5. Review Reliability and Durability

   Industrial environments demand rugged, long-lasting engines. The Deutz 912 is engineered for durability, but consider:

   • Proven Track Record: Research field performance in similar applications (e.g., compact excavators, irrigation pumps).
   • Build Quality: Look for cast iron blocks, robust crankshafts, and precision fuel systems.
   • Maintenance Intervals: Longer oil change and service cycles reduce downtime and maintenance costs.
   • Component Lifespan: Evaluate expected life of injectors, turbochargers (if equipped), and cooling systems.

   Engines with a history of low failure rates and high uptime are ideal for mission-critical operations.

6. Pay Attention to After-Sales Service and Technical Support

   Ongoing support is essential for maximizing engine lifespan and minimizing downtime.

   • Choose suppliers or dealers with certified Deutz technicians and local service networks.
   • Confirm availability of genuine spare parts (filters, gaskets, injectors) to avoid compatibility issues.
   • Inquire about remote diagnostics, warranty coverage, and training for maintenance personnel.
   • Access to technical documentation (service manuals, wiring diagrams) simplifies troubleshooting.

   Strong after-sales support ensures quick resolution of issues and helps maintain optimal engine performance over time.

Selection Factor	Key Questions to Ask	Recommended Action	Tools/Resources Needed
Application Requirements	What is the duty cycle? What are environmental conditions?	Document load profile and operating environment	Load log, site survey, application checklist
Engine Model	Does it meet power, speed, and emissions requirements?	Compare technical datasheets of 912 variants	Deutz product catalog, specification sheets
Installation & Weight	Will it fit? Will it affect equipment balance?	Conduct 3D fit check or mock installation	Dimensional drawings, CAD models
Performance & Efficiency	What is fuel consumption at full load?	Calculate operating cost per hour	Fuel consumption charts, cost calculator
Reliability & Maintenance	What are service intervals? Are parts readily available?	Review maintenance schedule and parts list	Service manual, parts database
Support & Warranty	Is local technical support available?	Contact distributor for service capabilities	Dealer directory, warranty terms

Expert Tip: Before finalizing your selection, request a performance curve (torque vs. RPM) from the supplier. This graph helps visualize how the engine will perform under real-world load conditions and ensures compatibility with your equipment’s drivetrain.

Additional Recommendations

• Always verify engine compatibility with your machine’s control system (mechanical, electronic, or CAN bus interface).
• Consider future scalability—selecting a slightly more powerful model may extend equipment life and avoid premature upgrades.
• Keep a log of engine operating hours and service history to optimize maintenance scheduling.
• Use only Deutz-approved lubricants and filters to maintain warranty coverage and engine health.
• Train operators on proper warm-up and shutdown procedures to reduce wear and extend engine life.

Choosing the right 2-cylinder Deutz 912 engine involves more than just matching horsepower—it requires a holistic evaluation of application demands, installation logistics, efficiency goals, and long-term support. By systematically addressing each of these factors, you can ensure reliable, cost-effective performance in even the most demanding industrial environments. When in doubt, consult with a Deutz-certified engineer or authorized distributor to confirm your selection aligns with best practices and technical standards.

2-Cylinder Deutz 912 Engine: Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Where can people find Deutz 912 engines for sale?

Finding a reliable source for Deutz 912 engines—whether new or used—depends on your specific needs and location. Here are the most effective avenues:

• Authorized Dealers & Manufacturers: For new or remanufactured engines, contacting Deutz directly or through their network of authorized dealers ensures authenticity, warranty coverage, and technical support.
• Industrial Equipment Suppliers: Many suppliers specializing in agricultural, construction, or industrial machinery stock Deutz engines or can source them upon request.
• Used Engine Markets: Individuals or businesses selling used Deutz 912 engines may find buyers through online marketplaces (e.g., eBay, MachineryTrader), specialized forums (e.g., Smokstak, TractorByNet), or export/import channels.
• Import/Export Networks: In regions where older 2-cylinder Deutz engines are no longer in demand domestically, exporters of used construction or farming equipment often accept these engines for international resale, particularly in developing markets.

Tips: Always verify engine condition, service history, and compatibility with your machinery before purchase. Consider having a pre-purchase inspection done by a qualified technician when buying used.

Q2: What are the key developments and trends in Deutz 912 engine technology?

While the Deutz 912 remains a proven workhorse in industrial applications, modern advancements in engine design have influenced expectations and upgrades even for legacy models. Key trends include:

• Increased Power Density: Industry demand is shifting toward more compact engines with higher output. Although the 912 is modest by today’s standards, newer Deutz models reflect this trend with improved horsepower per liter.
• Turbocharging: Turbocharged variants are increasingly common across Deutz’s lineup, enhancing torque and efficiency—especially under load. Retrofitting or upgrading to turbo models can significantly improve performance.
• Fuel System Innovations: Modern fuel injection systems with precise electronic control and variable displacement pumps optimize fuel delivery, improving combustion efficiency and reducing emissions.
• Emissions Compliance: While the original 912 predates strict emissions standards, newer Deutz engines comply with EU Stage V and EPA Tier 4 regulations, incorporating technologies like cooled EGR and diesel particulate filters (DPF).
• Scavenge Brake Systems: Though "acid-matched scavenge brake" may be a misstatement, Deutz has long utilized advanced scavenging and exhaust management in air-cooled engines to maintain thermal efficiency and reduce wear.

Note: While the base 912 model remains largely mechanical and air-cooled, understanding these trends helps buyers evaluate upgrades, retrofits, or replacements for improved performance and longevity.

Q3: How long does a 2-cylinder Deutz 912 industrial engine typically last?

The service life of a Deutz 912 engine varies significantly based on operating conditions, maintenance practices, and workload. However, with proper care, these engines are known for exceptional durability:

• Average Lifespan: In well-maintained industrial machines (e.g., generators, skid steers, compactors), the Deutz 912 can last 10,000 to 15,000 hours or more—equivalent to 10–15 years of regular use.
• Harsh Environments: Engines used in mining, construction, or continuous-duty applications may experience accelerated wear but can still achieve long service lives with rigorous maintenance.
• Maintenance Impact: Regular oil changes, air filter replacements, coolant checks (if liquid-cooled variants), and valve adjustments are critical. Neglecting maintenance can shorten engine life by up to 50%.
• Rebuild Potential: Many 912 engines are rebuilt rather than replaced, extending their operational life for decades due to their robust design and parts availability.

Pro Tip: Keep a detailed maintenance log to track service intervals and detect early signs of wear—this can greatly enhance reliability and resale value.

Q4: What are the warning signs that a Deutz 912 engine needs replacement?

Even durable engines like the Deutz 912 will eventually reach the end of their service life. Recognizing early warning signs can prevent costly downtime or damage to other machine components:

• Unusual Noises: Knocking, rattling, or metallic clanking from the engine block may indicate internal damage such as worn bearings, piston slap, or connecting rod issues.
• Declining Performance: Reduced power, difficulty starting, or inconsistent idle suggest worn components, poor compression, or fuel system problems.
• Increased Fuel Consumption: A sudden rise in fuel usage often points to inefficient combustion due to worn injectors, rings, or valves.
• Overheating: Persistent overheating—even after cooling system checks—can signal internal blockages, head gasket failure, or loss of cooling efficiency in air-cooled models.
• Fluid Leaks: Oil, coolant, or fuel leaks from the engine block, seals, or gaskets may indicate aging components or structural fatigue.
• Check Engine Light or Diagnostic Alerts: On equipped machines, error codes related to misfires, low pressure, or sensor failures warrant immediate investigation.

If multiple symptoms appear together, the engine may be beyond economical repair. A professional assessment—including compression testing and oil analysis—can determine whether repair, rebuild, or full replacement is the best course of action.