Types of 48-Core Fiber Terminal Boxes
A 48-core fiber terminal box is a critical component in modern fiber optic networks, designed to manage, protect, and terminate up to 48 individual fiber optic cables. These enclosures ensure signal integrity, simplify cable organization, and support efficient network maintenance. The type of terminal box used depends on installation environment, network topology, and performance requirements.
Fiber terminal boxes come in various configurations, each tailored for specific applications—from indoor data centers to outdoor telecom installations. Understanding the differences helps in selecting the right solution for optimal network reliability and scalability.
Standard Fiber Optic Terminal Box
Ideal for controlled indoor environments, this box provides secure termination and management for high-density fiber setups.
Advantages
- High-density capacity (up to 48 fibers)
- Robust metal housing for durability
- Integrated trays for cable routing and splicing
- Space-saving wall or rack mount design
- Supports easy access for maintenance
Limitations
- Not suitable for outdoor use
- Limited environmental protection
- Requires climate-controlled space
Best for: Commercial buildings, server rooms, telecom closets, and enterprise networks
Outdoor Fiber Optic Terminal Box
Engineered for external installations, this weather-resistant enclosure protects fiber connections from harsh outdoor conditions.
Advantages
- IP65/IP67-rated waterproof and dustproof sealing
- UV-resistant materials prevent sun damage
- Wide operating temperature range (-40°C to +85°C)
- Corrosion-resistant housing (often ABS or polycarbonate)
- Secure locking mechanism to prevent tampering
Limitations
- Higher cost than indoor models
- Bulkier design due to sealing requirements
- May require additional grounding
Best for: Campus networks, telecom poles, street cabinets, and inter-building links
Patch Panel Terminal Box
Designed for flexibility and reconfigurability, this box acts as a central hub for connecting and rerouting fiber links.
Advantages
- Enables quick connection changes without re-splicing
- Supports LC, SC, or MPO patch ports for modular access
- Reduces downtime during network upgrades
- High port density with clear labeling options
- Essential for structured cabling systems
Limitations
- Requires additional patch cables
- Potential for port congestion if not managed
- Slightly higher signal loss due to extra connections
Best for: Data centers, IT server rooms, network operation centers (NOCs), and cloud infrastructure
Distribution Terminal Box
Acts as a branching point, splitting a main fiber line into multiple sub-lines for end-user connectivity.
Advantages
- Efficient signal distribution to multiple zones
- Supports passive optical networks (PON)
- Compact design for tight spaces (e.g., ceiling voids, risers)
- Reduces need for multiple main runs
- Facilitates easy troubleshooting and isolation
Limitations
- Less flexibility for reconfiguration
- Typically requires splicing for setup
- Limited patching capability compared to patch panels
Best for: Office complexes, schools, apartment buildings, and FTTH (Fiber to the Home) deployments
| Type | Environment | Capacity | Key Function | Ideal Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Terminal Box | Indoor | Up to 48 fibers | Termination & Management | Office networks, telecom rooms |
| Outdoor Terminal Box | Outdoor/Exposed | Up to 48 fibers | Environmental Protection | Campus links, street installations |
| Patch Panel Box | Indoor (Controlled) | Up to 48 ports | Connection Flexibility | Data centers, IT infrastructure |
| Distribution Box | Indoor/Outdoor (Riser) | 1×N Splitting | Signal Distribution | FTTH, multi-dwelling units |
Expert Tip: When installing outdoor fiber terminal boxes, always use waterproof gel-filled splice protectors and ensure all cable glands are properly tightened to maintain long-term IP67 protection and prevent moisture ingress.
Installation Note: For 48-core applications, proper labeling and color-coding of fibers are essential to avoid confusion during maintenance or upgrades. Consider using pre-terminated solutions for faster deployment and reduced error rates.
Specifications and Durability of 48-Core Fiber Terminal Box
Fiber optic terminal boxes are essential components in modern telecommunications and network infrastructure. The 48-core fiber terminal box, in particular, serves as a critical junction point for managing high-density fiber connections in both indoor and outdoor environments. Understanding its technical specifications and durability features is vital for businesses and network engineers to ensure long-term reliability, optimal performance, and cost-effective deployment.
Technical Specifications
A 48-core fiber terminal box is engineered to manage up to 48 individual fiber optic cables, making it ideal for medium to large-scale network installations such as data centers, campus networks, and telecommunications hubs. These boxes support both single-mode and multimode fiber types, offering flexibility for various transmission distances and bandwidth requirements.
Fiber Capacity and Scalability
The "48-core" designation refers to the box’s ability to terminate, splice, and organize 48 individual optical fibers. Each fiber can carry high-speed data independently, enabling the system to support up to 288 simultaneous connections when used with 1x6 or 1x12 splitter configurations. This scalability makes the 48-core model suitable for expanding networks where future-proofing is a priority.
Internal Organization and Cable Management
These terminal boxes feature a well-designed internal layout with splice trays and alignment panels that prevent fiber bending, twisting, or micro-cracks. Splice trays allow technicians to join separate fiber segments with minimal signal loss, reducing the need for long cable runs and simplifying cable routing.
Integrated slack storage compartments securely hold excess fiber length, ensuring that cables can be accessed for maintenance or reconfiguration without disrupting active connections or risking tension damage.
Connectivity and Compatibility
Most 48-core terminal boxes come equipped with standard adapter panels (typically SC, LC, or FC types) that support hot-swappable connections. This compatibility allows seamless integration with existing network equipment, patch panels, and transceivers across diverse environments.
The use of standardized connectors ensures plug-and-play functionality, reduces installation time, and minimizes human error during setup or upgrades.
Mounting and Installation Options
These boxes are designed for versatile deployment. They can be wall-mounted, pole-mounted, or installed in rack enclosures depending on the application. Outdoor models often include UV-resistant brackets and corrosion-proof fasteners to withstand prolonged exposure to the elements.
Compact yet robust designs make them suitable for tight spaces in telecom cabinets or street-side junctions without compromising accessibility.
| Specification | Details | Application Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| Fiber Count | 48 cores (expandable via splitters) | Ideal for high-density networks and future scalability |
| Fiber Types Supported | Single-mode (SMF) and Multimode (MMF) | Versatility across short and long-haul transmissions |
| Adapter Types | SC, LC, FC (configurable) | Universal compatibility with network hardware |
| Splice Tray Capacity | 6–12 trays (up to 12 fibers per tray) | Efficient splicing and reduced signal loss |
| Mounting Options | Wall, pole, rack, or cabinet mount | Flexible deployment in diverse environments |
Durability and Material Construction
Durability is a cornerstone of the 48-core fiber terminal box design, especially for outdoor and industrial applications. These enclosures are built to protect sensitive fiber connections from environmental stressors such as moisture, dust, temperature extremes, and physical impact.
Cold Rolled Steel
Widely used in industrial-grade terminal boxes, cold-rolled steel offers exceptional mechanical strength and impact resistance. Its smooth, tightly controlled surface finish enhances corrosion resistance and reduces the risk of particulate contamination that could interfere with optical signals.
This material is particularly effective in high-risk environments like construction sites, railways, or urban utility poles where vandalism or accidental impacts are possible.
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polycarbonate is a high-performance thermoplastic known for its lightweight nature and excellent dielectric properties. It does not conduct electricity, making it a safer option for installations near power lines or in lightning-prone areas.
While not as rigid as metal, polycarbonate offers superior UV resistance and flexibility, preventing brittleness under extreme temperature fluctuations. It's commonly used in residential or suburban deployments where weight and electrical safety are key concerns.
Environmental Protection: IP Rating and Operating Conditions
The 48-core fiber terminal box typically carries an **IP65 rating or higher**, indicating complete protection against dust ingress and resistance to low-pressure water jets from any direction. This level of sealing ensures reliable operation in harsh outdoor conditions, including rain, snow, and dusty industrial zones.
Important: Always verify the IP rating and material specifications before deployment in extreme environments. Using a plastic enclosure in a high-impact zone or a non-UV-stabilized box in direct sunlight can lead to premature failure. Proper installation and periodic inspection are crucial to maintaining the environmental seal and ensuring uninterrupted network performance.
Uses of 48-Core Fiber Terminal Box: A Comprehensive Guide
The 48-core fiber terminal box is a critical component in modern fiber optic communication infrastructure. Designed to terminate, splice, protect, and manage fiber optic cables, this device plays a pivotal role in ensuring high-speed, reliable, and scalable data transmission across diverse environments. Its capacity to handle up to 48 individual fibers makes it ideal for applications requiring high-density connectivity, especially in settings where large volumes of data must be transferred quickly and securely over long distances.
Valued for its durability, flexibility, and performance, the 48-core fiber terminal box is widely deployed across industries ranging from telecommunications and IT to healthcare, education, and industrial automation. Below is a detailed exploration of its key applications and benefits in various sectors.
Network and Data Centers
Data centers are the backbone of digital infrastructure, housing thousands of servers, switches, and storage systems that require seamless, high-bandwidth connectivity. The 48-core fiber terminal box serves as a central hub for managing fiber optic connections, enabling efficient routing and splicing of optical fibers between core networking equipment.
- Supports high-density cabling in server rooms and main distribution frames (MDFs)
- Minimizes signal loss and electromagnetic interference (EMI), ensuring clean data transmission
- Facilitates easy scalability by allowing modular expansion of fiber networks
- Protects delicate splices and connectors from dust, moisture, and physical damage
- Enables quick troubleshooting and maintenance through organized fiber management
Key benefit: Ensures uninterrupted, low-latency performance essential for cloud computing, virtualization, and real-time data processing.
Commercial Buildings
In multi-story office complexes, corporate campuses, and business parks, maintaining a robust internal communication network is crucial for day-to-day operations. The 48-core fiber terminal box provides a structured cabling solution that connects workstations, VoIP phones, security systems, Wi-Fi access points, and surveillance cameras across floors.
- Installed in telecom closets or riser shafts for centralized fiber distribution
- Enables gigabit-to-multi-gigabit internet speeds across large buildings
- Supports converged networks integrating voice, data, and video services
- Offers wall-mount or rack-mount options for flexible deployment
- Reduces cable clutter and simplifies future upgrades or reconfigurations
Pro tip: Ideal for smart building systems that rely on IoT devices and unified communications platforms.
Educational Institutions
Schools, colleges, and universities depend on high-performance networks to support e-learning, digital classrooms, online exams, research databases, and administrative systems. With hundreds or thousands of users accessing the network simultaneously, the 48-core fiber terminal box ensures reliable connectivity across lecture halls, labs, libraries, and dormitories.
- Connects campus-wide LANs with minimal signal degradation over long distances
- Supports high-bandwidth applications like video conferencing, streaming lectures, and cloud-based learning platforms
- Enables future-ready infrastructure for expanding student populations and technology needs
- Protects fiber splices in harsh environments such as outdoor conduits or underground ducts
- Facilitates network segmentation for different departments (e.g., admin, engineering, library)
Critical advantage: Helps maintain consistent network performance during peak usage times, such as exam periods or virtual class schedules.
Healthcare Facilities
Hospitals, clinics, and medical centers rely on uninterrupted data flow for electronic health records (EHR), telemedicine, diagnostic imaging (MRI, CT scans), and life-support systems. The 48-core fiber terminal box supports mission-critical communications by providing secure, high-speed, and interference-free fiber connections.
- Ensures HIPAA-compliant data transmission with secure, shielded enclosures
- Operates reliably in sensitive areas like operating rooms and imaging suites with minimal EMI
- Withstands demanding environmental conditions including temperature fluctuations and humidity
- Supports integration of medical devices into hospital-wide networks
- Enables real-time data sharing between departments for faster diagnosis and treatment
Technical note: Often used in hybrid networks combining fiber backbones with copper drops to endpoints.
Industrial Settings
Manufacturing plants, power stations, and industrial facilities require rugged communication systems capable of withstanding dust, vibration, extreme temperatures, and electrical noise. The 48-core fiber terminal box is engineered for harsh environments, offering IP-rated enclosures and corrosion-resistant materials.
- Used in SCADA systems, PLC networks, and automated production lines
- Provides immunity to electrical interference in high-voltage industrial zones
- Supports long-distance connectivity between control rooms and remote sensors
- Enables real-time monitoring and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication
- Facilitates predictive maintenance and operational efficiency through stable data links
Durability factor: Sealed enclosures protect against moisture and contaminants common in factory environments.
Telecom and Service Providers
While not originally listed, telecom operators and internet service providers (ISPs) are among the largest users of 48-core terminal boxes. These boxes serve as key nodes in FTTx (Fiber to the x) networks, connecting central offices to neighborhoods, buildings, and end-users.
- Deployed in outdoor cabinets, poles, or underground vaults for last-mile connectivity
- Enables efficient splitting and distribution of signals via optical splitters
- Supports GPON, EPON, and other passive optical network architectures
- Allows quick service activation and reconfiguration for new customers
- Designed for rapid field installation and minimal downtime
Scalability insight: One terminal box can serve dozens of homes or businesses in a fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) setup.
Professional Recommendation: When deploying 48-core fiber terminal boxes, always ensure proper labeling, documentation, and use of protective sleeves for splices. This not only simplifies maintenance but also reduces downtime during troubleshooting. For outdoor or industrial use, select models with IP65 or higher ingress protection ratings to ensure long-term reliability.
| Application Sector | Primary Use Case | Key Requirement | Terminal Box Benefit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data Centers | Server interconnectivity | Low latency, high bandwidth | Signal integrity and cable organization |
| Commercial Buildings | Multifloor network distribution | Scalability, ease of installation | Centralized fiber management |
| Educational Institutions | Digital learning infrastructure | High user concurrency | Reliable, scalable connectivity |
| Healthcare Facilities | Medical data transmission | 24/7 uptime, security | EMI resistance and durability |
| Industrial Environments | Automation and control systems | Ruggedness, environmental resistance | Sealed, corrosion-resistant housing |
Additional Considerations
- Fiber Type Compatibility: Supports single-mode (SMF) and multimode (MMF) fibers, making it versatile for various applications
- Splice Tray Capacity: Typically includes 6–12 splice trays, allowing organized storage of fusion splices
- Cable Entry Options: Features multiple entry ports for aerial, duct, or direct burial installations
- Lockable Design: Prevents unauthorized access in public or shared spaces
- Color-Coded Management: Improves identification and reduces human error during installation
How to Choose the 48 Core Fiber Terminal Box: A Comprehensive Buyer’s Guide
Selecting the right 48 core fiber terminal box is a strategic decision that directly impacts network performance, scalability, and long-term operational efficiency. These enclosures serve as central connection points for fiber optic cables in telecommunications, data centers, industrial facilities, and institutional networks. Choosing a model with the right blend of durability, functionality, and future-readiness ensures maximum return on investment and minimizes downtime. This guide explores the essential features, cost factors, longevity considerations, and commercial benefits to help businesses make informed decisions.
Important Note: The 48 core capacity makes this terminal box ideal for medium to large-scale installations where high-density fiber management is required. Always verify compatibility with your existing cabling infrastructure and plan for future expansion during selection.
Key Features to Prioritize
When evaluating 48 core fiber terminal boxes, focus on design elements that enhance usability, protection, and adaptability. A well-designed enclosure not only protects delicate fiber connections but also simplifies installation and maintenance.
- Efficient Installation and Cable Management: Look for models designed for quick deployment with tool-less or snap-in mounting options. Features like color-coded trays, labeled ports, and modular splice holders streamline the installation process and reduce human error. Ample internal space ensures fibers aren’t bent beyond their minimum bend radius, preventing signal loss and breakage.
- Scalable Design with Future-Proofing: Choose a box that offers organized fiber routing and includes extra slack storage for future upgrades. Models with expandable adapter panels or additional splice tray slots allow for network growth without replacing the entire enclosure. This flexibility is crucial for evolving IT infrastructures.
- Environmental Protection (IP Rating): For outdoor or industrial environments, select a terminal box with a high Ingress Protection (IP) rating—ideally IP65 or higher. This ensures complete protection against dust and water ingress, making it suitable for deployment in harsh conditions such as factory floors, utility poles, or exposed outdoor walls.
- Durable Construction Materials: Outdoor and industrial models should be constructed from UV-resistant, corrosion-proof materials like high-grade ABS plastic or powder-coated steel. These materials withstand extreme temperatures, moisture, and mechanical stress, ensuring long-term reliability in challenging environments.
- Flexible Connectivity Options: Ensure the box supports standard adapter types (LC, SC, ST, or MTP/MPO) and allows easy reconfiguration. Removable or swappable adapter plates enable quick changes in network topology, accommodating different connection types as business needs evolve.
Expert Tip: Opt for terminal boxes with clear viewing windows or translucent covers to allow visual inspection of fiber status without opening the enclosure—reducing exposure to dust and accidental disconnections.
Cost Considerations
The price of a 48 core fiber terminal box varies significantly based on construction, features, and intended use. Understanding these variables helps in budgeting and selecting the most cost-effective solution for your application.
| Type of Terminal Box | Typical Price Range | Key Features | Best Use Cases |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indoor Wall-Mounted | $50 – $120 | Plastic housing, basic cable management, dust protection | Offices, schools, server rooms |
| Outdoor Weatherproof | $120 – $250 | IP65+ rated, UV-resistant, sealed gaskets, metal housing | Data centers, telecom cabinets, industrial sites |
| Rack-Mountable (1U/2U) | $150 – $300 | Density-optimized, tool-less installation, patch panel integration | Data centers, ISP facilities, enterprise networks |
| Hybrid (Indoor/Outdoor) | $180 – $350 | Multi-environment rating, dual sealing, corrosion-resistant | Remote facilities, mobile units, transitional zones |
Installation location plays a major role in cost. Outdoor models require more robust engineering and materials, which increases their price. However, the higher upfront cost is often justified by reduced maintenance and longer service life in demanding environments.
Longevity and Maintenance
Maximizing the lifespan of your fiber terminal box involves selecting durable materials and minimizing maintenance requirements. Long-term reliability reduces both operational costs and network downtime.
- Indoor models, typically made from durable plastics, are cost-effective and sufficient for climate-controlled environments such as offices, schools, and hospitals. Their simpler design makes them easier to install and maintain.
- Outdoor and industrial models, constructed from steel or reinforced composite materials, offer superior resistance to temperature fluctuations, moisture, and physical impact. These enclosures are essential for factories, telecommunications towers, and outdoor junction points.
- Choose models with self-sealing gaskets, anti-corrosion coatings, and tamper-resistant locks to enhance durability and security.
- Low-maintenance designs—such as those with dust caps, sealed entry ports, and passive cooling—require only periodic cleaning and visual inspections. Some advanced models include monitoring ports for optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) testing without full disassembly.
- Self-protecting features like surge protection for hybrid copper-fiber setups or thermal insulation in extreme climates further reduce the need for repairs and replacements.
Maintenance Best Practice: Schedule quarterly inspections to check for cable strain, dust accumulation, and seal integrity—especially in outdoor installations. Early detection of issues prevents costly fiber damage and network outages.
Commercial Value and Return on Investment
A well-chosen 48 core fiber terminal box delivers significant commercial value across various industries by improving network efficiency, supporting scalability, and reducing operational costs.
- Data Centers: Centralized fiber management streamlines patching, reduces clutter, and minimizes the risk of accidental disconnections. Efficient organization lowers troubleshooting time and improves uptime, directly reducing operational costs associated with network slowdowns or outages.
- Manufacturing & Industrial Facilities: Reliable fiber connectivity ensures seamless communication between automated machinery, control systems, and monitoring tools. This enhances production efficiency, reduces machine downtime, and supports real-time data analytics for predictive maintenance.
- Educational Institutions & Hospitals: High-density terminal boxes support the growing number of connected devices—Wi-Fi access points, security cameras, VoIP phones, and medical equipment. A stable, scalable network infrastructure ensures uninterrupted access to critical services and applications.
- Service Providers & Telecom Operators: Standardized, high-quality enclosures improve service delivery consistency and reduce field technician labor time during installations and repairs, boosting customer satisfaction and lowering support costs.
In large-scale deployments, the initial investment in a high-quality 48 core fiber terminal box is quickly offset by improved network performance, reduced maintenance expenses, and enhanced scalability. Over time, these enclosures contribute to a more resilient and future-ready infrastructure.
Final Recommendation: When selecting a 48 core fiber terminal box, balance upfront cost with long-term value. Prioritize durability, ease of use, and compatibility with your network’s growth plans. Investing in a premium model from a reputable manufacturer often results in lower total cost of ownership and superior reliability.
Frequently Asked Questions About 48-Core Fiber Terminal Boxes
Yes, absolutely. 48-core fiber terminal boxes designed for outdoor deployment are built with durability and environmental protection in mind. These enclosures typically feature:
- Weatherproof Housing: Constructed from UV-resistant, corrosion-proof materials such as high-impact plastic or metal alloys to withstand prolonged sun exposure, moisture, and temperature extremes.
- IP Rating: Most outdoor-rated models carry an IP65 or IP67 certification, meaning they are dust-tight and protected against water jets or temporary submersion, ensuring internal components remain dry and functional.
- Sealed Entry Points: Cable entry ports are equipped with grommets or gel seals to prevent water ingress while accommodating multiple fiber cables.
These features make 48-core terminal boxes ideal for outdoor applications such as inter-building connectivity, campus networks, telecommunications infrastructure, and long-haul fiber runs where reliability under extreme conditions is essential.
Installation of a 48-core fiber terminal box is generally straightforward, especially when following manufacturer guidelines. Key factors contributing to ease of installation include:
- All-in-One Kit: Most boxes come with mounting hardware such as brackets, screws, and wall-mounting templates, reducing the need for additional tools or parts.
- User-Friendly Design: The internal layout is engineered for accessibility, featuring removable trays, spacious splice compartments, and clearly labeled ports that simplify cable routing and management.
- Quick Mounting Options: Available for pole, wall, or rack mounting depending on the environment and network architecture.
While basic mounting and cable entry can be handled by trained technicians, tasks like fiber splicing or fusion termination require specialized tools and expertise. For optimal signal integrity and long-term reliability, it's recommended to have certified fiber technicians perform splicing and testing procedures.
Maintenance for 48-core fiber terminal boxes is minimal due to their sealed, durable construction, but periodic inspection is crucial for sustained performance, especially in outdoor settings. Recommended maintenance steps include:
- Visual Inspection: Check the enclosure every 6–12 months for signs of physical damage, seal degradation, or unauthorized access.
- Seal Integrity: Inspect rubber gaskets and O-rings for cracks, warping, or compression fatigue caused by temperature fluctuations and UV exposure. Replace if compromised.
- Moisture and Dust Check: Open the box carefully (if needed) to ensure no condensation or debris has entered, which could affect signal transmission or damage splices.
- Cable Strain Relief: Verify that all cables are properly secured and not under tension, which could lead to fiber breakage over time.
Regular preventive checks help avoid costly downtime and ensure the network remains resilient against environmental stressors.
These high-capacity enclosures are particularly valuable in large-scale or mission-critical network infrastructures. Ideal applications include:
| Environment | Key Benefits | Use Case Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Data Centers | High-density fiber management, scalability, and clean signal distribution | Inter-rack connectivity, backbone cabling, cross-connect points |
| Enterprise Office Buildings | Supports hundreds of users with reliable, high-speed connectivity | Floor distribution panels, telecom rooms, vertical risers |
| Educational Campuses | Connects multiple buildings with minimal signal loss | Library to dorm links, administrative networks, Wi-Fi backhaul |
| Hospitals & Medical Facilities | Ensures uninterrupted data flow for critical systems (imaging, EHRs) | Secure, organized cabling for diagnostic equipment and telemedicine |
| Telecom & ISP Networks | Enables efficient last-mile and backbone deployments | Street cabinets, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) distribution points |
The 48-core capacity provides ample room for current demands and future expansion, making it a smart investment for scalable, high-performance networks.
Yes, 48-core fiber terminal boxes are specifically designed to protect delicate fiber cables from mechanical stress and environmental hazards. Protection mechanisms include:
- Fiber Splice Trays: Secure and organize spliced fibers, shielding them from bending, pulling, or crushing. Most trays support up to 12–24 splices and allow for easy identification and access.
- Cable Management Guides: Built-in clamps, loops, and strain reliefs keep fibers neatly routed and prevent sharp bends that could cause micro-cracks or signal loss (bend radius compliance).
- Excess Fiber Storage: Dedicated spools or compartments store slack fiber safely, reducing tension and enabling future re-termination if needed.
- Impact-Resistant Enclosure: The outer shell protects against accidental impacts, rodent intrusion, and vandalism.
Together, these features ensure long-term reliability, reduce attenuation, and minimize the risk of network outages due to physical fiber damage.
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