Learning About Asphalt Mixture Additive: Material Composition, Grades, and How to Use Them Effectively

Types of Asphalt Mixture Additives

Asphalt mixture additives are specialized materials incorporated into asphalt binders or mixtures to enhance performance, durability, workability, and resistance to environmental stressors. These additives play a crucial role in modern pavement engineering by improving the structural integrity and extending the service life of roads, highways, airport runways, and urban streets.

By modifying the physical and chemical properties of asphalt, these additives help combat common issues such as cracking, rutting, moisture damage, and oxidative aging. The primary categories include polymer modifiers, rubber additives, anti-stripping agents, surface modifiers, fibers, and scale inhibitors—each serving a unique function in pavement performance.

Polymer Modifiers

Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and similar polymers are blended into asphalt to improve elasticity, temperature sensitivity, and deformation resistance.

Advantages

• Enhanced flexibility and elasticity
• Improved resistance to thermal cracking
• Greater resistance to rutting under heavy loads
• Extended pavement lifespan

Limitations

• Higher material and processing costs
• Requires specialized mixing and storage equipment
• Potential for polymer degradation if not properly handled

Best for: High-traffic highways, airport runways, regions with extreme temperature fluctuations

Rubber Additives

Derived from recycled tires (crumb rubber), these additives are used in both wet and dry processes to improve flexibility and sustainability.

Advantages

• Superior flexibility and shock absorption
• Reduces reflective cracking
• Environmentally friendly (recycles waste tires)
• Improved resistance to water and thermal stress

Limitations

• Can affect mix workability if not properly processed
• May require longer mixing times
• Potential for odor during production

Best for: Urban roads, noise-reducing pavements, warm-mix asphalt applications

Anti-Strip Additives

Liquid or chemical agents (e.g., lime, amines) that enhance adhesion between asphalt binder and aggregates, especially in wet conditions.

Advantages

• Prevents moisture-induced stripping
• Improves bond strength between binder and aggregate
• Extends pavement life in rainy or humid climates
• Cost-effective durability enhancement

Limitations

• Effectiveness varies by aggregate type
• Requires precise dosage control
• May not be needed with inherently hydrophobic aggregates

Best for: Coastal regions, areas with high rainfall, bridges, and drainage-prone surfaces

Surface Additives

Materials like graphite, silica, or rejuvenators applied to the surface or top layer to resist aging and wear.

Advantages

• Retards oxidative aging of asphalt
• Reduces surface cracking and raveling
• Improves skid resistance and aesthetics
• Can be applied during construction or maintenance

Limitations

• Limited structural reinforcement
• Primarily effective on surface layer only
• May require reapplication over time

Best for: Surface courses, maintenance overlays, UV-exposed pavements

Fibers

Cellulose, polyester, or polypropylene fibers added in small quantities to stabilize asphalt mixtures and prevent segregation.

Advantages

• Reduces binder drain-off during transport
• Improves crack resistance and cohesion
• Enhances performance in thin overlays and patching
• Supports uniform distribution of asphalt

Limitations

• Minimal impact on bulk structural strength
• Requires accurate dosing for effectiveness
• Higher cost for premium synthetic fibers

Best for: Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), trench backfilling, cold patch applications

Scale Inhibitors

Chemical additives that prevent mineral buildup (scale) in asphalt mixtures, particularly in environments with high mineral content.

Advantages

• Prevents clogging and degradation from mineral deposits
• Extends service life in corrosive environments
• Reduces long-term maintenance needs
• Protects subsurface layers from chemical erosion

Limitations

• Niche application (not universally required)
• Limited data on long-term efficacy
• Additional cost for specialized formulations

Best for: Industrial zones, areas with saline groundwater, tunnel pavements

Additive Type	Durability Boost	Flexibility	Moisture Resistance	Primary Use Case
Polymer Modifiers	Excellent	Excellent	Good	High-stress pavements, highways
Rubber Additives	Very Good	Excellent	Very Good	Noise reduction, recycled content
Anti-Strip Additives	Good	Fair	Excellent	Wet climates, bridge decks
Surface Additives	Good	Good	Good	Surface protection, UV resistance
Fibers	Good	Good	Good	Mixture stabilization, SMA mixes
Scale Inhibitors	Good	Fair	Excellent	Corrosive or mineral-rich environments

Expert Tip: For optimal performance, always conduct compatibility testing when combining multiple additives (e.g., polymer + anti-strip agents), as improper interactions can reduce effectiveness or cause phase separation in the asphalt binder.

Industrial Applications of Asphalt Mixture Additives

Asphalt mixture additives play a transformative role in modern industrial infrastructure by significantly enhancing the durability, flexibility, and performance of paved surfaces. These specialized materials are engineered to meet the rigorous demands of various sectors, from transportation to heavy manufacturing. By modifying the physical and chemical properties of asphalt, additives extend pavement life, reduce maintenance costs, and improve safety under extreme conditions.

Key Asphalt Additive Types and Their Industrial Uses

Polymer Additives

Polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) is widely used in high-stress environments such as highways, airport runways, intermodal terminals, and commercial distribution centers. These additives—typically styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)—improve elasticity, thermal stability, and resistance to rutting and fatigue cracking.

In the oil and gas industry, roads servicing drilling sites and refineries are subjected to continuous heavy loads from tankers and service vehicles. Polymer additives enhance load-bearing capacity and reduce permanent deformation, ensuring reliable access and operational continuity even under extreme temperature fluctuations.

Anti-Strip Additives

Anti-stripping agents are essential in mining, quarrying, and mineral processing facilities where aggregates are frequently exposed to moisture, acidic runoff, and chemical contaminants. These conditions can weaken the bond between asphalt binder and aggregate, leading to premature delamination and pothole formation.

By improving adhesion, anti-strip additives such as amine-based compounds or hydrated lime ensure long-term cohesion of the pavement matrix. This is particularly critical in open-pit mines and processing plants, where road failure can disrupt operations and pose safety hazards.

Fiber Reinforcement

Synthetic (e.g., polypropylene, polyester) and cellulose fibers are incorporated into asphalt mixes to control reflective cracking, thermal cracking, and rutting—common issues in industrial zones with high thermal variation and heavy equipment traffic.

Manufacturing plants, logistics hubs, and warehouse complexes benefit significantly from fiber-reinforced asphalt. The fibers act as a stabilizing network within the mix, absorbing stress and minimizing crack propagation. This leads to smoother surfaces and reduced maintenance downtime, directly supporting operational efficiency.

Rubber Additives (Crumb Rubber Modifier)

Derived from recycled tires, crumb rubber is blended into asphalt to enhance flexibility, reduce thermal cracking, and improve noise absorption. Rubber-modified asphalt performs exceptionally well in environments with large daily temperature swings and heavy axle loads.

Heavy manufacturing facilities, steel mills, and automotive plants utilize rubberized asphalt for internal haul roads and loading docks. The increased elasticity reduces stress on both the pavement and vehicle suspensions, contributing to longer equipment life and lower energy consumption.

Surface Additives

Surface modifiers, including rejuvenators, sealants, and wear-resistant coatings, are applied to asphalt surfaces in transportation infrastructure such as highways, bridges, and interchanges. These additives improve skid resistance, reduce oxidation, and protect against UV degradation and water infiltration.

In industrial corridors with high traffic volumes, surface additives help maintain a smooth, safe driving surface. They also extend the service life of overlays and micro-surfacing treatments, delaying the need for full-depth reconstruction and reducing lifecycle costs.

Storage and Handling of Raw Materials

Additives like anti-oxidants and corrosion inhibitors are crucial during the storage and transport of asphalt binders. When stored for extended periods or transported over long distances, asphalt is vulnerable to oxidation, which increases viscosity and reduces workability.

Tanks, pipelines, and tanker trucks benefit from protective additives that preserve binder quality. This is especially important in remote industrial sites where supply chains are long and material consistency is critical for uniform paving operations.

Heat Resistance and Energy Efficiency

Specialized additives designed to reflect solar radiation or dissipate heat are increasingly used in agricultural and rural industrial settings. These "cool pavement" technologies reduce surface temperatures, minimizing thermal stress and delaying aging.

In farming operations, where machinery movement is frequent and repair access may be limited, heat-resistant asphalt reduces the frequency of maintenance interventions. Additionally, cooler surfaces improve working conditions and reduce energy demands for nearby facilities.

Environmental and Sustainability Benefits

Many modern asphalt additives support sustainability goals. Crumb rubber recycling reduces landfill waste, while warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additives lower production temperatures, cutting fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions by up to 20%.

Industries aiming for LEED certification or environmental compliance increasingly specify additive-enhanced asphalt for site development projects. These materials align with corporate sustainability initiatives while delivering superior performance and cost savings over time.

Additive Type	Primary Benefit	Common Industrial Applications
Polymer Modifiers	Enhanced elasticity and rut resistance	Airport runways, oil & gas roads, heavy-traffic highways
Anti-Strip Agents	Improved binder-aggregate adhesion	Mining roads, chemical processing sites, wet climates
Fiber Reinforcement	Crack and rut resistance	Manufacturing plants, warehouse yards, industrial parks
Crumb Rubber	Flexibility and noise reduction	Heavy manufacturing, high-temperature zones, urban industrial areas
Surface Treatments	Wear resistance and UV protection	Bridges, interchanges, high-traffic corridors
Anti-Oxidants	Extended storage life of asphalt binder	Storage tanks, transport systems, remote job sites
Heat-Reflective Additives	Reduced thermal degradation	Agricultural roads, solar-exposed areas, rural infrastructure

Best Practices for Implementing Additives in Industrial Projects

Site-Specific Formulation: Tailor additive selection to the unique demands of the environment, including traffic load, climate, and chemical exposure.

Proper Mixing and Application: Ensure uniform dispersion of additives during mixing to avoid weak spots and inconsistent performance.

Quality Control Testing: Conduct regular tests for binder adhesion, flexibility, and durability to verify compliance with industry standards (e.g., ASTM, AASHTO).

Lifecycle Cost Analysis: Evaluate long-term savings from reduced maintenance and extended pavement life, not just initial material costs.

Sustainability Integration: Prioritize recyclable or recycled-content additives to support environmental goals and regulatory compliance.

Important: Always consult technical data sheets and work with certified asphalt engineers when selecting and applying additives. Incorrect dosage or incompatible combinations can lead to premature pavement failure. Proper training for paving crews and adherence to manufacturer guidelines are essential for achieving optimal results and ensuring worker safety.

Product Specifications and Features

Asphalt mixture additives play a vital role in modern road construction and maintenance, significantly enhancing the performance, longevity, and sustainability of pavement systems. These advanced materials are engineered to modify the physical and chemical properties of asphalt, making roads more resilient to traffic loads, environmental stressors, and aging. Below is a detailed breakdown of key features and technical specifications that define high-performance asphalt additives.

Key Features

Improved Elasticity

Polymer-modified asphalt mixtures exhibit superior elasticity, allowing the pavement to flex under dynamic traffic loads without cracking. This enhanced flexibility is especially critical in regions experiencing freeze-thaw cycles or extreme temperature fluctuations.

• Reduces thermal cracking in cold climates
• Minimizes rutting and deformation under heavy loads
• Extends pavement life by absorbing stress energy

Technical Insight: Elastomeric polymers like SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) are commonly used to achieve optimal elasticity.

Enhanced Durability

Additives significantly improve the long-term durability of asphalt by slowing down oxidative aging and resisting wear from traffic abrasion. This results in pavements that maintain structural integrity over extended periods.

• Increases resistance to fatigue cracking
• Ideal for high-traffic highways, urban intersections, and airport runways
• Reduces lifecycle costs by minimizing maintenance frequency

Pro Tip: Durable formulations can extend pavement service life by 25–50% compared to conventional asphalt.

Anti-Stripping Properties

Anti-stripping agents strengthen the bond between bitumen and aggregate, preventing moisture-induced delamination—a common cause of potholes and surface deterioration.

• Essential for areas with high rainfall or snowmelt exposure
• Improves performance in humid and coastal environments
• Compatible with both limestone and siliceous aggregates

Best Practice: Use lime or liquid anti-stripping additives for maximum adhesion in wet conditions.

Environmental Resistance

Modern additives provide robust protection against environmental degradation, including UV radiation, chemical spills (e.g., fuel, oil), and water infiltration.

• Slows down photo-oxidation caused by sunlight
• Protects against acid rain and de-icing chemicals
• Maintains surface integrity in industrial and urban zones

Sustainability Note: UV-stable formulations reduce the need for early resurfacing, lowering carbon footprint.

Improved Workability

Warm-mix and workability-enhancing additives allow asphalt to be mixed and compacted at lower temperatures, improving construction efficiency and reducing emissions.

• Lowers energy consumption during production
• Reduces fumes and greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂, NOₓ)
• Enables longer haul distances and better compaction in cooler weather

Eco Advantage: Warm-mix technologies can cut production temperatures by 20–40°C.

Texture and Surface Quality

Properly formulated additives contribute to a uniform surface texture that enhances skid resistance and driving comfort.

• Improves tire-pavement friction for better wet-weather safety
• Reduces road noise and vibration for a smoother ride
• Supports consistent texture for improved visibility and drainage

Safety Impact: High-friction surfaces reduce stopping distances by up to 20% in wet conditions.

Product Specifications

Specification	Detailed Description	Application Benefit
Type	Available as liquid emulsions, polymer pellets, powdered modifiers, fibers (cellulose, polyester), and rubber crumb from recycled tires.	Versatile application across hot-mix, warm-mix, and cold-lay asphalt systems.
Composition	Formulated with polymers (SBS, EVA), anti-stripping agents (amine-based), recycled rubber, and natural/synthetic fibers.	Tailored to enhance cohesion, flexibility, and resistance to aging and moisture damage.
Dosage/Usage Rate	Typically 0.1% to 5% by weight of bitumen. Exact rate depends on additive type, climate, and traffic load.	Optimized performance with minimal material use; always follow manufacturer guidelines.
Compatibility	Must be compatible with base bitumen (penetration grade, viscosity) and aggregate type (porosity, mineral composition).	Ensures homogeneous mixing and prevents phase separation or weak bonding.
Temperature Sensitivity	Engineered for performance across a wide thermal range: flexible in cold (<0°C) and stable in heat (>60°C).	Prevents thermal cracking and rutting in variable climates.
Standards & Regulations	Complies with ASTM, AASHTO, EN, and local transportation authority standards for quality, emissions, and durability.	Ensures regulatory compliance, safety, and eligibility for public infrastructure projects.

Professional Recommendation: When selecting asphalt additives, prioritize compatibility testing and real-world performance data over cost alone. For high-stress applications (e.g., highways, airports), invest in polymer-modified or fiber-reinforced systems. In environmentally sensitive areas, choose low-emission warm-mix additives. Always consult technical data sheets and conduct trial batches to verify performance under project-specific conditions.

Additional Considerations

• Storage & Handling: Store additives in sealed containers away from moisture and extreme temperatures to maintain efficacy.
• Mixing Procedures: Follow recommended mixing times and temperatures to ensure uniform dispersion and activation of modifiers.
• Quality Control: Conduct regular testing (e.g., Marshall Stability, indirect tensile strength) to validate performance.
• Sustainability: Consider additives made from recycled materials (e.g., crumb rubber) to support green infrastructure goals.
• Warranty & Support: Choose suppliers who offer technical support and performance guarantees for their products.

How to Choose Asphalt Mixture Additives: A Comprehensive Guide

Selecting the right additives for asphalt mixtures is a critical decision that directly impacts pavement performance, longevity, and sustainability. The choice should be guided by a thorough understanding of project-specific conditions and long-term goals. Below is an in-depth breakdown of the key factors to consider when choosing asphalt additives, along with practical recommendations and industry best practices.

Important Note: Always consult engineering specifications and local regulatory requirements before selecting additives. Improper selection or application can lead to premature pavement failure, increased maintenance costs, and safety hazards.

Key Factors in Selecting Asphalt Mixture Additives

1. Climate Conditions

   Environmental extremes significantly influence asphalt performance. In regions with high humidity or frequent rainfall, anti-stripping agents (such as hydrated lime or liquid anti-strips) are essential to prevent moisture damage and delamination between the asphalt binder and aggregates.

   In areas with severe temperature fluctuations—extreme heat or freezing winters—polymer-modified binders (e.g., SBS or styrene-butadiene-styrene) improve elasticity, reduce rutting, and resist thermal cracking. For cold climates, additives that enhance flexibility help prevent cracking, while in hot climates, high-viscosity modifiers resist deformation under load.

2. Traffic Load and Volume

   The intensity and type of traffic are crucial in determining additive needs. High-traffic zones such as highways, intersections, and commercial loading areas require enhanced durability.

   Rubber-modified asphalt (from recycled tires) and fiber reinforcements (e.g., cellulose or polyester fibers) improve crack resistance, reduce reflective cracking, and increase fatigue life. These additives help the pavement withstand repeated stress, heavy axle loads, and braking forces without deforming or deteriorating prematurely.

3. Type of Asphalt Cement

   Not all additives are compatible with every asphalt binder. For example, certain polymers may not disperse properly in lower-grade bitumen, leading to inconsistent performance or phase separation.

   Always refer to the manufacturer’s technical data sheets and compatibility guidelines. Conduct lab testing (such as viscosity or storage stability tests) when introducing new additive-binder combinations. Using incompatible materials can compromise adhesion, workability, and long-term integrity of the pavement.

4. Project Specifications and Regulatory Requirements

   Many public infrastructure projects have strict specifications set by transportation departments (e.g., DOT standards) or environmental agencies. These may mandate the use of specific additives to meet performance criteria such as skid resistance, rut depth, or noise reduction.

   Additionally, green building certifications (like LEED) or municipal sustainability policies may require the use of eco-friendly materials. Always ensure that your additive selection complies with local, state, or federal regulations to avoid project delays or rework.

5. Cost-Efficiency and Lifecycle Value

   While some high-performance additives come with a higher upfront cost, they often deliver significant savings over time by extending pavement life and reducing maintenance frequency.

   For budget-constrained projects, consider cost-effective modifiers like reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) or low-dose polymers that still offer measurable improvements. Conduct a lifecycle cost analysis (LCCA) to compare initial investment versus long-term performance, factoring in repair intervals, user delays, and rehabilitation costs.

6. Environmental Impact and Sustainability

   With growing emphasis on sustainable construction, many agencies and contractors are turning to eco-friendly additives such as recycled rubber, bio-based polymers, or warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technologies.

   These materials reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lower energy consumption during production, and promote the reuse of waste products. Although they may carry a price premium, their environmental benefits often align with corporate sustainability goals and public expectations for greener infrastructure.

Selection Factor	Recommended Additives	Performance Benefits	Common Applications
High Humidity / Wet Climates	Anti-stripping agents (e.g., liquid amines, hydrated lime)	Improved moisture resistance, enhanced binder-aggregate adhesion	Rural roads, coastal highways, drainage-prone areas
Extreme Temperatures	Polymer-modified binders (SBS, EVA)	Reduced rutting, thermal cracking resistance, better elasticity	Urban streets, parking lots, high-temperature zones
Heavy Traffic Loads	Rubber-modified asphalt, fiber reinforcements	Increased fatigue life, crack resistance, structural stability	Highways, interchanges, airport runways
Sustainability Goals	Recycled rubber, bio-binders, WMA additives	Lower carbon footprint, energy savings, waste reduction	Green-certified projects, urban redevelopment
Budget Constraints	Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), low-dose polymers	Cost savings, moderate performance improvement	Residential roads, low-volume roads

Expert Tip: Before full-scale implementation, conduct a trial batch or pilot section to evaluate the performance of selected additives under real-world conditions. This allows for adjustments in mix design, application rate, and compaction methods before committing to large-scale production.

Best Practices for Additive Integration

• Lab Testing: Perform mix design testing (Marshall or Superpave) to verify the effectiveness of additives under simulated traffic and environmental conditions.
• Dosage Control: Follow manufacturer-recommended dosage rates—overuse can lead to brittleness or segregation, while underuse may yield no benefit.
• Mixing Procedures: Ensure proper mixing time and temperature to achieve uniform dispersion of additives within the asphalt matrix.
• Quality Control: Implement strict QC protocols during production and placement to maintain consistency across batches.
• Documentation: Keep detailed records of additive types, sources, batch numbers, and test results for traceability and future reference.

Choosing the right asphalt mixture additives is not a one-size-fits-all decision. It requires a balanced approach that considers climate, traffic, material compatibility, regulatory compliance, cost, and environmental impact. By carefully evaluating these factors and leveraging modern technologies, engineers and contractors can build more durable, sustainable, and cost-effective pavements that stand the test of time.

Frequently Asked Questions About Asphalt Mixture Additives

Q1. What are asphalt mixture additives?

Asphalt mixture additives are specialized chemical or material components incorporated into asphalt during mixing to enhance the physical and performance characteristics of the final pavement. These additives are designed to improve key properties such as elasticity, durability, resistance to deformation, and workability during construction.

Common types include polymers, fibers, anti-stripping agents, and rejuvenators. By modifying the asphalt binder or the overall mix behavior, these additives help extend pavement life, reduce maintenance costs, and improve performance under extreme weather and traffic conditions. They are widely used in road construction, airport runways, parking lots, and industrial zones where high-performance surfaces are required.

Q2. How do reclaimed rubber additives work in industrial applications?

Reclaimed rubber additives—often derived from recycled tires—are blended into asphalt mixtures to improve flexibility, elasticity, and shock absorption. This modification makes the pavement more resistant to thermal cracking, fatigue cracking, and rutting caused by heavy loads.

In industrial settings, where large machinery, forklifts, and heavy vehicles operate continuously, reclaimed rubber-enhanced asphalt provides superior resilience against repeated stress and temperature fluctuations. The rubber particles act as a flexible matrix within the binder, reducing stiffness and minimizing crack propagation.

Beyond performance benefits, using reclaimed rubber supports sustainability by repurposing waste tires, reducing landfill use, and lowering the demand for virgin materials. This makes it a cost-effective and environmentally responsible choice for industrial pavements and high-traffic zones.

Q3. What is the role of anti-stripping additives in asphalt mixtures?

Anti-stripping additives are crucial for enhancing the bond between the asphalt binder and the aggregate (stone or gravel) in the mix. Without this bond, water can penetrate the pavement and cause the asphalt film to separate or "strip" from the aggregate—especially in wet or humid environments.

These additives work by improving adhesion through chemical interaction or by forming a protective layer around the aggregate particles. Common types include amines, lime, and liquid anti-stripping agents.

Their use is especially critical in regions with high rainfall, freeze-thaw cycles, or coastal humidity, where moisture-related pavement failures are common. By preventing stripping, these additives significantly extend pavement life and reduce the risk of potholes, raveling, and structural degradation.

Q4. How do surface additives affect asphalt mixtures?

Surface additives are formulated to protect the top layer of asphalt from environmental and mechanical damage. They enhance the durability of the wearing course—the surface layer directly exposed to traffic and weather.

These additives improve resistance to UV degradation, oxidation, and surface abrasion, which can lead to aging, cracking, and loss of skid resistance over time. Some surface treatments also include sealants or polymers that fill micro-cracks and maintain a smoother, more uniform texture.

Additionally, many surface additives increase friction between tires and pavement, improving skid resistance and overall safety, especially in wet conditions. This is vital for highways, intersections, and industrial zones where stopping distance and traction are critical. Regular application of surface treatments can delay the need for costly resurfacing or reconstruction.

Q5. What is the significance of dosage concerning asphalt additives?

The correct dosage of asphalt additives is essential to achieving optimal performance and cost-efficiency. Each additive has a recommended dosage range—typically expressed as a percentage of the asphalt binder or total mix weight—based on extensive testing and field performance.

Under-dosing may result in insufficient improvement, failing to deliver the desired benefits such as crack resistance or moisture protection. Conversely, over-dosing can lead to excessive softening, instability, or phase separation in the mix, potentially compromising structural integrity and increasing material costs unnecessarily.

Proper dosage ensures that the additive functions as intended without negatively affecting other properties of the asphalt. It also supports compliance with industry standards and project specifications. Therefore, precise measurement and uniform mixing during production are critical, often guided by manufacturer recommendations and verified through quality control testing.

Additive Type	Typical Dosage Range	Key Performance Benefit
Reclaimed Rubber	15–25% of binder weight	Improved flexibility and crack resistance
Anti-Stripping Agents	0.3–0.8% of binder weight	Enhanced moisture resistance
Polymers (SBS, EVA)	3–6% of binder weight	Increased elasticity and rut resistance
Fibers (Cellulose, Polyester)	0.1–0.3% of total mix weight	Reduced drain-off and improved cohesion