Automatic Metal Sheet Stacker: Types, Material Standards, and Common Industrial Uses

Types of Automatic Metal Sheet Stackers

An automatic metal sheet stacker is a critical piece of industrial automation equipment used to efficiently and safely stack metal sheets after cutting, stamping, or other manufacturing processes. These machines eliminate the need for manual handling, reducing labor costs, minimizing workplace injuries, and improving production throughput. By automating the stacking process, manufacturers achieve consistent, precise, and high-speed material handling—especially important when dealing with heavy, sharp, or large-format metal sheets.

Ionised Air Blower Stacker

Designed to neutralize static electricity that causes metal sheets to cling together during handling.

Advantages

• Prevents sheet adhesion due to static charge
• Improves stacking accuracy and alignment
• Reduces jams and misfeeds in high-speed lines
• Enhances operator safety by minimizing manual intervention

Limitations

• Requires regular maintenance of ionising components
• Less effective in high-humidity environments
• Additional energy consumption for air and ion generation

Best for: Thin gauge metals, high-speed production lines, aluminum or coated steel sheets

Automatic Stacker with Lift Table

Features a programmable lift table controlled by a PLC to precisely position stacks at ergonomic heights.

Advantages

• Automated height adjustment for consistent stacking
• Integrates seamlessly with conveyor systems
• Pneumatic clamping ensures secure sheet handling
• Reduces ergonomic strain on downstream operators

Limitations

• Higher initial investment due to PLC and pneumatic systems
• Requires skilled technicians for programming and maintenance
• Limited flexibility for irregular sheet sizes without reconfiguration

Best for: High-volume stamping, laser cutting, and fabrication shops

Magnetic Automatic Stacker

Utilizes electromagnets to lift, transport, and release ferrous metal sheets with precision.

Advantages

• High-speed handling of ferromagnetic materials
• No physical contact reduces surface damage
• Excellent for vertical or overhead stacking configurations
• Energy-efficient when cycling on/off with sheet release

Limitations

• Only suitable for magnetic metals (steel, iron)
• Risk of residual magnetism affecting downstream processes
• Electromagnetic interference may affect nearby electronics

Best for: Steel service centers, automotive component manufacturing, ferrous coil processing

Rotary Table Metal Sheet Stacker

Employs a rotating horizontal platform to reposition and align sheets before stacking.

Advantages

• Handles multiple sheet sizes and orientations efficiently
• Enables 90° rotation for optimal stacking patterns
• Compact footprint with high throughput capability
• Ideal for mixed-product production environments

Limitations

• Complex mechanical design increases maintenance needs
• Not ideal for very large or heavy sheets due to balance issues
• Requires precise sensor alignment for consistent operation

Best for: Job shops, custom metal fabricators, multi-variety production lines

Type	Best Material	Speed	Flexibility	Key Benefit
Ionised Air Blower	Thin, non-ferrous sheets	High	Medium	Static elimination for clean stacking
Lift Table Stacker	All metal types	Medium-High	Medium	Ergonomic height control and precision
Magnetic Stacker	Ferrous metals only	Very High	Low	Fast, contactless handling
Rotary Table Stacker	Variety of metals	Medium	High	Orientation flexibility and space efficiency

Expert Tip: When integrating an automatic stacker into an existing production line, ensure compatibility with upstream processes (like cutting or punching) and downstream packaging systems. Adding sensors and feedback loops can significantly improve synchronization and reduce downtime.

Specifications and Maintenance of Automatic Sheet Metal Stacker

An automatic sheet metal stacker is a critical component in modern metal fabrication and manufacturing operations. Understanding its key specifications ensures seamless integration into production lines, optimal performance, and enhanced safety. Proper maintenance extends equipment life, reduces downtime, and maximizes return on investment.

Key Specifications to Consider

Sheet Size Compatibility

Each automatic stacker is engineered to handle specific sheet dimensions, including length, width, and material thickness (gauge). Standard models typically accommodate sheets ranging from 24” x 24” to 60” x 120”, with gauges from 20 to 10 gauge (0.036–0.135 inches) for steel.

For non-standard sizes—such as oversized architectural panels or miniature precision components—customized stackers may be required. Selecting a machine that matches your material profile prevents misfeeds, jams, and damage to both the stacker and the product.

Stacking Capacity

The stacking capacity defines the maximum number of sheets or total weight the machine can safely and efficiently handle in a single stack. Capacities are typically rated between 1,000 to 5,000 lbs (0.5 to 2.5 tons) or 500–2,000 sheets, depending on material thickness.

Overloading can lead to structural stress, misalignment, or collapse, while underutilization reduces throughput efficiency. Choose a stacker whose capacity aligns with your batch sizes and production volume to maintain workflow continuity and safety.

Control System

Modern automatic stackers are equipped with advanced digital control systems—often featuring touchscreen HMI (Human-Machine Interface)—that allow operators to set parameters such as stack height, batch count, sheet separation timing, and ejection cycles.

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) enable integration with factory automation systems, support data logging, and offer diagnostic alerts. Training staff on the control interface enhances operational efficiency, reduces errors, and enables quick changeovers between jobs.

Feed System

The feed mechanism determines how sheets are transferred into the stacking area and significantly impacts speed, precision, and automation level. Common types include:

• Belt Conveyor: Ideal for continuous feeding; smooth and reliable for medium-thickness sheets.
• Pneumatic Pusher: Uses air cylinders to move sheets; cost-effective but less precise.
• Gripper Feed: High-precision robotic arms or vacuum lifters; excellent for delicate or heavy sheets.
• Roller Feed: Suitable for lightweight coils or continuous strip feeding.

Selecting the right feed system depends on material type, production speed, and required accuracy.

Integration Options

For maximum efficiency, automatic stackers should seamlessly integrate with upstream and downstream equipment such as press brakes, laser cutters, CNC punch machines, and conveyors. Integration is achieved through standardized communication protocols like Ethernet/IP, Modbus, or Profinet.

Physical compatibility—such as matching conveyor heights, alignment guides, and transfer zones—is equally important. Fully integrated systems reduce manual handling, minimize bottlenecks, and support Industry 4.0 initiatives through real-time monitoring and control.

Speed & Throughput

While not always listed upfront, stacking speed (measured in sheets per minute or SPM) is a critical performance metric. High-speed stackers can process 30–60 SPM for thin gauge material, while heavier plates may be limited to 10–20 SPM.

Throughput must be matched to the output of connected machinery to avoid backups or idle time. Consider acceleration/deceleration rates, indexing time, and dwell periods when evaluating overall system efficiency.

Specification	Typical Range	Selection Guidance
Sheet Size (L x W)	24"x24" to 60"x120"	Match to your largest and smallest common sheet size; allow 10% margin
Material Gauge	10–20 gauge (steel)	Confirm compatibility with aluminum, stainless, or specialty alloys if used
Stacking Capacity	1,000–5,000 lbs	Size for peak batch loads with safety margin; consider floor loading limits
Control System	PLC + Touchscreen HMI	Ensure compatibility with existing factory automation and IT infrastructure
Integration Interface	Modbus, Ethernet/IP, I/O signals	Verify with system integrator before purchase

Essential Maintenance Practices

Daily Cleaning: Remove metal dust, oil residue, and debris from conveyor belts, rollers, and sensors. Accumulated particles can cause misfeeds, sensor errors, or premature wear.

Visual Inspections: Check for signs of wear or damage on belts, rollers, grippers, and guide rails. Look for cracks, fraying, or misalignment that could affect stacking accuracy.

Lubrication Schedule: Apply manufacturer-recommended lubricants to bearings, chains, gears, and linear rails at specified intervals. Over-lubrication can attract dirt, while under-lubrication increases friction and wear.

Calibration & Alignment: Periodically verify sensor positioning, stack height accuracy, and feed alignment. Misaligned components lead to skewed stacks, jams, or safety hazards.

User Training: Ensure all operators understand safe operating procedures, emergency stops, and basic troubleshooting. Proper use prevents misuse and extends equipment life.

Preventive Maintenance (PM): Follow the manufacturer’s PM checklist and schedule. Document all service activities for traceability and warranty compliance.

Important: Always consult the equipment manual before performing maintenance or adjustments. Using incorrect tools, lubricants, or replacement parts can void warranties and create safety risks. Never bypass safety interlocks or guards. Regular, proactive maintenance not only prevents costly breakdowns but also ensures consistent product quality and operator safety.

Scenarios of an Automatic Metal Sheet Stacker

Automatic metal sheet stackers are essential in modern manufacturing, playing a pivotal role in enhancing productivity, precision, and safety across a wide range of industries. These advanced systems automate the handling, alignment, and stacking of metal sheets, reducing labor costs and minimizing material damage. Below are detailed applications of automatic metal sheet stackers across key industrial sectors, highlighting their impact on efficiency, quality, and scalability.

Automotive Industry

In automotive manufacturing, automatic metal sheet stackers are integral to high-speed stamping and die-cutting operations for body panels, chassis components, and structural reinforcements. These stackers ensure consistent sheet alignment and precise layering, which is critical for maintaining tight tolerances in automated press lines.

• Feeds material directly into robotic transfer systems or press feeders, reducing cycle time
• Handles galvanized steel, aluminum, and advanced high-strength steels (AHSS)
• Minimizes downtime by enabling continuous operation with minimal operator intervention
• Integrates with MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems) for real-time production tracking

Key benefit: Ensures uniform stack height and alignment for reliable automated feeding

Aerospace Industry

In aerospace production, where precision and material integrity are paramount, automatic stackers manage lightweight yet high-strength alloys such as aluminum 7075, titanium, and Inconel. These systems are used in machining centers and automated assembly lines for airframes, wing ribs, and fuselage sections.

• Prevents surface scratches and micro-damage during stacking through controlled vacuum or gripper handling
• Supports traceability with batch labeling and RFID tagging integration
• Reduces material waste by ensuring exact sheet sequencing and orientation
• Operates in climate-controlled environments to maintain dimensional stability

Critical advantage: Maintains material integrity for mission-critical aerospace components

HVAC Industry

In HVAC manufacturing, stackers streamline the production of ductwork, plenums, and ventilation components from galvanized or pre-painted steel sheets. Automation improves workflow consistency and reduces manual labor in repetitive cutting and forming processes.

• Enables rapid changeover between different sheet thicknesses and sizes
• Organizes materials for just-in-time (JIT) production lines
• Reduces worker fatigue and injury risk from lifting heavy sheets
• Improves cut accuracy by ensuring flat, wrinkle-free stacking

Efficiency gain: Up to 40% faster material preparation compared to manual stacking

Construction Industry

For construction applications, automatic stackers are used in the mass production of corrugated roofing panels, wall cladding, and rainwater management systems. They support high-volume output required for large-scale building projects.

• Processes long, heavy sheets with edge alignment systems to prevent warping
• Handles coated and pre-finished metals without damaging protective layers
• Integrates with roll-forming lines for end-to-end automation
• Supports outdoor installations with weather-resistant designs

Project impact: Accelerates component delivery, helping meet tight construction deadlines

Electronics Industry

In electronics manufacturing, stackers manage thin-gauge steel and aluminum sheets used for enclosures, chassis, and heat sinks. Precision stacking ensures compatibility with high-speed laser cutting and CNC punching systems.

• Handles delicate materials with anti-static and low-friction conveyors
• Supports small batch production with programmable stacking patterns
• Reduces material handling errors in cleanroom or ESD-safe environments
• Improves yield by minimizing sheet misalignment during processing

Quality enhancement: Consistent stacking reduces micro-scratches and surface defects

Shipbuilding Industry

Shipbuilders rely on heavy-duty stackers to process thick steel plates used in hulls, decks, and bulkheads. These systems are built to handle extreme weights and dimensions, often exceeding 20mm thickness and multi-ton loads.

• Equipped with reinforced frames and hydraulic lifting mechanisms
• Integrates with plasma and oxy-fuel cutting systems for plate preparation
• Supports offline programming for complex shipyard workflows
• Features safety interlocks and overload protection for hazardous environments

Operational strength: Capable of stacking plates up to 25mm thick with ±1mm precision

Signage Industry

In the signage sector, automatic stackers prepare aluminum composite panels, stainless steel, and mild steel sheets for cutting and bending into sign frames, mounting brackets, and display structures. Automation ensures repeatability for high-volume advertising production.

• Manages mixed material types with quick-change tooling
• Preserves surface finish on brushed or anodized metals
• Enables batch stacking for serialized sign production
• Reduces setup time between different sign sizes and designs

Design flexibility: Supports custom stacking configurations for unique signage layouts

Medical Device Industry

Medical equipment manufacturers use stackers for producing enclosures, support frames, and structural components for imaging systems, surgical tables, and diagnostic devices. Clean, precise handling is essential in regulated environments.

• Complies with ISO 13485 standards for medical device manufacturing
• Operates in controlled environments with minimal particle generation
• Handles small, intricate parts with micro-positioning accuracy
• Supports traceability and documentation for quality audits

Regulatory advantage: Facilitates compliance with stringent healthcare manufacturing standards

Plastic and Metal Hybrid Industry

In hybrid manufacturing, stackers prepare metal inserts for overmolding or composite assembly with plastics. These systems align metal sheets for stamping before integration into injection molding processes, enabling the production of durable, multi-material components.

• Ensures precise orientation of metal blanks for robotic transfer to molding machines
• Syncs with PLC-controlled production lines for seamless operation
• Handles thin-gauge metals used in consumer electronics and automotive interiors
• Reduces cycle time by eliminating manual loading of metal inserts

Innovation driver: Enables mass production of lightweight, high-strength hybrid components

General Manufacturing & Job Shops

Beyond specialized industries, automatic stackers are widely used in general fabrication shops that serve multiple sectors. These versatile systems handle diverse materials, thicknesses, and formats, making them ideal for custom or low-volume production.

• Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) allow quick adaptation to new jobs
• Touchscreen interfaces simplify operator training and setup
• Modular design supports future upgrades or integration with new machinery
• Reduces scrap rates by up to 15% through consistent material handling

Versatility highlight: One machine can serve automotive, appliance, and industrial equipment clients

Expert Insight: When selecting an automatic metal sheet stacker, consider not only the current application but also future production needs. Look for systems with modular designs, scalable controls, and compatibility with Industry 4.0 technologies like IoT connectivity and predictive maintenance. Investing in a flexible, high-precision stacker can provide long-term ROI across multiple product lines and industries.

Industry	Common Materials	Typical Sheet Thickness	Key Stacking Requirement
Automotive	Steel, AHSS, Aluminum	0.6–3.0 mm	High-speed, precise alignment for press feeding
Aerospace	Aluminum, Titanium, Inconel	0.8–6.0 mm	Surface protection and traceability
HVAC	Galvanized Steel, Pre-painted Metal	0.5–1.5 mm	Flat stacking to prevent warping
Construction	Corrugated Steel, Aluminum	0.7–4.0 mm	Handling long, heavy sheets with edge control
Electronics	Stainless Steel, Aluminum	0.2–1.0 mm	ESD-safe and low-friction handling
Shipbuilding	Marine-Grade Steel	8–25 mm	Heavy-load capacity and safety features
Medical Devices	Stainless Steel, Aluminum	0.5–2.0 mm	Cleanroom compatibility and precision
Hybrid Manufacturing	Steel, Aluminum Inserts	0.3–1.2 mm	Accurate orientation for molding integration

Additional Benefits of Automatic Metal Sheet Stackers

• Safety Improvement: Reduces manual lifting and handling, minimizing workplace injuries and OSHA violations
• Space Optimization: Vertical stacking maximizes floor space utilization in crowded production areas
• Integration Capability: Easily connects with CNC cutters, press brakes, and robotic arms via digital interfaces
• Downtime Reduction: Continuous operation with automatic sheet replenishment and error detection
• Data Collection: Modern stackers offer production analytics, stack count tracking, and maintenance alerts
• Sustainability: Reduces material waste and energy consumption through optimized workflows

How to Choose an Automatic Metal Sheet Stacker: A Comprehensive Buyer's Guide

Selecting the right automatic metal sheet stacker is a critical decision for industrial operations, directly impacting productivity, worker safety, and long-term operational costs. A well-chosen stacker enhances workflow efficiency, reduces manual labor, and ensures consistent product handling. This guide provides a detailed breakdown of essential factors to consider when purchasing an automatic metal sheet stacker, helping industrial owners make informed decisions that align with their production needs, safety standards, and budgetary goals.

Safety & Operational Warning: Improper selection or installation of a metal sheet stacker can lead to equipment damage, production delays, or serious workplace injuries. Always consult with engineering and safety personnel before finalizing a purchase, and ensure compliance with OSHA and local industrial safety regulations.

Key Selection Criteria for Automatic Metal Sheet Stackers

1. Sheet Specifications and Compatibility
   • Determine the range of metal sheet dimensions (length, width, thickness) your facility handles regularly
   • Assess the weight per sheet and total stack weight to ensure the stacker can support maximum loads without mechanical stress
   • Verify compatibility with different metal types (steel, aluminum, stainless steel, etc.) and surface finishes (coated, galvanized, etc.)
   • Ensure adjustable grippers, guides, and alignment systems can accommodate variations in sheet size
2. Load Capacity and Structural Durability
   • Select a stacker with a load capacity that exceeds your typical maximum stack weight by at least 20% for safety and longevity
   • Look for stackers constructed from high-strength steel or reinforced alloys to withstand continuous industrial use
   • Inspect weld quality, frame rigidity, and component tolerances to ensure long-term reliability
   • Consider dynamic load testing reports or manufacturer certifications for heavy-duty applications
3. Integration with Existing Production Systems
   • Choose stackers with modular designs that can interface with existing conveyors, feeders, and cutting machines
   • Ensure compatibility with common industrial communication protocols (e.g., Modbus, Profibus, EtherNet/IP)
   • Opt for models with customizable infeed and outfeed heights to match your production line elevation
   • Verify whether the stacker supports both upstream automation (e.g., laser cutters) and downstream packaging systems
4. Operational Efficiency and Speed
   • Evaluate stacking speed (sheets per minute) in relation to your production throughput requirements
   • Look for stackers with quick cycle times and minimal downtime between stacks
   • Consider models with automatic stack ejection or pallet-changing systems to reduce manual intervention
   • Assess energy consumption ratings and idle power usage to optimize operational costs
5. Advanced Technological Features
   • Prioritize stackers with intelligent control systems that offer real-time monitoring and diagnostics
   • Choose models with remote access capabilities for troubleshooting and performance tracking
   • Look for automatic sheet alignment, edge detection sensors, and misfeed prevention systems
   • Consider AI-enabled predictive maintenance alerts to minimize unplanned downtime
6. Safety Features and Compliance
   • Ensure the stacker includes emergency stop buttons, light curtains, and safety interlocks
   • Verify compliance with ISO 13849 (safety of machinery) and other relevant safety standards
   • Look for enclosed moving parts, guarding on pinch points, and audible warning signals
   • Confirm that the stacker includes anti-slip mechanisms and secure stack retention during transfer
7. Maintenance and Serviceability
   • Select a stacker with documented, straightforward maintenance procedures and accessible service points
   • Choose models with self-diagnostic systems that alert operators to wear or failure risks
   • Ensure spare parts are readily available and the manufacturer offers technical support
   • Review warranty terms, service contracts, and average repair turnaround times
8. Working Environment Considerations
   • Assess environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, dust, and exposure to coolants or oils
   • Choose corrosion-resistant finishes or enclosures for harsh industrial environments
   • Ensure adequate clearance for stacker operation, maintenance access, and material flow
   • Verify electrical requirements (voltage, phase) match your facility’s power supply
9. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Evaluation
   • Compare initial purchase price against long-term operational costs (energy, maintenance, downtime)
   • Factor in labor savings from automation and reduced material handling injuries
   • Consider scalability—can the stacker be upgraded or reconfigured for future needs?
   • Request ROI projections from suppliers based on your production volume

Selection Factor	Recommended Features	Common Mistakes to Avoid	Verification Method
Sheet Compatibility	Adjustable guides, multi-material support	Ignoring thickness variations or surface coatings	Test with actual production sheets
Load Capacity	20%+ safety margin, reinforced frame	Operating near maximum capacity continuously	Review load test certificates
System Integration	Standard communication protocols, modular design	Underestimating interface complexity	Request integration case studies
Operational Speed	High cycles/minute, fast stack transfer	Prioritizing speed over accuracy	Observe live demo at full capacity
Safety Compliance	Light curtains, E-stop, ISO certification	Assuming all automated systems are inherently safe	Audit safety documentation
Maintenance	Self-diagnostics, easy access panels	Choosing unfamiliar brands with limited support	Review service network and parts availability

Expert Tip: Before finalizing your purchase, request a live demonstration using your actual sheet materials. This real-world test reveals how well the stacker handles your specific product and can uncover compatibility issues that specifications alone won’t show.

Final Recommendations for Industrial Buyers

• Always involve your maintenance, safety, and production teams in the evaluation process
• Request references from current users in similar industries to assess long-term reliability
• Consider leasing or trial periods for high-investment models before full commitment
• Ensure operator training is included in the purchase agreement
• Document all technical specifications and warranty terms for future reference

Investing in the right automatic metal sheet stacker is not just about automation—it’s about enhancing precision, safety, and profitability. By carefully evaluating your operational needs and prioritizing quality, integration, and safety, you can select a system that delivers reliable performance for years to come. When in doubt, consult with experienced suppliers or industrial automation specialists to ensure your choice aligns perfectly with your production goals.

Automatic Metal Sheet Stacker FAQ

Q1: What is the function of an automatic sheet stacker in printing?

An automatic sheet stacker plays a crucial role in the printing workflow by efficiently organizing and aligning printed sheets into uniform, stable stacks. After sheets exit the printing press, the stacker receives them one by one, ensuring proper positioning and alignment using precision guides and air-assisted separation systems.

This automation eliminates the need for manual stacking, significantly improving productivity, reducing labor costs, and minimizing the risk of misalignment or damage to printed materials. Once stacked, the piles are ready for downstream operations such as trimming, binding, packaging, or palletizing.

Advanced models also feature counters, sensors for sheet detection, and anti-jam systems to ensure consistent performance and reduce downtime during high-volume print runs.

Q2: Is sheet metal stacking automated?

Yes, sheet metal stacking has become highly automated in modern manufacturing environments. Automatic sheet metal stackers are designed to integrate seamlessly into production lines—especially in industries like automotive, aerospace, HVAC, and appliance manufacturing.

These stackers receive cut, punched, or formed metal sheets from CNC machines, laser cutters, or press brakes and organize them into orderly stacks using robotic arms, conveyor systems, or vacuum lifters. Features such as edge alignment, height control, and layer separation (e.g., interleaving protective film) ensure safe handling and optimal space utilization.

Automation improves workplace safety by reducing manual handling of heavy or sharp metal sheets and enhances precision, throughput, and consistency across large production batches.

Q3: What is the sheet rack in a printing press?

In a printing press, a sheet rack—also known as a feeder table or sheet tray—serves as a storage and feeding unit for blank paper or substrate before printing begins. It holds a supply of unprinted sheets and feeds them one at a time into the press using suction cups, grippers, or friction rollers.

Sheet racks can be either manual or automated:

• Manual sheet racks: Require operators to load and monitor the paper supply, typically used in smaller or older presses.
• Automated sheet feeders: Feature continuous feeding mechanisms, sensors for paper level detection, and alignment systems that maintain consistent registration throughout the print job.

Modern automated sheet racks often include anti-double-sheet detection, dust removal, and climate-controlled environments to prevent paper curling or static buildup, ensuring high-quality print results and minimal waste.

Q4: How has the sheet metal industry changed over the years?

The sheet metal industry has undergone a dramatic transformation over the past several decades, shifting from labor-intensive manual processes to highly automated, technology-driven manufacturing systems. Key advancements include:

• Automation Integration: Entire production lines now operate with minimal human intervention. Machines handle material from coil feeding through cutting, bending, punching, and finally stacking—using robotic arms and programmable logic controllers (PLCs).
• Precision Tools: The widespread adoption of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines allows for extremely accurate and repeatable fabrication, reducing errors and enabling complex geometries.
• Advanced Cutting Methods: While traditional shearing and punching are still used, laser cutting, plasma cutting, and waterjet technologies now dominate for their precision, speed, and ability to cut intricate shapes without tool wear.
• Material Handling Innovations: Automated storage systems, stackers, and conveyors improve efficiency and reduce workplace injuries associated with lifting heavy sheets.
• Digital Workflows: CAD/CAM software enables seamless design-to-production workflows, allowing real-time adjustments and simulation of fabrication steps before any metal is cut.
• Sustainability and Efficiency: Modern systems optimize nesting (layout of parts on a sheet) to minimize scrap, and energy-efficient motors reduce operational costs and environmental impact.

These innovations have not only increased production speed and quality but also made custom and small-batch manufacturing more economically viable than ever before.