Types of Automatic Rotary Table Polishing Machines
An automatic rotary table polishing machine is a precision engineering solution designed to automate the surface finishing process for a wide range of components. These machines rotate the workpiece on a circular table while polishing tools apply consistent pressure and motion, ensuring uniform surface finish, reduced labor costs, and improved throughput. With various configurations available, each type caters to specific industrial needs, materials, and production scales.
Note: While the following types represent the most widely used automatic rotary table polishing systems, technological advancements continue to evolve. Buyers are encouraged to conduct thorough research and consult with manufacturers to ensure the selected machine aligns with current industry standards and production requirements—especially when placing bulk orders.
CNC Rotary Table Polishing Machine
Utilizes Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology to deliver high-precision polishing with programmable tool paths and automated adjustments.
Advantages
- Exceptional accuracy and repeatability
- Capable of complex geometries and custom patterns
- Reduced human error and consistent output
- Ideal for high-tolerance applications
Limitations
- Higher initial investment
- Requires skilled operators for programming
- Longer setup time for new jobs
Best for: Aerospace, medical devices, precision engineering, and R&D environments
Pneumatic Rotary Table Polishing Machine
Powered by compressed air, this machine is engineered for safe operation in hazardous or spark-sensitive environments.
Advantages
- Intrinsically safe—no electrical sparks
- High reliability in explosive atmospheres
- Lightweight and portable design
- Low maintenance and durable in harsh conditions
Limitations
- Requires access to a compressed air system
- Lower torque compared to hydraulic or electric models
- Limited automation capabilities
Best for: Oil & gas, chemical plants, offshore platforms, and remote field operations
Hydraulic Rotary Table Polishing Machine
Driven by hydraulic systems, these machines deliver high torque and consistent force, making them suitable for heavy-duty metal polishing tasks.
Advantages
- High torque for polishing dense or large components
- Smooth and consistent pressure application
- Durable under continuous industrial use
- Excellent for thick metals and castings
Limitations
- Bulkier and less portable
- Potential for fluid leaks requiring maintenance
- Noisier operation compared to electric systems
Best for: Metal fabrication, heavy machinery, shipbuilding, and large-scale manufacturing
Tabletop Rotary Polishing Machine
Compact, bench-mounted units designed for small-scale or detailed polishing tasks with manual or semi-automatic control.
Advantages
- Space-efficient and easy to integrate
- Ideal for delicate or intricate parts
- Affordable entry-level option
- Low energy consumption
Limitations
- Not suitable for large or heavy components
- Limited automation and throughput
- Manual operation may reduce consistency
Best for: Jewelry, eyewear, dental prosthetics, electronics, and prototyping workshops
Automatic Rotary Table Polishing Machine
Features fully automated feed systems and programmable controls, enabling unattended operation for high-volume production lines.
Advantages
- High productivity and throughput
- Consistent finish quality across batches
- Reduces labor costs and operator fatigue
- Integrates easily with assembly lines
Limitations
- Higher upfront cost and installation complexity
- Requires regular maintenance for optimal performance
- Less flexibility for custom or one-off jobs
Best for: Automotive, aerospace, electronics, and mass production facilities
| Machine Type | Automation Level | Power Source | Best For | Ideal Industry |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CNC Rotary Table | High (Programmable) | Electric | Complex shapes, precision finishes | Aerospace, Medical |
| Pneumatic | Low to Medium | Compressed Air | Hazardous environments, portability | Oil & Gas, Chemical |
| Hydraulic | Medium to High | Hydraulic Fluid | Heavy-duty metal polishing | Metalworking, Manufacturing |
| Tabletop | Low (Manual/Semi-Auto) | Electric or Manual | Small, delicate components | Jewelry, Eyewear, Electronics |
| Automatic Rotary | High (Fully Automated) | Electric | Mass production, consistent finishes | Automotive, Industrial |
Expert Tip: When selecting an automatic rotary table polishing machine, consider not only the current production needs but also future scalability. Machines with modular designs or programmable interfaces (like CNC models) offer greater adaptability as your manufacturing requirements evolve.
Function, Features, and Designs of Automatic Rotary Table Polishing Machines
Automatic rotary table polishing machines are advanced industrial systems designed to deliver consistent, high-quality surface finishes on a wide range of components. Widely used in manufacturing sectors such as automotive, aerospace, medical devices, and consumer electronics, these machines combine precision engineering with automation to enhance productivity and finish uniformity. By integrating CNC controls and rotational work handling, they offer a scalable solution for both batch and high-volume production environments.
Core Functionality and Operational Advantages
The primary function of an automatic rotary table polishing machine is to produce smooth, reflective, and defect-free surfaces on metal, plastic, ceramic, and composite materials. This is achieved through a combination of rotational motion and automated polishing tools that apply controlled pressure and speed across the workpiece surface.
One of the key advantages is the machine's ability to process multiple parts simultaneously on a rotating indexing table. As one station is being polished, others can be loaded or unloaded, enabling continuous operation and minimizing downtime. This parallel processing significantly boosts throughput compared to traditional single-station polishing methods.
Automation ensures repeatability and consistency, eliminating variations caused by manual polishing techniques. This reduces scrap rates, improves quality control, and lowers labor costs by minimizing operator involvement. Additionally, automated systems reduce the risk of workplace injuries associated with repetitive motion and exposure to dust or debris.
High Precision & Surface Consistency
Leveraging CNC (Computer Numerical Control) technology, these machines deliver micron-level accuracy in surface finishing. This level of precision is essential for critical applications such as surgical instruments, optical components, and engine parts where even minor surface imperfections can compromise performance or safety.
Advanced motion control systems allow for precise tool path programming, ensuring uniform material removal and consistent surface roughness (Ra values). Feedback sensors and closed-loop controls further enhance accuracy by adjusting parameters in real time based on contact force and surface conditions.
Simultaneous Multi-Part Processing
The rotary indexing table enables concurrent polishing of multiple workpieces—typically ranging from 4 to 12 stations depending on machine size and configuration. While one station undergoes polishing, adjacent stations can be used for loading, unloading, or inspection, creating a seamless production flow.
This simultaneous processing capability dramatically increases productivity, especially in high-demand manufacturing settings. It also supports just-in-time (JIT) production models by reducing cycle times and improving equipment utilization rates.
Customizable Polishing Parameters
Modern rotary polishing machines offer extensive customization options, including adjustable polishing speed, downforce (pressure), dwell time, and tool type (e.g., cloth wheels, abrasive belts, or diamond-impregnated pads). These variables can be fine-tuned for different materials such as stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, engineering plastics, and ceramics.
Programmable recipes allow operators to store and recall settings for specific part types, ensuring quick changeovers and maintaining consistency across production runs. Touchscreen interfaces and user-friendly software simplify setup and monitoring, even for complex polishing sequences.
Durable and Safe Machine Construction
These machines are built for long-term reliability in demanding industrial environments. The frame and table are typically constructed from high-grade steel or cast iron, providing rigidity and vibration resistance. Some models use lightweight yet strong aluminum alloys for reduced inertia and faster indexing.
Safety is integrated into the design through protective enclosures, interlocked access doors, emergency stop buttons, and transparent polycarbonate guards that allow visual monitoring without exposure to moving parts. Dust extraction ports are often included to manage particulate matter, improving air quality and protecting internal components.
Design Elements and Engineering Considerations
The design of an automatic rotary table polishing machine prioritizes efficiency, accessibility, and adaptability. The central rotary table is typically circular and precision-machined to ensure smooth rotation and accurate indexing. Table diameters vary from 300 mm for small precision parts to over 1,500 mm for large industrial components.
Polishing heads are mounted on articulated arms or linear slides, allowing vertical and sometimes radial movement. After completing a polishing cycle, the arms automatically retract to allow the table to rotate and position the next workpiece. Servo-driven actuators ensure precise control over tool engagement and disengagement.
Machine layouts often include modular zones: loading/unloading stations, polishing zones, cleaning stations (for coolant or debris removal), and inspection points. This modular approach supports integration into automated production lines with robotic loaders or conveyors.
| Design/Feature | Benefit | Typical Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Rotary Indexing Table (4–12 Stations) | Enables continuous processing and high throughput | Mass production of fasteners, valves, and fittings |
| CNC-Controlled Polishing Heads | Ensures precision and repeatability | Aerospace turbine blades, medical implants |
| Adjustable Speed & Pressure | Adaptable to various materials and finishes | Plastics, soft metals, hard ceramics |
| Enclosed Safety Housing with Interlocks | Protects operators and maintains clean environment | All industrial settings, especially regulated industries |
Important: Proper maintenance and calibration are essential for sustaining peak performance. Regularly inspect polishing tools for wear, verify alignment of the rotary table, and clean dust collection systems to prevent clogging. Always follow manufacturer guidelines for lubrication and component replacement to avoid premature failure and ensure operator safety.
Applications of Automatic Rotary Table Polishing Machines
An automatic rotary table polishing machine is a versatile and high-efficiency solution widely used across multiple industries. These machines leverage precision-controlled rotation and automated polishing heads to deliver consistent, high-quality surface finishes on a wide range of components. Their ability to process multiple parts simultaneously makes them ideal for high-volume production environments where uniformity, accuracy, and throughput are critical.
Mass Production of Engine Parts
In the automotive industry, automatic rotary table polishing machines play a vital role in the high-volume manufacturing of engine components. Cylinder heads, engine blocks, pistons, and valve components require smooth, burr-free surfaces to ensure optimal performance, fuel efficiency, and longevity.
- Simultaneous polishing of multiple parts significantly increases production speed and reduces cycle times
- Consistent surface finish improves sealing performance and reduces wear in moving parts
- Automated systems reduce labor costs and minimize human error in repetitive tasks
- Integration with CNC controls allows for programmable polishing sequences tailored to specific engine models
Key benefit: Enhanced engine reliability and performance due to uniform surface preparation
Aerospace Component Finishing
The aerospace industry demands extreme precision and surface integrity, particularly for critical components such as turbine blades, compressor casings, and landing gear parts. Even microscopic surface imperfections can lead to stress concentrations and fatigue failures under high-stress operating conditions.
- CNC-controlled rotary polishing ensures micron-level surface accuracy and repeatability
- Non-abrasive or fine-grit polishing methods preserve dimensional tolerances while removing micro-burrs
- Polishing enhances aerodynamic efficiency and reduces drag on rotating components
- Automated documentation and process validation support strict aerospace quality standards (e.g., AS9100)
Critical advantage: Compliance with stringent safety and performance regulations through consistent, traceable finishing
Jewelry Manufacturing
In the jewelry industry, appearance and surface luster are paramount. Automatic rotary table polishers are used to achieve mirror-like finishes on rings, pendants, bracelets, and intricate metal designs—often involving precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum.
- Handles delicate and complex geometries with minimal risk of damage or deformation
- Uses soft polishing media and variable speed controls to protect fine engravings and textures
- Reduces reliance on skilled hand-polishing, lowering labor costs and production time
- Ensures uniform shine and reflectivity across batches, enhancing product consistency
Quality impact: Elevates perceived value and customer satisfaction through flawless, high-gloss finishes
Medical Device Polishing
Surface smoothness is critical in medical devices such as orthopedic implants, surgical instruments, and dental tools. A polished surface minimizes bacterial adhesion, improves biocompatibility, and extends the functional life of reusable instruments.
- Delivers ultra-smooth Ra (surface roughness) values required for implant-grade finishes
- Reduces microscopic crevices where contaminants can accumulate
- Supports cleanroom-compatible operations with minimal particulate generation
- Enables passivation and improved corrosion resistance in stainless steel and titanium components
Safety note: Automated polishing reduces contamination risks associated with manual handling
Tool and Die Manufacturing
In tooling applications, the surface finish of molds, dies, and cutting tools directly affects product quality and production efficiency. A reflective, defect-free surface ensures clean part release, reduces wear, and prolongs tool life.
- Eliminates hand-polishing bottlenecks in mold cavities and complex contours
- Improves cycle times in injection molding and stamping operations due to smoother surfaces
- Reduces friction and heat buildup during machining, enhancing tool durability
- Supports automation integration in smart factories and Industry 4.0 environments
Efficiency gain: Up to 60% reduction in finishing time compared to traditional manual methods
Industry Insight: When selecting an automatic rotary table polishing machine, consider the material type, part geometry, required surface finish (Ra value), and production volume. Machines with programmable logic controllers (PLCs), interchangeable polishing heads, and modular fixturing offer greater flexibility across diverse applications. For high-mix environments, look for quick-change tooling and recipe-based operation to streamline changeovers.
| Industry | Typical Components | Surface Finish Requirement | Key Machine Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Automotive | Cylinder heads, engine blocks, pistons | Ra 0.2–0.8 µm | High-speed rotation, multi-station setup, coolant integration |
| Aerospace | Turbine blades, compressor casings | Ra 0.1–0.4 µm | CNC precision, vibration control, process monitoring |
| Jewelry | Rings, pendants, chains | Mirror finish (Ra < 0.1 µm) | Low-speed options, soft media compatibility, gentle clamping |
| Medical | Implants, surgical tools, dental instruments | Ultra-smooth, burr-free (Ra ≤ 0.2 µm) | Cleanroom design, non-contaminating materials, traceability |
| Tool & Die | Molds, dies, cutting tools | Reflective finish (Ra 0.05–0.2 µm) | Adjustable pressure, diamond abrasives, automated cycles |
Additional Advantages of Rotary Table Polishing Systems
- Scalability: Easily adapted from small-batch prototyping to full-scale production by adjusting the number of stations or polishing heads
- Consistency: Eliminates variability inherent in manual polishing, ensuring every part meets exact specifications
- Safety: Reduces operator exposure to dust, noise, and repetitive motion injuries
- Durability: Built with robust materials and sealed components to withstand continuous operation
- Integration: Compatible with upstream and downstream automation, including robotic loading and inspection systems
How to Choose the Right Automatic Rotary Table Polishing Machine
Selecting the right automatic rotary table polishing machine is a critical decision for manufacturers aiming to improve surface finishing quality, boost productivity, and maintain competitive advantage. With a wide range of options available, choosing the best machine requires a thorough understanding of your production needs, material requirements, and long-term operational goals. This comprehensive guide outlines the key factors to consider when evaluating and purchasing an automatic rotary polishing machine, helping you make an informed, cost-effective decision.
Important Note: The performance and longevity of your polishing machine depend not only on initial specifications but also on proper integration, maintenance, and operator training. Always request a live demonstration or trial run before finalizing your purchase.
1. Polishing Requirements
The foundation of selecting the right machine lies in clearly defining your polishing needs. Understanding the materials, dimensions, and finish quality you require ensures compatibility and optimal performance.
- Material Compatibility: Different materials—such as stainless steel, aluminum, brass, or engineered plastics—require specific polishing techniques, abrasives, and pressure settings. Ensure the machine supports the materials you commonly process.
- Workpiece Size and Weight: Measure the maximum and minimum dimensions of your parts. The rotary table must accommodate your largest workpieces while maintaining stability. Check load capacity to avoid mechanical strain.
- Surface Finish Standards: Determine whether you need a mirror finish, satin texture, or matte surface. High-precision finishes may require CNC-controlled polishing heads, variable speed control, and advanced tooling options.
- Consistency and Uniformity: For applications requiring repeatable results (e.g., aerospace or medical components), look for machines with programmable cycles and closed-loop feedback systems.
2. Production Volume and Throughput
Your production demands directly influence the size, speed, and configuration of the machine you should choose.
- High-Volume Production: If you operate in a high-throughput environment, prioritize machines with larger rotary tables (e.g., 600mm+ diameter), multi-station setups, and continuous feed capabilities. These models often feature automated loading/unloading systems to minimize downtime.
- Medium to Low-Volume Operations: For smaller batches or custom jobs, compact machines with adjustable settings and modular tooling offer greater flexibility without over-investing in capacity.
- Cycle Time Optimization: Evaluate the machine’s polishing cycle duration and transition times. Faster indexing and tool changeovers significantly increase hourly output.
3. Level of Automation
Automation impacts labor costs, consistency, and scalability. Choose a system that aligns with your workforce capabilities and growth plans.
- Full Automation: Ideal for large-scale operations, fully automated systems include robotic arms, vision systems, and integrated conveyors. These reduce human error, ensure uniform pressure application, and allow 24/7 operation with minimal supervision.
- Semi-Automatic Systems: These require operator input for loading, setup, or monitoring but automate the polishing process itself. They offer a cost-effective transition toward automation for growing businesses.
- Manual Override Options: Even in automated systems, having manual control modes allows for fine-tuning, troubleshooting, and prototyping new parts.
- Software Integration: Look for machines with user-friendly HMI (Human-Machine Interface) panels, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and data logging capabilities for quality control and traceability.
4. Budget vs. Long-Term Operational Costs
While upfront cost is important, total cost of ownership (TCO) provides a more accurate picture of value.
- Initial Investment: Entry-level machines may start under $20,000, while advanced CNC models can exceed $100,000. Set a realistic budget based on ROI expectations.
- Energy Efficiency: Modern machines with variable frequency drives (VFDs) and energy-saving motors reduce electricity consumption, especially in continuous operation.
- Maintenance and Downtime: Machines built with durable components (e.g., sealed bearings, corrosion-resistant coatings) require less frequent servicing. Downtime for repairs can cost thousands per hour in lost production.
- Consumables and Tooling: Factor in the cost and lifespan of polishing wheels, belts, compounds, and replacement parts. Some systems use proprietary tooling, which may increase long-term expenses.
Expert Tip: Request a cost-per-part analysis from suppliers. This calculation includes machine depreciation, energy, labor, and consumables, helping you compare machines on true operational cost rather than price alone.
5. Technology and Component Quality
The technological sophistication and build quality of the machine determine its precision, reliability, and adaptability.
- CNC and Programmable Controls: CNC-enabled rotary tables allow precise control over speed, pressure, dwell time, and tool path. This is essential for complex geometries and high-tolerance applications.
- Rotary Table Construction: Opt for tables made from cast iron or reinforced alloy steel with precision-ground surfaces to ensure flatness and minimize vibration.
- Polishing Heads and Actuators: Pneumatic, servo-driven, or hydraulic heads offer different levels of control. Servo systems provide the highest accuracy and programmability.
- Dust and Coolant Management: Integrated dust extraction and coolant delivery systems improve operator safety, extend tool life, and maintain consistent polishing conditions.
- Scalability and Upgradability: Choose a machine that allows future upgrades—such as additional stations, IoT connectivity, or AI-based process optimization—to protect your investment.
| Selection Factor | Key Questions to Ask | Recommended Features | Red Flags to Avoid |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polishing Requirements | What materials and finishes do you need? | Adjustable speed, multiple tooling options | One-size-fits-all claims, no customization |
| Production Volume | How many parts per hour/day? | High RPM, multi-head setup, auto loader | Long cycle times, manual loading only |
| Automation Level | Available labor and tech expertise? | PLC control, HMI interface, error logging | Outdated controls, no diagnostics |
| Long-Term Costs | What is the 5-year TCO estimate? | Energy-efficient motor, low-maintenance design | No service network, expensive consumables |
| Technology & Components | Integration with existing systems? | CNC compatibility, IoT readiness | Proprietary software, no API access |
Additional Considerations
- After-Sales Support: Choose suppliers that offer installation, training, spare parts availability, and technical support. A responsive service team minimizes downtime.
- Safety Compliance: Ensure the machine meets OSHA, CE, or ISO safety standards, including emergency stops, guarding, and ventilation requirements.
- Warranty and Service Contracts: Look for at least a 1-year comprehensive warranty and optional extended service plans.
- Customer References: Ask for case studies or contact existing users in your industry to validate performance claims.
Choosing the right automatic rotary table polishing machine is not just about buying equipment—it's about investing in a solution that enhances quality, efficiency, and profitability. By carefully evaluating your polishing requirements, production volume, automation needs, total cost of ownership, and technological capabilities, you can select a machine that delivers long-term value and supports your business growth. When in doubt, consult with engineering experts or request a pilot test to validate performance before committing to a purchase.
Frequently Asked Questions About Rotary Table Polishing Machines
An automatic rotary table polishing machine operates by securely holding multiple workpieces on a rotating circular platform. As the table turns, one or more automated polishing heads—equipped with abrasive wheels, brushes, or belts—move into position and apply consistent pressure to the surface of each part. These movements are often controlled by programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or CNC systems, ensuring uniform contact and precise finishing across all components.
The automation allows for continuous operation with minimal human intervention, making it ideal for high-volume production environments. The rotation ensures even exposure to the polishing tools, reducing the risk of uneven finishes and significantly improving surface quality consistency compared to manual methods.
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) rotary table polishing machines offer several key advantages over traditional or semi-automatic systems:
- Precision & Repeatability: CNC control enables micron-level accuracy, essential for components requiring tight tolerances such as aerospace turbine blades or medical implants.
- Programmable Flexibility: Operators can store and recall multiple polishing programs, allowing quick changeovers between different part types without manual reconfiguration.
- Complex Surface Handling: With multi-axis control, CNC machines can polish intricate geometries, contours, and hard-to-reach areas that are difficult or impossible to achieve manually.
- Data Integration: Modern CNC systems support integration with quality control software, enabling real-time monitoring, process optimization, and traceability for compliance purposes.
- Reduced Operator Skill Dependency: Once programmed, the machine performs consistently regardless of operator experience, minimizing variability in output.
These benefits make CNC rotary polishing machines a preferred choice in industries where precision, consistency, and efficiency are critical.
Rotary table polishing machines are widely used across several high-precision industries due to their ability to deliver smooth, defect-free surfaces at scale. Key sectors include:
| Industry | Applications | Key Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| Automotive | Engine components, transmission parts, trim, and exhaust systems | Durability, corrosion resistance, aesthetic finish |
| Aerospace | Turbine blades, landing gear, structural fittings | High fatigue resistance, surface integrity, strict regulatory compliance |
| Medical Devices | Surgical instruments, implants (e.g., hip joints), dental tools | Biocompatibility, mirror finishes, zero contamination |
| Jewelry & Luxury Goods | Rings, watches, precious metal components | High-gloss finishes, fine detailing, scratch-free surfaces |
| Electronics & Semiconductors | Enclosures, connectors, heat sinks | ESD safety, uniform reflectivity, tight dimensional control |
These industries rely on automated polishing to meet stringent quality standards while maintaining cost-effective production cycles.
Rotary table polishing offers significant improvements over manual polishing in terms of efficiency, consistency, and overall quality:
| Aspect | Rotary Table Polishing | Manual Polishing |
|---|---|---|
| Speed | Processes multiple parts simultaneously; cycle times measured in seconds per piece | One part at a time; highly dependent on operator speed and stamina |
| Consistency | Uniform pressure and motion ensure identical results across batches | Variability due to human fatigue, technique differences, and attention levels |
| Labor Requirements | Minimal supervision needed after setup; one operator can manage multiple machines | Requires skilled labor for extended periods; higher labor costs |
| Safety | Enclosed systems reduce exposure to dust, noise, and moving parts | Higher risk of injury from repetitive motion, flying debris, and chemical exposure |
| Scalability | Easy to scale for mass production with minimal additional labor | Scaling requires hiring and training more workers, increasing overhead |
In modern manufacturing, rotary table polishing is increasingly replacing manual methods to improve throughput, reduce defects, and ensure compliance with quality management systems like ISO 9001.
Selecting the right rotary table polishing machine requires a comprehensive evaluation of several technical and operational factors:
- Polishing Requirements: Consider the material type (metal, plastic, ceramic), desired surface finish (matte, satin, mirror), and geometric complexity of the parts.
- Production Volume: High-volume operations benefit from fully automatic CNC models with indexing tables and robotic loading, while low-volume shops may opt for semi-automatic systems.
- Level of Automation: Decide between manual loading, semi-automatic (operator-assisted), or fully automatic (integrated with conveyors or robots) based on labor availability and budget.
- Motion Control System: Choose between PLC-based automation for simpler tasks or full CNC control for complex, multi-step polishing sequences.
- Tooling & Abrasives Compatibility: Ensure the machine supports the types of polishing media (e.g., cloth wheels, diamond pastes, non-woven abrasives) required for your applications.
- Maintenance & Support: Evaluate ease of maintenance, spare parts availability, and technical support from the manufacturer or distributor.
- Budget & ROI: While initial investment may be higher for CNC models, long-term savings in labor, scrap reduction, and improved quality often justify the cost.
- Footprint & Integration: Confirm the machine fits within your facility layout and can integrate with existing production lines or material handling systems.
Consulting with equipment suppliers and requesting sample polishing trials can help validate performance before making a final decision. Investing in the right machine ensures long-term productivity, product quality, and competitiveness in the market.








浙公网安备
33010002000092号
浙B2-20120091-4
Comments
No comments yet. Why don't you start the discussion?