Understanding Best Obd2 Code Reader Abs: Technical Specifications, Grades, and Application Techniques

Types of Best OBD2 Code Readers for ABS Diagnostics

A high-quality OBD2 code reader for ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) is essential for diagnosing brake-related issues, ensuring vehicle safety, and preventing costly repairs. With various models available, choosing the right scanner depends on your technical needs, usage frequency, and desired features. Below is a comprehensive breakdown of the most common types of OBD2 scanners designed for effective ABS diagnostics, helping you make an informed decision whether you're a DIYer, technician, or fleet operator.

Standard OBD2 Scanners

Basic yet reliable tools ideal for reading and clearing ABS trouble codes in vehicles compliant with OBD2 standards (1996 and newer in the U.S.).

Advantages

• Affordable and widely available
• Simple plug-and-play operation
• Effective for reading and clearing ABS, engine, and emissions codes
• Compact and portable design
• Ideal for quick diagnostics at home or on the go

Limitations

• Limited to basic code reading and clearing
• No real-time data streaming or graphing capabilities
• Minimal support for advanced ABS functions (e.g., bleeding, calibration)
• Less compatibility with newer or luxury vehicle models

Best for: Car owners, DIYers, and small garages needing quick ABS fault detection

Professional Diagnostic Devices

Advanced scanners used in auto repair shops, offering full system diagnostics including ABS, airbags, transmission, and more.

Advantages

• Comprehensive diagnostics across multiple vehicle systems
• Supports ABS bleeding, sensor calibration, and module resets
• Extensive vehicle make and model coverage (domestic, import, European)
• Real-time data streaming, graphing, and freeze frame analysis
• Bi-directional controls for actuating components

Limitations

• Higher cost (typically $300–$1,000+)
• Steeper learning curve for beginners
• Larger and less portable than basic scanners
• May require software updates and subscriptions

Best for: Professional mechanics, repair shops, and technicians requiring deep diagnostics

Bluetooth & Wi-Fi OBD2 Scanners

Wireless adapters that connect to smartphones or tablets via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, using dedicated apps for diagnostics.

Advantages

• Wireless convenience and mobility
• Real-time data monitoring during test drives
• Compatible with multiple apps (e.g., Torque, OBDeleven, DashCommand)
• Cost-effective compared to professional tools
• Easy software updates and feature enhancements

Limitations

• Dependent on smartphone/tablet and app quality
• Variable ABS functionality—some apps lack advanced brake diagnostics
• Potential connectivity issues or lag
• Battery drain on mobile devices during extended use

Best for: Tech-savvy users, mobile diagnostics, and real-time ABS data tracking

DIY & Personal Use Scanners

Compact, user-friendly handheld devices tailored for non-professionals who want to maintain their own vehicles.

Advantages

• Intuitive interface with clear menu navigation
• Affordable price range ($30–$100)
• Basic ABS code reading, clearing, and live data
• Some models support simple ABS bleeding procedures
• Portable and battery-powered for easy storage

Limitations

• Limited advanced features and system coverage
• Fewer vehicle compatibility options
• May not support all ABS-specific functions (e.g., recalibration)
• Less durable than professional-grade tools

Best for: Home users, car enthusiasts, and occasional troubleshooters

Type	ABS Functionality	Price Range	User Level	Key Features
Standard OBD2 Scanners	Read & Clear Codes	$20–$60	Beginner	Basic diagnostics, compact size, no app required
Professional Diagnostic Devices	Full ABS Diagnostics + Bleeding	$300–$1,500+	Expert	Bi-directional control, multi-system support, real-time data
Bluetooth & Wi-Fi Scanners	Code Reading + Live Data	$25–$100	Intermediate	Wireless connectivity, app integration, mobile use
DIY & Personal Use Scanners	Read, Clear, Basic Live Data	$30–$100	Beginner to Intermediate	User-friendly interface, portability, affordability

Expert Tip: When selecting an OBD2 scanner for ABS diagnostics, ensure it explicitly supports ABS module communication and not just engine codes. Some budget scanners claim "full OBD2" support but lack the protocols needed for brake system diagnostics on modern vehicles.

Industrial Applications of the Best OBD2 Code Reader for ABS Systems

Advanced OBD2 code readers, particularly those optimized for Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) diagnostics, have become indispensable tools across a wide range of industries. Their ability to retrieve real-time data, interpret error codes, and monitor vehicle health makes them essential for improving safety, efficiency, and compliance. Understanding how different sectors utilize these diagnostic tools can guide better purchasing decisions and maximize return on investment.

Automotive Repair and Maintenance

In professional auto repair shops and dealership service centers, OBD2 scanners are foundational diagnostic instruments. Technicians use them to quickly identify ABS-related issues such as faulty wheel speed sensors, hydraulic unit malfunctions, or communication errors within the electronic control module (ECM).

By retrieving precise diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), mechanics can avoid time-consuming guesswork and streamline repairs. This leads to faster turnaround times, improved customer satisfaction, and reduced labor costs. Modern OBD2 scanners also support bi-directional control, allowing technicians to perform actuator tests and reset ABS modules after repairs.

Vehicle Manufacturing and Testing

During vehicle production, manufacturers integrate OBD2 scanning tools into assembly line diagnostics to validate the functionality of ABS and other electronic systems. These scanners run automated checks on every new vehicle to ensure that all sensors, wiring, and control units are operating within specified parameters.

Quality assurance teams use OBD2 readers during final inspections to detect inconsistencies or software glitches before vehicles are shipped. This proactive testing minimizes recalls, enhances product reliability, and ensures compliance with international safety standards such as ISO 26262 and FMVSS 126.

Fleet Management

Fleet operators rely heavily on OBD2 scanners—especially those with telematics integration—to monitor the health of large vehicle fleets in real time. Early detection of ABS warnings allows managers to schedule preventive maintenance before minor issues escalate into costly breakdowns.

This predictive maintenance approach reduces unplanned downtime, extends vehicle lifespan, and improves overall operational efficiency. Additionally, maintaining functional ABS systems enhances driver safety, lowers accident rates, and reduces insurance premiums—key performance indicators for fleet performance.

Insurance Industry

Insurance companies leverage OBD2 code readers during accident investigations to access critical vehicle data stored in the ECM. This includes pre-crash speed, brake application, throttle position, and active fault codes related to ABS performance.

By analyzing this data, adjusters gain objective insights into the circumstances leading up to a collision. This forensic capability helps determine fault more accurately, combat fraudulent claims, and support fair settlements. In some cases, insurers even offer discounts to policyholders who use connected OBD2 devices for safe driving monitoring.

Government and Regulatory Bodies

Transportation departments and regulatory agencies use OBD2 scanners during mandatory vehicle inspections to enforce roadworthiness and emissions standards. ABS functionality is a key component of vehicle safety checks, particularly for commercial vehicles like buses and trucks.

These agencies conduct large-scale roadside inspections or periodic testing programs to ensure compliance with national safety regulations. OBD2 diagnostics enable rapid, standardized assessments of braking systems, helping to reduce accidents caused by mechanical failure and promoting cleaner, safer transportation networks.

Industry	Primary Use of OBD2 Scanner	Key Benefits
Automotive Repair	Diagnostics and troubleshooting of ABS faults	Faster repairs, reduced labor costs, improved accuracy
Vehicle Manufacturing	Production-line testing and quality control	Defect prevention, compliance assurance, reduced recalls
Fleet Management	Real-time vehicle health monitoring	Predictive maintenance, lower downtime, enhanced safety
Insurance	Accident data analysis and claims verification	Accurate liability determination, fraud reduction
Government	Safety and emissions compliance inspections	Public safety enforcement, environmental protection

Important: When selecting an OBD2 code reader for industrial use, ensure it supports ABS-specific diagnostics, offers reliable data logging, and is compatible with multiple vehicle makes and models. High-end scanners with firmware updates, cloud connectivity, and detailed reporting features provide the greatest long-term value across all these applications.

Product Specifications and Features of the Best OBD2 Code Reader with ABS Diagnostics

A high-quality OBD2 code reader with advanced ABS diagnostics is an essential tool for both professional mechanics and DIY automotive enthusiasts. These scanners provide deep insights into a vehicle's braking system, enabling accurate diagnosis, efficient troubleshooting, and preventive maintenance. Below is a comprehensive breakdown of the key features, usage steps, maintenance benefits, and warranty considerations for the best OBD2 scanners equipped with ABS functionality.

Advanced ABS Diagnostics

The best OBD2 code readers go beyond basic engine fault detection by offering full ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) diagnostic capabilities. This allows users to identify issues within the braking system before they escalate into safety hazards.

• Read and Erase ABS Codes: Retrieve stored trouble codes related to wheel speed sensors, hydraulic control units, and ABS module faults, then clear them after repairs.
• ABS Brake Bleeding Function: Supports automated or guided brake bleeding procedures, ensuring proper air removal from brake lines for optimal pedal feel and system performance.
• Comprehensive Sensor Data: Access detailed information from individual wheel speed sensors, brake pressure sensors, and ABS control modules to pinpoint intermittent or hard-to-diagnose faults.
• System Health Monitoring: View live status of ABS engagement, fault history, and component readiness to assess long-term reliability.

Key Benefit: Prevents misdiagnosis and reduces guesswork during brake system repairs.

Real-Time Data & Connectivity

Modern OBD2 scanners deliver real-time monitoring of vehicle systems, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and user experience through advanced connectivity options.

• Live Sensor Streaming: Monitor live data from ABS sensors, brake pedal position, hydraulic pressure, and more—critical for diagnosing dynamic issues that only appear under specific driving conditions.
• Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth/Wi-Fi): Pair with smartphones, tablets, or laptops using dedicated apps for enhanced visualization, data logging, and remote diagnostics.
• Data Logging & Graphing: Record sensor values over time to analyze trends and detect anomalies such as fluctuating wheel speed signals or delayed ABS activation.
• Cloud Integration: Some premium models allow saving scan results to the cloud for future reference or sharing with technicians.

Pro Tip: Use wireless models with companion apps for easier interpretation of complex data streams.

User-Friendly Interface

An intuitive interface is crucial for quick and accurate diagnostics, especially in high-pressure repair environments.

• Color Touchscreen Displays: High-resolution screens with responsive touch controls make navigation simple and efficient.
• Menu Shortcuts & Favorites: Save frequently used functions (e.g., ABS scan, live data, code clearing) for rapid access.
• Multi-Language Support: Ideal for international use or multilingual workshops.
• On-Screen Code Definitions: Built-in code library explains each DTC (Diagnostic Trouble Code) in plain language, reducing reliance on external resources.

Design Advantage: Reduces training time and minimizes user error during critical diagnostics.

Multi-Vehicle Compatibility

Top-tier OBD2 scanners support a wide range of vehicles, making them ideal for shops servicing diverse fleets.

• Coverage for All Major Brands: Includes domestic, Asian, and European vehicles (e.g., Ford, Toyota, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Honda, GM, Volkswagen).
• OBD2 Standard Compliance: Works with all 1996 and newer gasoline vehicles in the U.S., and most post-2001 diesel models.
• Firmware Updates: Regular software updates ensure compatibility with new vehicle models and emerging diagnostic protocols.
• Specialized ABS Protocols: Supports manufacturer-specific ABS systems (e.g., Bosch, Delphi, Aisin) for deeper diagnostics.

Workshop Essential: Eliminates the need for multiple brand-specific tools, saving cost and space.

How to Use Your OBD2 Code Reader with ABS Functionality

Using a professional-grade OBD2 scanner is straightforward when following these step-by-step instructions:

1. Connect the Scanner: Plug the OBD2 device into the vehicle’s diagnostic port, typically located under the dashboard near the steering column or center console.
2. Power On the Vehicle: Turn the ignition to the "ON" position without starting the engine. This powers the vehicle’s ECU and ABS module for communication.
3. Initiate Scan: Press the “Scan” or “Diagnostics” button to begin reading stored trouble codes from all systems, including ABS, engine, transmission, and more.
4. Access ABS-Specific Data: Navigate to the ABS section to view active or pending codes, system status, and live sensor data.
5. Analyze the Results: Review the displayed codes and consult the built-in definitions or user manual to understand the root cause. Cross-reference with physical symptoms (e.g., pulsating brake pedal, warning lights).
6. Clear Codes After Repair: Once repairs are completed, use the “Clear” or “Reset” function to erase stored codes and turn off the ABS warning light on the dashboard.

Best Practice: Always re-scan after clearing codes to confirm the issue has been fully resolved and no new faults appear.

Expert Tip: For intermittent ABS issues, perform a road test with live data logging enabled. This captures transient faults that may not trigger a stored code but can still affect braking performance.

Maintenance and Repair Benefits

An OBD2 scanner with ABS diagnostics is not just a repair tool—it's a powerful preventive maintenance asset.

• Early Fault Detection: Identifies minor issues like failing wheel speed sensors before they lead to complete ABS failure or unsafe braking conditions.
• Reduced Downtime: Enables faster diagnosis, minimizing vehicle downtime in both personal and commercial fleets.
• Cost Savings: Prevents expensive repairs by catching problems early—such as replacing a single sensor instead of an entire ABS module.
• Safety Assurance: Ensures the ABS system is fully functional, improving vehicle stability during emergency braking and adverse weather conditions.
• Extended Component Life: Regular diagnostics help maintain optimal brake system performance, reducing wear on pads, rotors, and hydraulic components.

Long-Term Value: Routine scanning preserves both vehicle safety and scanner longevity through proper usage and firmware care.

Warranty and Support

Reputable manufacturers stand behind their OBD2 scanners with solid warranty policies to protect your investment.

• Warranty Duration: Most premium models offer limited warranties ranging from 1 to 3 years, covering defects in materials and workmanship.
• Covered Components: Includes internal circuitry, display, connectors, and software functionality under normal use.
• Exclusions: Damage from drops, liquid exposure, lightning surges, unauthorized modifications, or misuse is typically not covered.
• Firmware Support: Many brands provide free lifetime updates, ensuring continued compatibility with evolving vehicle technologies.
• Customer Service: Look for brands offering responsive technical support, online resources, and quick replacement programs.

Recommendation: Always register your device and keep the receipt to validate warranty claims. Read the manufacturer’s policy carefully to understand coverage limits.

Feature	Description	Benefit
ABS Code Reading	Reads and interprets ABS-specific DTCs	Pinpoints exact source of braking system faults
Live Data Streaming	Displays real-time sensor values	Enables dynamic troubleshooting under operating conditions
Brake Bleed Function	Guides user through ABS bleeding process	Restores proper brake pedal feel after service
Wireless Connectivity	Bluetooth/Wi-Fi to mobile devices	Enhanced usability with app-based diagnostics
Multilingual Interface	Supports multiple languages	Accessible to a broader range of users

Final Recommendation: When selecting the best OBD2 code reader with ABS capabilities, prioritize devices with proven compatibility, regular firmware updates, intuitive interfaces, and strong customer support. Investing in a reliable scanner pays off through improved diagnostic accuracy, increased efficiency, and enhanced vehicle safety.

Quality and Safety of Best OBD2 Code Reader for ABS Diagnostics

Selecting and using a high-quality OBD2 code reader is essential for accurate diagnostics, especially when dealing with critical systems like Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS). A reliable scanner not only enhances vehicle troubleshooting efficiency but also ensures the integrity and safety of your vehicle’s electronic control units (ECUs). This guide dives deep into the key quality considerations and safety practices to follow when using an OBD2 code reader, helping you avoid common pitfalls and maximize diagnostic accuracy.

Safety Warning: The OBD2 system interfaces directly with your vehicle’s onboard computers. Improper use can lead to data corruption, false error codes, or even permanent ECU damage. Always follow manufacturer guidelines and safety protocols when connecting or disconnecting diagnostic tools.

Quality Considerations for Optimal OBD2 Performance

Ensuring your OBD2 code reader meets high standards of quality is the foundation of accurate and reliable diagnostics. Below are the most critical factors to evaluate before and during use.

• Checking for Full Vehicle Compatibility: Not all OBD2 scanners support every make, model, and year. Before purchasing or using a device, verify that it is compatible with your specific vehicle, especially for advanced systems like ABS, traction control, and stability control. Look for scanners that explicitly list your vehicle’s manufacturer and model in their compatibility database. Incompatible tools may fail to communicate with the ECU or return incomplete or misleading diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs).
• Using Manufacturer-Recommended Cables and Connectors: The quality of the cable used to connect the scanner to the OBD2 port significantly impacts data transmission reliability. Always use the original cable provided by the manufacturer or a high-quality third-party alternative that matches the specifications. Poor-quality cables can result in intermittent connections, data loss, or communication errors, particularly during real-time ABS sensor monitoring or live data streaming.
• Performing Regular Firmware Updates: Firmware is the software embedded in your code reader that enables it to interpret vehicle data correctly. Manufacturers frequently release updates to expand vehicle coverage, improve diagnostic accuracy (especially for ABS modules), and fix bugs. Regularly check for and install firmware updates via the manufacturer’s website or companion app. An outdated scanner may not recognize newer vehicle models or recent DTCs related to braking systems.

Expert Tip: Consider investing in a code reader with cloud-based update capabilities or automatic firmware notifications. This ensures your tool stays current without requiring manual checks, enhancing long-term reliability and diagnostic precision.

Safety Best Practices When Using an OBD2 Scanner

Safety is paramount when interfacing with your vehicle’s electronic systems. Following proper procedures protects both you and your car from potential electrical or software issues.

• Avoid Starting the Vehicle While the Scanner Is Connected: One of the most common mistakes is starting the engine while the OBD2 scanner is plugged in. This can cause voltage spikes or electrical interference that may disrupt the ECU’s operation or corrupt data being read. Always connect the scanner with the ignition off, then turn the key to the "ON" position (without starting) to begin diagnostics. If engine running is required for live data, start the vehicle only after the scanner is connected and stable.
• Ensure a Secure and Clean Connection: A loose or dirty connection between the scanner and the OBD2 port can lead to inaccurate readings, intermittent communication, or complete failure to link with the vehicle. Before plugging in, inspect the OBD2 port for dust, debris, or corrosion. Insert the connector firmly until it clicks into place. Wiggle the cable gently to confirm it’s seated properly and won’t disconnect during use.
• Disconnect the Scanner Only After Turning Off the Ignition: To prevent electrical surges or data corruption, always power down the vehicle before removing the OBD2 scanner. Sudden disconnection while the system is active can interrupt critical data transfers or cause temporary ECU glitches. Turn the ignition to "OFF," wait 10–15 seconds, then safely unplug the device.

Aspect	Best Practice	Risk of Neglect	Recommended Tools/Features
Compatibility	Verify scanner supports your vehicle’s make, model, and ABS system	Incomplete diagnostics, missed ABS faults	Vehicle-specific scanner, compatibility checker tool
Cable Quality	Use OEM or certified high-shielded cables	Data loss, communication errors	Durable shielded cable, gold-plated connectors
Firmware	Update every 3–6 months or when new vehicles are added	Outdated DTC definitions, limited ABS coverage	Auto-update feature, PC/mobile sync software
Connection Safety	Plug in with ignition off; unplug after shutdown	ECU interference, false codes	LED status indicator, secure locking connector
Port Maintenance	Keep OBD2 port clean and dry	Poor connectivity, corrosion damage	Compressed air, electrical contact cleaner

Maintenance Reminder: Periodically clean your OBD2 port using compressed air or electronic contact cleaner to remove dust and grime. A clean port ensures consistent connectivity and reduces the risk of diagnostic errors—especially important for sensitive ABS and brake system checks.

Final Recommendations

• Choose an OBD2 scanner that offers dedicated ABS and brake system diagnostics, not just generic engine codes.
• Keep a log of diagnostic sessions, including any ABS-related codes retrieved and actions taken.
• Use the scanner in a dry, well-lit environment to avoid moisture damage and ensure clear visibility of the display.
• If you encounter persistent ABS warnings or unclear codes, consult a professional technician—even the best consumer-grade tools have limitations.
• Store your OBD2 scanner in a protective case away from extreme temperatures and humidity to prolong its lifespan.

By prioritizing quality and adhering to safety best practices, you can confidently use your OBD2 code reader to maintain your vehicle’s ABS and overall health. A well-maintained diagnostic tool empowers you to catch issues early, avoid costly repairs, and ensure your vehicle remains safe and reliable on the road.

Frequently Asked Questions About OBD2 Scanners

Q1: What is an OBD2 scanner?

An OBD2 (On-Board Diagnostics II) scanner is a diagnostic tool designed to interface with a vehicle’s internal computer system. Introduced as a standard in all vehicles sold in the U.S. after 1996, the OBD2 system allows the scanner to retrieve real-time data and trouble codes related to engine performance, emissions, transmission, and other critical systems.

These devices help users and mechanics identify issues such as malfunctioning sensors, fuel system inefficiencies, or emission control problems. Advanced models can even provide live data streams, perform actuator tests, reset service lights, and monitor fuel economy—making them essential tools for preventive maintenance and efficient troubleshooting.

Q2: Can the OBD2 scanner be used for all vehicles?

While OBD2 has been a mandatory standard for light-duty vehicles in the United States since 1996, compatibility is not universal across all makes, models, and regions. Here are key considerations:

• Model Year: Vehicles manufactured before 1996 may use OBD1 or proprietary systems and are generally not compatible with standard OBD2 scanners.
• Vehicle Type: Heavy-duty trucks, motorcycles, and some European or Asian models may have different protocols or require specialized adapters.
• Scanner Capability: Basic code readers only display generic trouble codes (P-codes), while advanced scanners support both generic and manufacturer-specific codes (e.g., Ford, BMW, Toyota).
• Communication Protocols: OBD2 supports multiple protocols (CAN, ISO, KWP2000). Most modern scanners auto-detect the correct one, but older or low-end models may not.

To ensure compatibility, always verify your vehicle’s OBD2 compliance and check the scanner’s supported protocols and brand-specific features before purchasing.

Q3: How do I maintain my OBD2 scanner?

Proper maintenance extends the life and performance of your OBD2 scanner. Follow these best practices:

• Keep It Clean: Wipe the connector and housing regularly with a dry or slightly damp cloth to prevent dust and grime buildup, especially the 16-pin connector that plugs into the vehicle.
• Update Software: Manufacturers frequently release firmware and app updates to improve functionality, add new vehicle support, and fix bugs. Connect your scanner to a computer or use its companion app to stay current.
• Store Properly: Keep the device in a protective case when not in use. Avoid tossing it loosely into toolboxes where it can be damaged.
• Avoid Environmental Hazards: Do not expose the scanner to moisture, extreme heat (e.g., left in a hot car), or freezing temperatures, as these can damage internal electronics and batteries.
• Battery Care: For wireless or Bluetooth models, charge the battery regularly and avoid full discharges to maintain battery health.

Taking these simple steps ensures reliable performance and accurate diagnostics over time.

Q4: Is the OBD2 scanner important for vehicle safety?

Yes, an OBD2 scanner plays a significant role in maintaining vehicle safety. While it primarily monitors emissions and engine performance, it also detects faults in systems that directly impact driving safety, such as:

• Anti-lock Braking System (ABS): Detects issues with wheel speed sensors or hydraulic units that could impair braking performance.
• Electronic Stability Control (ESC): Identifies malfunctions in traction and stability systems that help prevent skidding and loss of control.
• Airbag System (SRS): Flags faults in crash sensors or airbag deployment circuits.
• Engine Misfires: Severe misfires can lead to catalytic converter damage or even stalling while driving, posing a hazard on the road.

By enabling early diagnosis of these critical systems, the OBD2 scanner allows for timely repairs, reducing the risk of breakdowns and accidents. It empowers drivers to stay proactive about their vehicle’s health and safety compliance.

Q5: How does the OBD2 scanner work with mobile phones?

Modern OBD2 scanners often integrate seamlessly with smartphones via wireless technologies such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. Here’s how it works:

1. The OBD2 adapter (often called a "dongle") is plugged into the vehicle’s OBD2 port, typically located under the dashboard near the steering column.
2. The adapter connects wirelessly to a dedicated mobile app (e.g., Torque Pro, OBD Auto Doctor, or manufacturer-specific apps) installed on your smartphone or tablet.
3. Once paired, the app retrieves diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), displays live sensor data (RPM, coolant temperature, fuel pressure, etc.), and provides user-friendly explanations of issues.
4. Many apps also offer features like trip logging, fuel efficiency tracking, graphing of sensor data, and even automatic code clearing after repairs.

This smartphone integration makes vehicle diagnostics more accessible and intuitive for non-professionals. However, ensure your phone's operating system is compatible with the app and that the scanner supports your vehicle’s communication protocol for optimal performance.