Types of Cocoa Pods: A Comprehensive Guide to Cacao Varieties
Cocoa pods are the fruit of the Theobroma cacao tree, a tropical evergreen native to the humid rainforests of Central and South America but now cultivated across equatorial regions worldwide. These colorful, football-shaped pods house the precious cocoa beans used to produce chocolate, cocoa powder, cocoa butter, and a wide range of confectionery and cosmetic products.
Grown within a narrow band 20° north and south of the equator—known as the "cocoa belt"—cacao trees require consistent temperatures, high humidity, and abundant rainfall to thrive. While there are approximately 20 known cacao varieties, only three dominate global cultivation and chocolate production: Forastero, Trinitario, and Criollo. Each variety offers distinct characteristics in pod appearance, flavor profile, yield, and disease resistance, shaping the quality and character of the chocolate it produces.
Forastero Cacao
The most widely grown cacao variety, accounting for up to 80% of global production. Known for its resilience and high yield.
Advantages
- Highly resistant to pests and diseases
- Produces large yields per tree
- Thrives in diverse tropical climates
- Cost-effective for mass chocolate production
Limitations
- Bitter, less complex flavor profile
- Lacks nuanced aromatic notes
- Often requires heavy roasting and added sugar
Best for: Commercial chocolate, baking cocoa, chocolate coatings, and everyday confections
Trinitario Cacao
A hybrid variety combining the hardiness of Forastero with the refined flavor of Criollo. Offers a balanced profile for premium chocolates.
Advantages
- Excellent balance of flavor and resilience
- Distinct fruity, floral, and spicy notes
- Higher quality than bulk Forastero beans
- Widely used in craft and specialty chocolate
Limitations
- Less disease-resistant than pure Forastero
- Lower yields compared to Forastero
- More sensitive to growing conditions
Best for: Premium dark chocolate, single-origin bars, and artisanal chocolate products
Criollo Cacao
The rarest and most prized cacao variety, celebrated for its exceptional aroma and complex flavor. Often referred to as the "Prince of Cacao."
Advantages
- Most aromatic and nuanced flavor profile
- Low bitterness and acidity
- Notes of nuts, caramel, fruits, and wine
- Highly sought after by gourmet chocolatiers
Limitations
- Extremely vulnerable to pests and diseases
- Low yield per tree
- Rare and expensive (less than 5% of global supply)
Best for: Luxury chocolate, fine-flavor single-origin bars, and high-end confections
Physical & Flavor Comparison
A detailed breakdown of key characteristics across the three main cacao types.
| Variety | Pod Appearance | Flavor Profile | Yield & Hardiness | Global Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forastero | Oval, elongated, smooth skin; yellow to reddish-brown | Earthy, robust, bitter; less aromatic | High yield, very hardy | 70–80% |
| Trinitario | Slightly elongated, variable color (green, yellow, red) | Floral, fruity, balanced; mildly bitter | Moderate yield, fairly resilient | 10–15% |
| Criollo | Wrinkled, wavy surface; pale yellow to deep red | Complex, nutty, wine-like; low bitterness | Low yield, highly sensitive | 3–5% |
Expert Tip: When tasting single-origin chocolate, look for the cacao variety on the label. Criollo and Trinitario beans often reveal subtle flavor notes like dried fruit, honey, or spice, while Forastero-based chocolates tend to deliver a bold, classic chocolate taste ideal for baking and blending.
Understanding the Impact on Chocolate Quality
The type of cocoa pod—and the beans it contains—plays a crucial role in determining the final product’s taste, aroma, and texture. Mass-market chocolate typically relies on Forastero beans due to their availability and cost-effectiveness. In contrast, bean-to-bar chocolatiers often source Criollo or Trinitario beans to highlight unique terroir-driven flavors and create distinctive chocolate experiences. Advances in sustainable farming are also helping preserve rare Criollo strains and improve Trinitario resilience, ensuring greater diversity in the world’s chocolate supply.
Factors That Impact Cocoa Pod Prices
The price of cocoa pods—directly tied to the value of raw cacao beans—is influenced by a complex interplay of agricultural, economic, logistical, and market-driven factors. Understanding these elements is essential for farmers, traders, chocolatiers, and investors involved in the global cocoa supply chain. Below is a detailed breakdown of the key drivers affecting cocoa pod pricing.
Quality and Type of Cacao
The intrinsic value of cocoa pods is primarily determined by the quality and variety of the cacao beans they contain. Among the three main cacao types—Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario—Criollo beans are the most prized, often commanding premium prices due to their delicate, complex flavor profiles and lower bitterness. These beans are favored by artisanal and fine chocolate makers seeking superior taste and aroma.
Bean quality is further influenced by genetic lineage, fermentation duration, drying techniques, and storage conditions. Properly fermented and sun-dried beans develop rich chocolate notes, floral hints, and fruity undertones, enhancing their marketability. In contrast, poorly processed beans—affected by mold, over-fermentation, or inadequate drying—exhibit off-flavors and are sold at significant discounts. Disease-infected pods or those from unsustainable farming practices also contribute to lower-grade yields and reduced pricing.
Global Market Demand
Market demand plays a pivotal role in shaping cocoa prices. The global chocolate industry, valued in the tens of billions annually, drives consistent demand for high-quality cacao. However, emerging markets for cocoa-based products—such as skincare, pharmaceuticals, and health supplements—have expanded the demand base beyond confectionery.
Consumer trends significantly impact pricing. For instance, rising preferences for dark chocolate, organic cocoa, and ethically sourced beans have increased demand for specialty cacao, pushing prices upward. Additionally, economic conditions in major consuming regions (e.g., Europe, North America, and increasingly Asia) affect purchasing power and overall demand. During periods of economic growth, chocolate consumption tends to rise, while recessions may suppress demand and soften prices.
Geopolitical Stability and Trade Policies
Over 70% of the world’s cocoa is produced in West Africa, particularly in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, making the market highly sensitive to regional political and economic conditions. Political instability, civil unrest, or changes in government policy can disrupt farming operations, delay exports, and increase risk premiums for buyers.
Trade regulations, export taxes, and international sanctions also influence supply chain efficiency and cost. For example, sudden export bans or port closures can create temporary shortages, spiking prices. Conversely, favorable trade agreements and stable governance support consistent production and predictable pricing. Investors and commodity traders closely monitor geopolitical developments in key producing nations when forecasting cocoa price movements.
Harvest Yields and Climate Conditions
Cocoa is a climate-sensitive crop, and annual yields are heavily dependent on weather patterns during the growing season. Droughts, excessive rainfall, unseasonal temperatures, and prolonged dry spells can all damage cacao trees, reduce flowering, and lead to lower pod production.
Additionally, plant diseases such as black pod rot and cocoa swollen shoot virus can devastate entire plantations, further reducing supply. When harvests fall short of expectations, scarcity drives up prices due to tightened supply. Conversely, bumper crops—often seen after ideal weather conditions—can oversupply the market, leading to price declines. This natural variability contributes to the volatility commonly observed in cocoa markets.
Transportation and Logistics Costs
As a bulk agricultural commodity, cocoa requires careful handling and transportation from remote farms to global processing centers. Transportation costs—including shipping, fuel, port fees, and insurance—directly affect the final price of cocoa pods and beans.
Fluctuations in fuel prices, container shortages, or disruptions at major shipping hubs can significantly increase logistics expenses. For example, during global supply chain crises (such as those seen in recent years), freight costs have surged, adding pressure to cocoa pricing. On the other hand, investments in infrastructure, efficient cold-chain logistics, and regional processing facilities can reduce transportation burdens and stabilize prices over time.
Sustainability and Certification Trends
An increasingly important factor in cocoa pricing is the shift toward sustainable and ethical sourcing. Certifications such as Organic, Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, and UTZ often result in price premiums for farmers who meet rigorous environmental and labor standards.
Chocolate manufacturers and consumers are increasingly willing to pay more for traceable, responsibly sourced cocoa. This trend not only supports better livelihoods for farmers but also influences market segmentation—where certified beans command higher prices than conventional ones. As sustainability becomes a core value in the food industry, its impact on cocoa pricing is expected to grow.
| Factor | Impact Level | Key Influences |
|---|---|---|
| Bean Quality & Variety | High | Criollo vs. Forastero; fermentation; drying; flavor profile; defect rate |
| Market Demand | High | Chocolate consumption trends; health products; dark chocolate popularity; economic conditions |
| Geopolitical Stability | High | Political unrest; trade policies; export restrictions; regional conflicts |
| Weather & Harvest Yield | High | Rainfall; drought; disease; seasonal fluctuations; crop health |
| Transportation Costs | Medium | Fuel prices; shipping availability; infrastructure; port efficiency |
| Sustainability Certification | Medium-High | Fair Trade; Organic; Rainforest Alliance; consumer demand for ethics |
Key Takeaways for Stakeholders
Important Note: Cocoa prices are inherently volatile due to their dependence on agriculture, global trade, and consumer behavior. Stakeholders should adopt risk management strategies—such as hedging, diversification, and direct sourcing—to mitigate financial exposure. Staying informed about market reports, climate outlooks, and policy changes is crucial for navigating the dynamic cocoa economy.
Commercial Uses of Cocoa Pods: Beyond Chocolate
Cocoa pods are far more than just the source of chocolate—they represent a valuable, multi-use agricultural resource with growing commercial significance across diverse industries. While cocoa beans are best known for chocolate production, the entire pod—including the husk, pulp, and beans—can be utilized in innovative and sustainable ways. Understanding these applications helps businesses unlock new revenue streams, reduce waste, and support circular economy models.
Cocoa and Chocolate Products
The primary commercial use of cocoa pods is in the production of cocoa-based food and beverage items. After harvesting, the beans are fermented, dried, roasted, and processed into key ingredients such as cocoa mass (or liquor), cocoa butter, and cocoa powder. These form the foundation of a global chocolate industry worth over $100 billion annually.
- Cocoa powder is used in chocolates, baked goods, desserts, and instant drink mixes.
- Cocoa butter, prized for its smooth texture and melting properties, is essential in premium chocolates and confections.
- Artisanal producers use whole-fruit cocoa processing to create unique flavor profiles in craft chocolate.
Market Insight: The global chocolate market continues to grow, driven by demand for premium, organic, and ethically sourced cocoa products.
Cosmetics and Skincare
Cocoa butter is a highly sought-after natural ingredient in the beauty and personal care industry due to its rich emollient properties. It deeply moisturizes the skin, improves elasticity, and helps reduce the appearance of stretch marks, making it ideal for lotions, body butters, lip balms, and anti-aging creams.
- Natural and organic skincare brands prioritize unrefined, food-grade cocoa butter for its purity.
- Its stability and long shelf life make it a preferred base in many formulations.
- Byproducts like cocoa polyphenols are being studied for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits in skincare.
Trend: Clean beauty movements are increasing demand for plant-based, sustainably sourced cocoa derivatives.
Coffee and Beverage Innovations
Innovative beverage companies are transforming cocoa pod waste—particularly the sweet, tangy pulp and husk—into unique drinks. These alternatives offer sustainability and novel flavor profiles, appealing to eco-conscious consumers.
- Toscaf is a caffeine-infused drink made from roasted cocoa husks, offering a coffee-like taste with lower acidity and natural antioxidants.
- Chocolatl and similar fermented beverages use cocoa pulp to create mildly alcoholic, probiotic-rich drinks inspired by traditional Mesoamerican recipes.
- Non-alcoholic beverages like cocoa water or pulp juice are gaining traction as functional drinks rich in vitamins and natural sugars.
Opportunity: Upcycling cocoa byproducts into beverages reduces farm waste and creates high-margin specialty products.
Health and Wellness Products
Cocoa is rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, and dietary fiber—nutrients linked to heart health, improved cognition, and reduced inflammation. This has led to increased use of cocoa components in health-focused supplements and functional foods.
- Dietary supplements use cocoa extract for antioxidant support and mood enhancement (via compounds like theobromine).
- Fiber-rich cocoa pulp is processed into powders for use in gut-health beverages and prebiotic supplements.
- Protein-enriched energy bars and snacks incorporate defatted cocoa powder for flavor and nutritional value.
Scientific Note: Studies show regular consumption of flavonoid-rich cocoa may support cardiovascular health and cognitive function.
Agricultural and Sustainable Applications
After bean extraction, the remaining cocoa pod husks represent up to 70% of the fruit’s weight. Instead of being discarded, these are increasingly used in sustainable farming practices.
- Composted husks enrich soil with organic matter and nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, improving soil structure and water retention.
- They serve as natural mulch to suppress weeds and reduce evaporation in organic farms.
- Processed into silage or pelletized feed, cocoa husks provide a nutritious supplement for livestock including cattle, goats, poultry, and fish.
Sustainability Benefit: Utilizing cocoa waste reduces environmental impact and supports regenerative agriculture.
Emerging and Industrial Uses
Research and innovation are expanding cocoa pod applications into new domains, including bioenergy and biodegradable materials.
- Biomass energy projects use dried cocoa husks as a renewable fuel source for heating and electricity generation.
- Studies are exploring the use of cocoa fiber in bioplastics and packaging materials as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic polymers.
- Natural dyes and tannins extracted from the husk are used in textile and leather industries.
Future Outlook: Circular economy models are driving investment in technologies that maximize cocoa pod utilization.
Business Insight: Forward-thinking agribusinesses and cooperatives are adopting "zero-waste" cocoa processing models, where every part of the pod is monetized. By diversifying into cosmetics, beverages, health products, and agriculture, producers can increase profitability, reduce environmental impact, and build resilience against market fluctuations in the chocolate industry.
| Use Case | Primary Component Used | Commercial Applications | Market Growth Potential |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chocolate & Confectionery | Cocoa beans | Chocolate bars, cocoa powder, cocoa butter | Mature, steady growth |
| Skincare & Cosmetics | Cocoa butter, polyphenols | Lotions, creams, lip balms | High (clean beauty trend) |
| Beverages | Pulp, husk | Toscaf, cocoa water, fermented drinks | Emerging, high innovation |
| Health Supplements | Bean extract, pulp fiber | Antioxidant supplements, energy bars | Strong (functional foods) |
| Agriculture | Husk, shell | Compost, mulch, animal feed | Moderate (sustainability-driven) |
| Industrial/Bio-based | Husk fiber, biomass | Biofuel, bioplastics, dyes | Early stage, high potential |
Key Considerations for Businesses
- Supply Chain Integration: Partnering directly with cocoa farms ensures traceability and consistent raw material quality.
- Processing Technology: Investments in drying, extraction, and fermentation systems can unlock higher-value products.
- Regulatory Compliance: Food, cosmetic, and supplement applications require adherence to safety and labeling standards (e.g., FDA, EU regulations).
- Sustainability Certification: Eco-labels like Fair Trade, Organic, or Rainforest Alliance enhance marketability.
- R&D Collaboration: Universities and research institutes are exploring new cocoa-based innovations—ideal for pilot partnerships.
How to Choose Quality Cocoa Pods: A Complete Guide for Farmers and Buyers
Selecting high-quality cocoa pods is essential for producing premium chocolate and ensuring optimal fermentation and yield. Whether you're a smallholder farmer, a cocoa buyer, or a chocolate artisan, understanding the key indicators of quality helps guarantee better flavor, higher bean count, and improved processing efficiency. This guide provides a detailed breakdown of the five critical factors to consider when evaluating cocoa pods, complete with expert insights and practical tips.
Important Note: Always handle cocoa pods with clean hands and tools to avoid introducing contaminants that could affect fermentation. Wear gloves when opening pods to protect your skin from pulp acidity and potential allergens.
Key Criteria for Selecting Premium Cocoa Pods
- Appearance: Visual Indicators of Health and Maturity
Begin your assessment by examining the pod’s exterior. High-quality cocoa pods should have a smooth, firm surface free from blemishes, mold, insect boreholes, or cracks. These imperfections may indicate pest infestation, fungal infection (like black pod disease), or physical damage during growth or harvest.
Color is a strong indicator of ripeness and variety. Mature pods display vibrant, uniform hues—ranging from bright yellow and deep red to rich green, depending on the cultivar (e.g., Forastero, Criollo, or Trinitario). Avoid dull, patchy, or discolored pods, as these may be underripe or overripe. Gently press the pod; it should feel solid and resilient. Soft, mushy, or dented areas suggest internal rot or overripeness, which can compromise bean quality and fermentation outcomes.
- Size and Shape: Optimizing Yield and Processing Efficiency
Choose pods that are medium to large in size and have a consistent, elongated shape. Larger pods generally contain more beans—typically 30 to 50 per pod—making them more economical for processing. Uniform shape ensures easier handling during harvesting, transportation, and post-harvest operations like pod breaking and bean extraction.
Avoid small, stunted, or irregularly shaped pods, which often result from poor pollination, nutrient deficiency, or disease stress. Excessively curved or twisted pods may also indicate developmental issues and can be harder to open cleanly, increasing the risk of bean damage. Straight, well-proportioned pods are a sign of healthy tree management and optimal growing conditions.
- Bean Quality Inside: Assessing Development and Fermentation Potential
The true test of a quality cocoa pod lies within. Carefully open a sample pod to inspect the beans. Look for plump, fully developed beans that are tightly packed in neat rows. Immature or shriveled beans suggest incomplete development or premature harvesting.
Well-fermented beans should exhibit a rich, uniform brown color. This indicates successful biochemical changes that develop chocolate flavor precursors. In contrast, unfermented or poorly fermented beans appear pale, pinkish, or reddish and lack the depth of flavor needed for quality chocolate. Consistency in bean size and color across the pod reflects even ripening and proper agricultural practices.
- Pulpy Flesh: The Key to Natural Fermentation and Flavor Development
The white, gelatinous pulp surrounding the beans plays a crucial role in fermentation. High-quality pods contain abundant, juicy pulp that is sweet and aromatic, with a pleasant, mildly tangy scent reminiscent of citrus or tropical fruit. This pulp provides the sugars necessary for microbial activity during fermentation, which is essential for developing complex chocolate flavors.
Avoid pods with dry, fibrous, or slimy pulp, as this may indicate overripeness, poor storage, or microbial contamination. Excessive fibrous material can restrict airflow during fermentation, leading to uneven results. A fresh, sweet fragrance is a positive sign, while sour, alcoholic, or putrid odors suggest spoilage or early fermentation onset, which can degrade bean quality if not managed promptly.
- Harvesting Timeline: Ensuring Optimal Maturity
Timing is critical in cocoa harvesting. Pods generally take 5 to 6 months to reach full maturity after pollination, though this varies slightly by variety and climate. Harvesting too early results in underdeveloped beans with low flavor potential, while leaving pods too long on the tree increases the risk of pod splitting, pest invasion, or spontaneous fermentation.
Refer to farm records or consult with agronomists to confirm that pods were harvested at peak maturity. Visual cues—such as color change from green to yellow/red and a slight sheen on the surface—are reliable indicators. Pods should be harvested every 2–3 weeks during peak season to ensure consistency and prevent overripening. Proper timing not only enhances flavor but also supports sustainable yield and tree health.
| Criteria | Quality Indicators | Poor Quality Signs | Recommended Tools |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Smooth skin, vibrant uniform color, firm texture | Blemishes, mold, soft spots, discoloration | Visual inspection, flashlight for shade |
| Size & Shape | Medium to large, straight, evenly shaped | Small, misshapen, overly curved | Measuring tape, sorting tray |
| Internal Beans | Plump, brown, uniformly sized | Shriveled, red/pink, inconsistent color | Knife, sample container |
| Pulp Condition | Juicy, sweet-smelling, minimal fiber | Dry, fibrous, sour-smelling | Gloves, odor assessment |
| Harvest Timing | 5–6 months mature, color-changed, intact | Split pods, overripe, fallen pods | Farm log, calendar tracking |
Expert Tip: When sourcing cocoa in bulk, always conduct a spot check by opening 5–10% of pods from each batch. This helps verify internal quality and ensures consistency across your harvest or purchase. Record findings to improve future selection and traceability.
Best Practices for Post-Selection Handling
- Store harvested pods in shaded, well-ventilated areas to prevent overheating and premature fermentation
- Process pods within 24–48 hours of harvest to maintain pulp integrity and bean viability
- Use sanitized tools when opening pods to avoid cross-contamination
- Keep detailed records of pod source, variety, harvest date, and quality observations for quality control and certification purposes
- Train harvesters to recognize quality indicators to ensure consistency in the field
Choosing quality cocoa pods is not just about appearance—it's a science that impacts every stage of chocolate production. From flavor development to fermentation efficiency, each factor plays a vital role in delivering a superior end product. By applying these guidelines consistently, farmers and buyers can enhance cocoa quality, increase market value, and contribute to the global standard of fine chocolate.
Frequently Asked Questions About Cocoa Pricing
The average price of a cocoa pod typically ranges between $0.50 and $3.00 USD, depending on several key factors such as geographic region, quality, market demand, and intended use. This variation reflects the diverse applications and standards across different segments of the cocoa industry.
- Commodity-Grade Pods: These are priced between $0.50 and $1.00 per pod and are primarily used for mass-market chocolate production. Their pricing is closely tied to global cocoa bean futures and influenced by international supply chains and commodity trading dynamics.
- Artisan or Premium Pods: High-quality cocoa pods with superior flavor profiles—often grown using sustainable or specialty farming practices—can cost between $2.00 and $3.00 per pod. These are sought after by craft chocolatiers and gourmet producers who prioritize taste, origin, and ethical sourcing.
- Seedling and Propagation Pods: Pods used for planting new cacao trees or breeding programs also fall in the $2.00–$3.00 range. Their higher value comes from their agricultural utility in expanding cacao farms and maintaining genetic diversity.
It's important to note that prices may vary significantly at the local farm level due to transportation costs, labor, and access to export markets. Smallholder farmers often receive lower prices unless they participate in fair-trade or direct-trade networks.
As of late 2023, the global market price for cocoa beans averaged between $3,200 and $3,500 per metric ton (approximately $3.20 to $3.50 per quintal). These prices reflect benchmark rates on international exchanges like ICE (Intercontinental Exchange) and are subject to frequent fluctuations due to a range of economic and environmental factors.
- Quality and Origin: Beans from renowned regions such as Ghana, Ivory Coast, Ecuador, or Madagascar can command higher prices based on flavor characteristics, fermentation methods, and certification (e.g., organic, fair trade).
- Market Volatility: Cocoa prices are highly sensitive to weather patterns, harvest yields, political stability in producing countries, and shifts in global demand—especially from major chocolate-consuming regions like Europe and North America.
- Local Market Disparities: At the farm gate, local prices in producing countries can vary widely—from as low as $100 to as high as $1,000 per metric ton—depending on middlemen, infrastructure, and access to export channels.
These disparities highlight the gap between international commodity pricing and what small-scale farmers actually earn, underscoring ongoing efforts to improve equity in the cocoa supply chain.
In late 2023, a quintal (100 kilograms) of cocoa was valued at approximately $320 to $350 on the global market, aligning with the broader metric ton pricing. However, local and regional prices can differ dramatically, ranging from $100 to $1,000 per quintal depending on multiple variables.
| Factor | Impact on Price |
|---|---|
| Bean Quality | Well-fermented, properly dried beans with low moisture content fetch higher prices. |
| Buyer Type | Direct-trade buyers or specialty roasters may pay premiums over bulk commodity buyers. |
| Logistics & Accessibility | Remote farms with poor transport infrastructure often receive lower prices due to increased handling costs. |
| Production Conditions | Droughts, pests, or disease outbreaks can reduce supply and increase prices, while bumper crops may drive them down. |
Understanding quintal pricing is crucial for farmers, cooperatives, and exporters when negotiating contracts and planning harvest sales.
As of late 2023, cacao pods are priced at approximately $2.00 to $4.00 per pod in the global market, which equates to roughly $40 to $80 per metric ton. This price range reflects the raw form of cacao before fermentation and drying, and it varies based on quality, market access, and end use.
- Standard Market Pods: Sold at $2.00–$4.00 per pod, these are typically destined for fermentation and processing into bulk or mid-tier cocoa products.
- Artisan or Heirloom Varieties: Premium cacao pods—such as those from Criollo or Trinitario trees with unique flavor notes—can be priced between $3.00 and $5.00 per pod. These are often sold directly to boutique chocolate makers who emphasize origin, terroir, and craftsmanship.
- Direct-to-Consumer or Agritourism Sales: In some regions, fresh cacao pods are sold to tourists or culinary enthusiasts for educational or experiential purposes, sometimes commanding even higher prices.
The growing interest in traceable, single-origin chocolate has elevated the value of high-quality cacao pods, creating new income opportunities for farmers who can meet specialty market standards.








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