Types of Computer Sensors
Modern computing systems rely heavily on computer sensors to monitor environmental conditions, ensure hardware safety, and enable intelligent automation. These sensors play a crucial role in maintaining optimal performance, preventing damage, and enhancing user experience across consumer electronics, industrial systems, and data centers. Below is a detailed breakdown of the most common types of sensors used in computing environments.
Temperature Sensors
Monitor internal heat levels of CPUs, GPUs, motherboards, and other critical components to prevent overheating and thermal throttling.
Advantages
- Prevents hardware damage from overheating
- Enables dynamic fan speed control
- Supports real-time thermal monitoring
- Essential for overclocking and high-performance computing
Limitations
- Accuracy varies by sensor type and placement
- May require calibration for precision applications
- Limited range without external cooling integration
Common Types: Thermistors, RTDs, Thermocouples, Infrared (non-contact)
Best for: Data centers, gaming PCs, industrial control systems, medical devices
Pressure Sensors
Detect changes in fluid or gas pressure within enclosed systems, providing feedback for environmental control and altitude monitoring.
Advantages
- Enables altitude and atmospheric monitoring
- Supports fluid and gas flow regulation
- Used in aerospace and weather monitoring systems
- High sensitivity with digital output options
Limitations
- Sensitive to environmental contaminants
- Requires sealed environments for accuracy
- Can drift over time without recalibration
Common Types: Piezoelectric, Capacitive, Strain Gauge
Best for: Aerospace systems, industrial automation, weather stations, HVAC controls
Humidity Sensors
Measure moisture content in the air to maintain safe operating conditions for sensitive electronic equipment.
Advantages
- Prevents condensation and corrosion in data centers
- Integrates with climate control systems
- Supports predictive maintenance strategies
- Improves reliability in high-humidity environments
Limitations
- Affected by dust and airborne contaminants
- May degrade over time in extreme conditions
- Requires periodic calibration for accuracy
Common Types: Capacitive, Resistive, Thermal Conductivity
Best for: Server rooms, cleanrooms, medical equipment, climate-controlled storage
Proximity Sensors
Detect the presence or absence of nearby objects without physical contact, enabling automation and power management.
Advantages
- Enables automatic sleep/wake functions (e.g., laptop lid close)
- Improves energy efficiency and device longevity
- Enhances user safety in industrial settings
- Supports touchless interfaces and smart automation
Limitations
- Can be triggered by false positives (e.g., dust, reflections)
- Limited range depending on technology used
- May require shielding from electromagnetic interference
Common Types: Infrared, Ultrasonic, Capacitive, Inductive
Best for: Laptops, smartphones, robotics, automated manufacturing lines
| Sensor Type | Primary Function | Key Applications | Integration Benefits | Environmental Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | Monitor component heat levels | Gaming PCs, Data Centers, Medical Devices | Prevents overheating, enables cooling automation | Critical in high-heat environments |
| Pressure | Measure gas/fluid pressure or altitude | Aerospace, Industrial Automation, Weather Systems | Supports flight control, fluid regulation | Vital for atmospheric and sealed systems |
| Humidity | Track air moisture content | Server Rooms, Cleanrooms, Storage Facilities | Prevents corrosion, integrates with HVAC | Essential in humid or variable climates |
| Proximity | Detect nearby objects or users | Laptops, Smartphones, Robotics | Enables power saving, touchless control | Improves safety and user experience |
Expert Tip: For optimal performance in data centers, combine temperature, humidity, and pressure sensors into a unified environmental monitoring system. Integrating these with AI-driven analytics allows for predictive cooling adjustments, reducing energy costs and extending hardware lifespan.
Factors That Affect the Quality of Computer Sensors
Computer sensors are essential components in modern computing and electronic systems, responsible for detecting environmental changes and converting them into electrical signals for processing. Their accuracy, reliability, and longevity depend on several interrelated factors. Understanding these key quality determinants helps in selecting, designing, and maintaining high-performance sensors for applications ranging from consumer electronics to industrial automation.
Key Factors Influencing Sensor Quality
Material Quality
The foundation of any high-performance sensor lies in the materials used in its construction. High-grade materials such as silicon, specialized metal alloys (e.g., nickel-chromium or constantan), and advanced ceramics are commonly selected for their excellent thermal stability, mechanical strength, and electrical properties. Silicon, for example, is widely used in temperature and pressure sensors due to its predictable semiconductor behavior and compatibility with integrated circuit fabrication.
These materials not only enhance the sensor's sensitivity and response time but also ensure resilience under challenging conditions. For instance, ceramic substrates offer superior resistance to thermal expansion and chemical corrosion, making them ideal for use in harsh environments. In humidity sensors, material integrity directly affects long-term stability—porous hygroscopic materials must maintain consistent water absorption characteristics over time to avoid signal drift.
Ultimately, superior material selection contributes to reduced signal noise, improved measurement precision, and extended operational life, making it a cornerstone of sensor reliability.
Design and Engineering
The overall performance of a computer sensor is heavily influenced by its design architecture and engineering precision. A well-engineered sensor integrates the sensing element, signal conditioning circuitry, and protective housing into a cohesive system that maximizes accuracy while minimizing interference and power consumption.
Modern advancements like Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology have revolutionized sensor design by enabling the miniaturization of complex mechanical and electronic components on a single silicon chip. MEMS-based accelerometers, gyroscopes, and microphones are now standard in smartphones and laptops, offering high sensitivity and low power usage in compact form factors.
Beyond miniaturization, thoughtful engineering includes optimizing thermal pathways, reducing internal stress points, and shielding sensitive components from vibration or electromagnetic fields. Rigorous simulation and prototyping during the design phase help identify potential flaws early, ensuring consistent performance across production batches and enhancing overall product quality.
Calibration and Testing
Even the most precisely built sensors require calibration to deliver accurate and repeatable measurements. Calibration involves adjusting the sensor's output against known reference standards under controlled conditions—such as standard temperature, pressure, or humidity levels—to ensure alignment with expected values.
For example, a temperature sensor might be calibrated using a thermally stable bath with a reference thermometer traceable to national standards. After calibration, comprehensive testing evaluates performance across a range of operating conditions, including extreme temperatures, voltage fluctuations, and prolonged usage cycles.
This quality assurance process identifies and corrects deviations, hysteresis, or non-linear responses before the sensor reaches the market. Sensors that undergo rigorous calibration and environmental stress testing exhibit lower measurement variability and greater long-term stability—critical attributes for applications in medical devices, automotive systems, and data centers where precision is paramount.
Environmental Resistance
Computer sensors often operate in environments exposed to temperature extremes, moisture, dust, vibration, and electromagnetic interference (EMI). A high-quality sensor must be engineered to resist these external influences without compromising performance.
Effective sealing using IP-rated enclosures or conformal coatings protects internal circuitry from moisture and particulate ingress—essential for sensors used in outdoor or industrial settings. For instance, humidity sensors in HVAC systems must remain accurate despite condensation and airborne contaminants.
Electromagnetic shielding, such as metal cans or conductive coatings, prevents EMI from nearby processors or wireless modules from distorting sensor readings. Thermal management features, like heat sinks or thermally conductive adhesives, help maintain stable operating temperatures, reducing drift and improving accuracy.
Sensors designed with robust environmental resistance not only last longer but also maintain reliability in demanding applications, from gaming laptops enduring thermal cycling to industrial PCs operating in dusty factory environments.
| Quality Factor | Impact on Performance | Best Practices |
|---|---|---|
| Material Quality | Directly affects sensitivity, durability, and thermal stability | Use high-purity silicon, ceramic substrates, or corrosion-resistant alloys; avoid materials prone to aging or outgassing |
| Design & Engineering | Influences accuracy, size, power efficiency, and integration capability | Employ MEMS technology, optimize signal pathways, conduct finite element analysis (FEA) for stress testing |
| Calibration & Testing | Ensures measurement accuracy and consistency across units | Perform multi-point calibration, environmental stress screening (ESS), and statistical process control (SPC) |
| Environmental Resistance | Determines reliability in real-world conditions | Implement IP67 sealing, EMI shielding, conformal coating, and wide operating temperature ranges |
Why Sensor Quality Matters in Computing
Important: Compromising on sensor quality can lead to system instability, inaccurate diagnostics, and premature hardware failure. Always verify manufacturer specifications, calibration certificates, and environmental ratings when selecting sensors for critical applications. Investing in high-quality, properly tested components pays dividends in performance, safety, and total cost of ownership.
What Makes Computer Sensors Durable
Computer sensors are essential components in modern technology, responsible for collecting and transmitting critical data across industries—from consumer electronics to aerospace and industrial automation. Their durability is paramount to ensure consistent performance, accuracy, and long-term reliability, especially in harsh or variable environments. Several engineering and design principles contribute to the resilience of these sensors. Below is a comprehensive breakdown of the key factors that make computer sensors durable and dependable over time.
Robust Materials
The foundation of sensor durability lies in the materials used during manufacturing. High-performance sensors are constructed using materials selected for their mechanical strength, thermal stability, and electrical properties.
- Metals and Alloys: Components like thermocouples use metals such as nickel, chromium, or iron that withstand extreme temperatures and resist oxidation.
- Silicon Semiconductors: Widely used in microsensors due to their excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical rigidity, and compatibility with integrated circuit fabrication.
- Ceramics and Composites: Used in pressure and temperature sensors for their resistance to corrosion, wear, and high thermal stress.
Key insight: Material selection directly impacts sensor lifespan, especially in environments with high vibration, chemical exposure, or fluctuating temperatures.
Sealed Designs
Environmental protection is crucial for sensor longevity. Sealed enclosures prevent the intrusion of contaminants that can compromise sensor accuracy or cause failure.
- IP-Rated Enclosures: Many sensors feature IP67 or IP68 ratings, meaning they are dust-tight and can withstand immersion in water.
- Sealing Materials: Silicone gaskets, epoxy potting, and conformal coatings protect internal circuitry from moisture, dust, salt spray, and chemicals.
- Hermetic Sealing: In critical applications, sensors are hermetically sealed using glass or metal to create an airtight barrier.
Critical benefit: Sealed designs enable reliable operation in outdoor, marine, automotive, and industrial settings where exposure to the elements is unavoidable.
Thermal Management
Heat is one of the leading causes of sensor degradation. Effective thermal management ensures sensors operate within safe temperature ranges, preserving accuracy and extending service life.
- Heat Dissipation: Heat sinks, thermal pads, and conductive housings help transfer heat away from sensitive components.
- Thermally Stable Materials: Alloys like aluminum and copper are used for their high thermal conductivity.
- Active Cooling & Compensation: Some advanced sensors include built-in temperature compensation circuits or fans to maintain stability.
Technical note: Sensors in high-performance computing or engine monitoring systems often operate above 100°C and require robust thermal design to avoid drift or failure.
Regular Maintenance
Even the most durable sensors require periodic maintenance to sustain peak performance. Proactive care prevents degradation and extends operational life.
- Calibration: Ensures accuracy over time by adjusting sensor output to match known reference values.
- Cleaning: Removes dust, oil, or debris that can interfere with sensing elements (e.g., optical or pressure ports).
- Diagnostics: Built-in self-tests or external monitoring tools detect early signs of wear or malfunction.
Best practice: Implement a scheduled maintenance plan—especially in industrial or mission-critical systems—to avoid unexpected downtime.
Redundancy Systems
In high-stakes environments, sensor failure can lead to system-wide consequences. Redundancy enhances reliability by providing backup sensing capability.
- Dual or Triple Sensors: Multiple sensors monitor the same parameter, with voting systems detecting and isolating faulty units.
- Fault-Tolerant Design: Common in aerospace, medical devices, and data centers where uninterrupted operation is essential.
- Automatic Failover: If a primary sensor fails, the system seamlessly switches to a secondary unit without service interruption.
Real-world example: Aircraft engines use redundant temperature and pressure sensors to ensure safe operation even during component failure.
Environmental Resilience Testing
Beyond design, durability is validated through rigorous testing under simulated extreme conditions.
- Thermal Cycling: Sensors are exposed to repeated temperature extremes to test for material fatigue.
- Vibration & Shock Testing: Ensures reliability in automotive or industrial machinery applications.
- Humidity & Corrosion Resistance: Long-term exposure tests verify performance in humid or corrosive environments.
Quality assurance: Reputable manufacturers subject sensors to MIL-STD or IEC standards to certify durability.
Expert Insight: When selecting sensors for demanding applications, prioritize those with proven material integrity, robust sealing, and documented thermal performance. Look for certifications like ISO 9001, IEC 60529 (IP ratings), or MIL-STD-810 to ensure reliability. Additionally, consider total cost of ownership—durable sensors may have a higher upfront cost but reduce long-term expenses from maintenance, downtime, and replacements.
| Durability Factor | Key Materials/Techniques | Typical Applications | Lifespan Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robust Materials | Silicon, stainless steel, ceramics, thermocouples | Industrial automation, automotive, aerospace | High – extends life by 2–5x in harsh environments |
| Sealed Design | Epoxy potting, silicone gaskets, IP68 enclosures | Outdoor sensors, marine electronics, medical devices | Very High – prevents 70%+ of field failures |
| Thermal Management | Heat sinks, thermal pads, conductive alloys | Engines, data centers, power electronics | High – reduces thermal drift and early failure |
| Redundancy | Dual sensors, fault-tolerant circuits | Aircraft, nuclear systems, critical infrastructure | Extremely High – enables fail-safe operation |
Additional Considerations for Long-Term Sensor Reliability
- EMI/RFI Shielding: Metal enclosures and shielding layers protect sensors from electromagnetic interference that can distort readings.
- Mounting Stability: Secure, vibration-dampened mounts prevent mechanical stress and misalignment.
- Software Integration: Firmware updates and diagnostic tools enhance adaptability and troubleshooting.
- Sustainability: Durable sensors reduce electronic waste and support green technology initiatives.
- Supplier Reputation: Established brands invest in R&D, quality control, and real-world testing to ensure consistent performance.
Commercial Value of Computer Sensors in Modern Industries
Computer sensors have become indispensable components across a wide range of industries, driving innovation, efficiency, and profitability. These intelligent devices collect, analyze, and transmit real-time data, enabling businesses to make informed decisions, automate complex processes, and enhance user experiences. From manufacturing floors to healthcare systems, the integration of computer sensors translates into measurable commercial benefits—reduced operational costs, improved reliability, and increased customer satisfaction. This guide explores the key commercial advantages of computer sensors, supported by real-world applications and strategic insights for businesses looking to leverage sensor technology.
Important Note: While computer sensors offer significant commercial advantages, their effectiveness depends on proper integration, calibration, and data security. Businesses must ensure compatibility with existing systems and comply with data privacy regulations when deploying sensor networks.
1. Increased Automation and Operational Efficiency
One of the most transformative commercial benefits of computer sensors is their ability to enable automation and streamline operations. By continuously monitoring environmental and mechanical conditions, sensors allow systems to self-regulate, minimizing the need for manual oversight and intervention.
- In manufacturing, sensors monitor temperature, pressure, vibration, and alignment in real time, enabling machines to adjust performance dynamically for optimal output.
- Automated assembly lines use proximity and motion sensors to coordinate robotic arms, reducing cycle times and improving precision.
- Data-driven automation reduces human error, increases throughput, and allows skilled labor to focus on higher-value tasks.
- Energy management systems in smart buildings use occupancy and ambient light sensors to optimize HVAC and lighting, cutting utility costs by up to 30%.
The result is a leaner, faster, and more responsive operation—directly boosting productivity and reducing labor and resource expenditures, which enhances overall profitability.
2. Enhanced User Experience and Market Differentiation
Computer sensors play a crucial role in creating intuitive, responsive, and personalized user experiences, which directly influence customer satisfaction and brand loyalty.
- Smartphones use ambient light, proximity, and humidity sensors to automatically adjust screen brightness, disable touch input during calls, and prevent condensation on displays.
- Voice recognition and motion sensors in smart home devices (e.g., smart speakers, thermostats) enable hands-free control, improving accessibility and convenience.
- Gaming consoles and VR headsets rely on accelerometers, gyroscopes, and infrared sensors to deliver immersive, real-time interactions.
- Laptops and desktops use thermal sensors to regulate fan speed based on user proximity and CPU load, balancing performance with noise and comfort.
These enhancements not only improve usability but also serve as key differentiators in competitive markets. Companies that prioritize sensor-driven user experiences often see higher customer retention, positive reviews, and stronger market positioning.
3. Data Accuracy and Decision-Making Reliability
In industries where precision is non-negotiable, the reliability of computer sensors provides a critical commercial advantage. Accurate, real-time data collection supports informed decision-making and ensures regulatory compliance.
- In healthcare, sensors in medical devices monitor vital signs such as body temperature, heart rate, and oxygen levels with high accuracy, enabling timely interventions and improving patient outcomes.
- Financial institutions use environmental sensors in data centers to prevent overheating and ensure uninterrupted service, protecting sensitive transactions and data integrity.
- Logistics and supply chain operations employ GPS, temperature, and shock sensors to track shipments in real time, ensuring goods (especially perishables) are stored and transported under optimal conditions.
- Industrial IoT systems use sensor networks to detect anomalies in equipment performance, enabling rapid response to potential failures.
By minimizing data errors and providing trustworthy insights, sensor-equipped systems reduce risk, enhance accountability, and support compliance with industry standards—key factors in maintaining customer trust and avoiding costly penalties.
4. Cost-Effective Predictive Maintenance
Computer sensors are foundational to predictive maintenance strategies, offering a powerful solution to reduce downtime and extend equipment lifespan.
- Vibration and temperature sensors on industrial machinery detect early signs of wear, such as misalignment or bearing failure, allowing maintenance to be scheduled before breakdowns occur.
- AI-powered analytics combine sensor data with historical patterns to predict failure timelines with high accuracy, optimizing maintenance schedules and spare parts inventory.
- Unplanned downtime in manufacturing can cost thousands per hour; predictive maintenance reduces these incidents by up to 50%, according to industry studies.
- By preventing catastrophic failures, businesses avoid emergency repairs, reduce labor costs, and maintain consistent production output.
This shift from reactive to proactive maintenance not only lowers operational expenses but also improves asset utilization and service continuity—key metrics for long-term commercial success.
| Commercial Benefit | Key Applications | Industry Impact | Estimated ROI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Automation & Efficiency | Smart manufacturing, energy management | 20–40% increase in productivity | High (2–3 years payback) |
| User Experience | Consumer electronics, smart homes | Higher customer satisfaction & retention | Moderate to High |
| Data Accuracy | Healthcare, finance, logistics | Improved compliance & reduced errors | High (risk mitigation) |
| Predictive Maintenance | Industrial equipment, transportation | 30–50% reduction in downtime | Very High (1–2 years payback) |
Expert Tip: To maximize the commercial value of computer sensors, integrate them into a centralized data platform with analytics capabilities. This enables cross-functional insights, predictive modeling, and continuous optimization—turning raw sensor data into strategic business intelligence.
Strategic Recommendations for Businesses
- Assess current operations to identify areas where sensor technology can automate tasks or improve monitoring.
- Start with pilot projects in high-impact areas (e.g., equipment maintenance or energy use) to demonstrate ROI.
- Invest in sensor compatibility and cybersecurity to protect data integrity and system reliability.
- Train staff to interpret sensor data and respond to alerts effectively.
- Partner with technology providers to stay updated on advancements in sensor miniaturization, power efficiency, and AI integration.
In conclusion, computer sensors are not just technical components—they are strategic assets that drive efficiency, enhance customer value, and reduce costs. As industries continue to embrace digital transformation, businesses that effectively leverage sensor technology will gain a sustainable competitive edge in the global marketplace.
Frequently Asked Questions About Computer Sensors
Ensuring the reliability of computer sensors is crucial for maintaining system accuracy and long-term performance. This involves a combination of proactive maintenance, environmental protection, and high-quality design. Key strategies include:
- Regular Calibration: Sensors should be calibrated at scheduled intervals to maintain measurement accuracy. Over time, sensor readings can drift due to usage, temperature fluctuations, or aging components. Calibration aligns the sensor output with known reference standards.
- Environmental Protection: Exposure to dust, moisture, electromagnetic interference, and extreme temperatures can degrade sensor performance. Using protective enclosures, conformal coatings, and proper shielding helps mitigate these risks.
- Durable Materials and Design: High-quality sensors are constructed using robust materials such as corrosion-resistant metals and thermally stable polymers. This enhances longevity and resistance to mechanical stress.
- Diagnostics and Monitoring: Many modern systems include built-in self-tests or health monitoring features that alert users to sensor degradation or failure before it impacts operations.
By combining these practices, organizations can significantly improve sensor reliability in critical computing and industrial applications.
Temperature plays a dual role in computer sensor systems—it is both a key parameter being monitored and a factor that influences sensor performance. Here's how:
- Monitoring System Health: Temperature sensors (like thermistors or digital thermal sensors) are embedded throughout computers to monitor CPU, GPU, battery, and ambient temperatures. This data helps prevent overheating by triggering cooling mechanisms such as fans or throttling processor speeds.
- Preventing Damage: Excessive heat can degrade electronic components, reduce lifespan, and cause system crashes. Sensors enable real-time responses to temperature changes, ensuring safe operating conditions.
- Impact on Sensor Accuracy: Ambient temperature can affect the precision of non-thermal sensors as well. For example, pressure or humidity sensors may require temperature compensation algorithms to deliver accurate readings across varying environments.
- Thermal Management: In data centers and high-performance computing, temperature sensor networks optimize cooling efficiency, reducing energy costs while maintaining hardware reliability.
Thus, temperature is not only a critical measurement but also a variable that must be controlled to ensure consistent sensor functionality.
Proximity sensors are designed to detect the presence, absence, or distance of an object or person without requiring physical contact. Their non-contact nature makes them ideal for applications where durability, hygiene, or precision is essential. Common functions include:
- Object Detection: Used in laptops and smartphones to disable touchscreens during calls when the device is near the ear, preventing accidental inputs.
- Automation and Safety: In industrial settings, proximity sensors detect moving parts or personnel near machinery, triggering shutdowns or warnings to prevent accidents.
- Energy Efficiency: In smart lighting systems, these sensors activate lights only when someone enters a room, conserving power.
- Position Sensing: Found in robotics and assembly lines to verify component placement or alignment without physical interaction.
Technologies used in proximity sensing include infrared (IR), capacitive, inductive, and ultrasonic methods, each suited to specific materials and distances. Their integration into computer systems enhances responsiveness and user experience.
The performance and application of computer sensors depend heavily on the materials used in their construction. Different materials offer unique electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Common sensor materials include:
| Material | Properties | Common Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Silicon | High semiconductor efficiency, excellent thermal stability, and compatibility with integrated circuit fabrication. | Temperature sensors, accelerometers, MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems), and image sensors in cameras. |
| Thermocouples | Composed of two dissimilar metals (e.g., copper-constantan), generating voltage proportional to temperature differences. | High-temperature monitoring in power supplies, servers, and industrial computing equipment. |
| Metal Alloys (e.g., Nickel, Iron, Copper) | Durable, conductive, and responsive to magnetic or inductive changes. | Inductive proximity sensors, current sensors, and Hall effect sensors for position and speed detection. |
| Polymers and Ceramics | Used as substrates or protective layers due to insulation properties and resistance to environmental stress. | Humidity sensors, gas sensors, and encapsulation layers for sensitive components. |
Material selection is critical for optimizing sensitivity, response time, and durability based on the intended use and operating environment.
Data collected from computer sensors has become a cornerstone of digital transformation across industries, offering actionable insights that drive strategic decisions. Its business value spans multiple dimensions:
- Operational Efficiency: Real-time sensor data allows businesses to monitor equipment performance, predict maintenance needs (predictive maintenance), and reduce unplanned downtime—especially in manufacturing, logistics, and IT infrastructure.
- Cost Reduction: By optimizing energy usage (e.g., cooling in data centers), minimizing waste, and extending equipment life, sensor-driven analytics lead to significant cost savings.
- Workplace Safety: Environmental sensors detect hazardous conditions such as overheating, gas leaks, or unauthorized access, enabling timely interventions and compliance with safety regulations.
- Improved Decision-Making: Aggregated sensor data feeds into business intelligence platforms, providing visibility into workflows, asset utilization, and customer interactions (e.g., foot traffic via occupancy sensors).
- Innovation and Automation: Sensor data powers smart buildings, autonomous systems, and IoT-enabled services, helping companies stay competitive and deliver enhanced user experiences.
With the rise of edge computing and AI analytics, businesses are increasingly leveraging sensor data not just for monitoring, but for intelligent automation and long-term strategic planning.








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