A Technical Guide to Designer Patch Work Sarees: Standards, Properties, and Applications in Practice

Types of Designer Patchwork Sarees

A designer patchwork saree is a beautiful fusion of tradition and modern fashion, where different fabrics, textures, and colors are artistically stitched together to create a unique and visually striking ensemble. These sarees celebrate creativity, craftsmanship, and individuality, making them a favorite choice for fashion-forward women across India and beyond.

With their growing popularity, designer patchwork sarees are now available in a wide variety of styles, materials, and designs—each suited to different occasions, seasons, and personal aesthetics. Whether you're attending a daytime event or a glamorous evening party, there's a patchwork saree to match every mood and moment.

Casual Cotton Patchwork Sarees

Made from breathable, lightweight cotton, these sarees are perfect for everyday wear and daytime occasions.

Advantages

• Highly breathable and comfortable
• Ideal for hot and humid climates
• Easy to drape and wear for long hours
• Perfect for office wear, brunches, and casual gatherings
• Easy to maintain and wash

Limitations

• Less formal or festive appeal
• Limited embellishments compared to silk or georgette
• May wrinkle easily

Best for: Daytime events, summer wear, casual outings, and eco-conscious fashion lovers

Silk Patchwork Sarees

Luxurious and rich in texture, silk patchwork sarees combine the elegance of silk with bold, artistic patchwork designs.

Advantages

• Regal and opulent appearance
• Perfect for weddings, receptions, and grand celebrations
• Often enhanced with zari, embroidery, or stone work
• Drapes beautifully with a natural sheen
• Excellent color retention and fabric longevity

Limitations

• Heavier than other fabrics
• Requires careful handling and dry cleaning
• Less suitable for humid or casual settings

Best for: Weddings, festive occasions, cultural events, and traditional ceremonies

Georgette or Chiffon Patchwork Sarees

Known for their flowy drape and ethereal charm, these sarees are crafted from sheer, lightweight fabrics that add grace and movement.

Advantages

• Lightweight and comfortable for extended wear
• Creates a soft, elegant silhouette
• Ideal for evening wear and parties
• Excellent canvas for vibrant patchwork and embellishments
• Available in a wide range of colors and prints

Limitations

• Sheer fabric may require a lining
• Can be slippery and harder to drape for beginners
• Fragile and prone to snags if not handled carefully

Best for: Cocktail parties, receptions, evening events, and dance performances

Designer Patchwork Sarees with Blouse Pieces

These sarees come with a matching or contrasting blouse piece, often featuring coordinated patchwork, embroidery, or design elements.

Advantages

• Complete, coordinated outfit for effortless styling
• Blouse enhances the overall aesthetic with matching details
• Offers creative neckline and sleeve designs
• Saves time and effort in finding a matching blouse
• Ideal for gifting and special occasions

Limitations

• Less flexibility in blouse customization
• May not fit all body types without tailoring
• Slightly higher cost due to added craftsmanship

Best for: Bridal wear, festive celebrations, designer collections, and fashion-forward looks

Type	Fabric Texture	Occasion Suitability	Comfort Level	Style Highlight
Casual Cotton	Soft, breathable	Daytime, casual	Excellent	Natural, minimalistic elegance
Silk	Rich, glossy	Weddings, festivals	Good	Luxurious, traditional grandeur
Georgette/Chiffon	Flowy, sheer	Evening, parties	Very Good	Ethereal, modern glamour
With Blouse Piece	Varies (coordinated)	Festive, special events	Good	Complete, harmonious look

Styling Tip: Pair cotton patchwork sarees with juttis and minimal jewelry for a bohemian look, while silk and georgette variants shine when paired with statement jewelry and high heels for a red-carpet effect.

Designs and Patterns of Designer Patchwork Sarees

Designer patchwork sarees represent a stunning fusion of tradition, artistry, and modern fashion. The intricate designs and diverse patterns not only highlight the craftsmanship involved but also celebrate cultural heritage while embracing contemporary aesthetics. Each saree tells a story through its fabric, color, and composition, making it a timeless piece that enhances the wearer’s elegance and individuality.

Popular Design Themes in Patchwork Sarees

Geometric Patterns

Geometric patchwork designs bring a modern, structured flair to traditional sarees. These patterns feature precise shapes such as triangles, squares, hexagons, and chevrons, meticulously stitched together using contrasting or complementary fabrics. The clean lines and bold symmetry appeal to fashion-forward individuals seeking a contemporary twist on ethnic wear.

Often showcased in monochrome or vibrant color combinations, geometric patchwork sarees are ideal for semi-formal gatherings, cocktail events, or urban celebrations. Their architectural appeal makes them a favorite among young professionals and designers who appreciate minimalist yet impactful style.

Floral Patchwork

Floral patchwork embodies grace, femininity, and the timeless beauty of nature. Crafted by assembling fabric pieces into blooming flowers, vines, and garden motifs, these sarees exude a soft, romantic charm. Designers often use pastel tones—like blush pink, mint green, lavender, and ivory—to enhance the delicate aesthetic, making them perfect for spring and summer weddings.

Beyond their visual appeal, floral patchwork sarees connect deeply with traditional Indian artistry, echoing motifs found in Mughal-era textiles and regional embroidery. They are especially popular for daytime ceremonies, mehndi functions, and garden parties, where their lightness and elegance shine.

Ethnic Motifs

Ethnic motif patchwork sarees are wearable pieces of cultural heritage. These designs incorporate traditional symbols such as paisleys (‘ambi’), mandalas, temple borders, peacocks, and folk art patterns from regions like Gujarat, Rajasthan, or Bengal. Each motif carries symbolic meaning—fertility, prosperity, divine protection—adding depth to the saree’s visual narrative.

Frequently crafted with handwoven silks, cottons, or brocades, these sarees are reserved for festivals like Diwali, Durga Puja, or wedding occasions. The patchwork technique allows artisans to mix textures and weaves, creating richly layered ensembles that honor India’s diverse textile traditions while offering a unique, personalized look.

Abstract Art

For the bold and artistic, abstract patchwork sarees serve as wearable canvases. These designs break conventional rules, blending irregular shapes, unexpected color palettes, and expressive compositions to evoke emotion and creativity. Think splashes of crimson against deep navy, asymmetrical layering, or textured fabric collages inspired by modern art movements.

Worn as statement pieces, abstract patchwork sarees are favored at art exhibitions, fashion shows, and avant-garde events. They attract individuals who view fashion as self-expression and are unafraid to stand out. The unpredictable nature of these designs ensures that no two sarees are exactly alike, making each one a true original.

Contrast Patchwork

Contrast patchwork plays with duality—light versus dark, warm versus cool, matte versus shimmer. This design approach juxtaposes fabrics of opposing colors or finishes (e.g., silk with cotton, satin with khadi) to create dynamic visual interest. A single saree might combine fiery reds with cool blues or earthy browns with metallic golds, resulting in a striking, eye-catching effect.

Ideal for evening soirées, receptions, and festive parties, contrast patchwork sarees radiate confidence and glamour. The interplay of opposites not only enhances the drape and texture but also symbolizes balance and harmony—making these sarees both visually and philosophically compelling.

Design Type	Best Occasions	Color & Fabric Tips
Geometric Patterns	Cocktail parties, office events, modern weddings	Use contrasting solids—black & white, navy & gold; opt for structured fabrics like crepe or georgette
Floral Patchwork	Spring/summer weddings, daytime functions, garden parties	Choose pastel or floral prints; lightweight fabrics like chiffon or silk enhance flow
Ethnic Motifs	Festivals, traditional ceremonies, religious events	Rich colors like maroon, emerald, or royal blue; silk, brocade, or handloom fabrics add authenticity
Abstract Art	Art exhibitions, fashion events, creative gatherings	Bold, unexpected combinations; mix textures like velvet, satin, and organza for depth
Contrast Patchwork	Evening parties, receptions, festive celebrations	Pair warm and cool tones; include one metallic or shimmer fabric for drama

Styling & Care Tips for Patchwork Sarees

Accessorize Thoughtfully: Let the saree be the focal point. Pair with minimal jewelry for abstract or geometric designs, and traditional jhumkas or maang tikkas for ethnic or floral styles.

Blouse Coordination: Choose a blouse that complements one of the dominant colors in the patchwork. Embroidered or contrast blouses can enhance the overall look.

Drapping Style: Opt for classic Nivi drape for formal events, or experiment with modern styles like dhoti or mermaid drape for a trendy appearance.

Care & Maintenance: Hand wash or dry clean only. Store flat or rolled to avoid creasing delicate seams. Keep away from moisture to protect fabric integrity.

Preservation: Use acid-free tissue paper when storing and avoid direct sunlight to prevent color fading, especially in vibrant or dyed fabrics.

Note: Due to the intricate nature of patchwork construction, avoid machine washing or harsh detergents, as they can damage seams and cause fabric shrinkage. Always consult the care label or designer’s instructions to maintain the saree’s beauty and longevity. Investing in proper care ensures your designer patchwork saree remains a cherished heirloom for generations.

How to Choose Designer Patchwork Sarees

Selecting the perfect designer patchwork saree involves more than just aesthetic appeal—it’s about harmonizing style, comfort, occasion, and care. With the right guidance, you can help customers find a saree that not only turns heads but also fits seamlessly into their lifestyle. Below are key considerations to ensure a thoughtful and satisfying purchase.

Occasion & Purpose

The event you're attending plays a pivotal role in determining the right patchwork saree. Designers often craft these sarees with specific functions in mind, from grand celebrations to relaxed gatherings.

• Weddings & Festivals: Opt for opulent patchwork sarees with intricate embroidery, zari work, or embellishments. Silk, velvet, or brocade patch combinations exude luxury and are ideal for evening functions.
• Daytime Events: Light georgette or chiffon patchwork sarees with floral or geometric patterns offer elegance without heaviness, perfect for luncheons or receptions.
• Casual Wear: Cotton or cotton-blend patchwork sarees with minimal stitching are breathable, comfortable, and great for daily wear or informal meetups.

Style Tip: Match the saree’s grandeur to the formality of the event—overdressing or underdressing can affect overall confidence and appearance.

Fabric Selection

The fabric defines not only the look but also the feel and functionality of the saree. A well-chosen fabric ensures comfort across seasons and settings.

• Silk: Luxurious and lustrous, ideal for bridal and festive wear. Holds embroidery beautifully but may require careful handling.
• Georgette & Chiffon: Lightweight and flowy, perfect for layered patchwork designs. Drapes elegantly and suits both indoor and outdoor events.
• Cotton: Breathable and soft, excellent for warm climates or all-day wear. Patchwork cotton sarees often feature hand-stitched details and ethnic motifs.
• Mix & Match: Many designer sarees combine fabrics (e.g., silk borders with georgette body) to balance texture, drape, and visual interest.

Pro Tip: Consider the climate—lighter fabrics for summer, heavier weaves for winter or air-conditioned venues.

Color Palette & Harmony

A cohesive and flattering color scheme enhances the wearer’s beauty and the saree’s artistic appeal. Patchwork sarees thrive on color contrast, but balance is essential.

• Choose bold hues like ruby red, royal blue, or emerald green for evening events or traditional ceremonies—they convey vibrancy and confidence.
• Opt for pastels—mint, peach, lavender—for daytime functions, offering a soft, graceful look that complements natural lighting.
• Ensure the patchwork colors complement the base saree tone. Analogous or triadic color schemes create visual harmony, while contrasting patches add drama.
• Consider skin undertones: warm tones (gold, coral) suit warm complexions; cool tones (sapphire, jade) flatter cool undertones.

Design Insight: A well-balanced color story can elevate a simple design into a fashion statement.

Maintenance & Care

Designer patchwork sarees often involve delicate stitching and multiple fabric types, making care a crucial consideration.

• Dry Cleaning: Recommended for silk, embroidered, or multi-fabric sarees to preserve structure and prevent fraying.
• Hand Wash: Suitable for cotton or synthetic blends without heavy embellishments. Use mild detergent and cold water.
• Storage: Store flat or rolled (not folded) to avoid creasing at patch seams. Use muslin cloth to prevent moisture buildup.
• Ironing: Use low heat and a pressing cloth, especially on embroidered or stitched areas.

Important: Always check care labels—improper cleaning can damage intricate patchwork and reduce lifespan.

Customization Options

One of the greatest advantages of designer sarees is the ability to personalize them for a unique, bespoke experience.

• Fit & Drape: Customize blouse design, pallu length, or border width to suit body type and draping style.
• Design Elements: Add personal touches like monograms, specific embroidery patterns, or preferred fabric combinations.
• Color Customization: Choose a unique color palette that aligns with personal taste or event theme.
• Alterations: Tailoring ensures the saree fits perfectly, enhancing comfort and elegance during wear.

Value Add: Customized sarees make exceptional gifts or heirloom pieces with sentimental value.

Artistry & Craftsmanship

The quality of patchwork lies in the precision of stitching, alignment of patterns, and durability of seams. Attention to detail separates mass-produced from truly designer pieces.

• Look for even stitching and secure fabric joins—no loose threads or puckering.
• Check for pattern continuity across patches, especially at seams and borders.
• Premium sarees often feature hand-stitched detailing, adding authenticity and value.
• Examine the lining and finishing—a well-finished inner layer enhances drape and longevity.

Quality Check: Run your fingers along seams to feel for smoothness and durability.

Expert Recommendation: When in doubt, guide customers toward semi-formal georgette or silk-cotton blend patchwork sarees in versatile colors like maroon, teal, or navy. These offer a balance of elegance, comfort, and wearability across multiple occasions. For brides or fashion-forward clients, suggest bold, fully customized designs with coordinated blouses and borders to create a show-stopping ensemble.

Occasion	Recommended Fabric	Suggested Colors	Care Instructions
Wedding / Reception	Silk, Velvet, Brocade	Red, Gold, Emerald Green	Dry Clean Only
Festival / Party	Georgette, Chiffon	Royal Blue, Fuchsia, Peach	Professional Dry Clean
Daytime Event	Cotton, Silk-Cotton	Pastels, Cream, Sky Blue	Hand Wash or Dry Clean
Casual / Daily Wear	Cotton, Linen Blend	Navy, Olive, Mustard	Machine Wash (Gentle)

Additional Considerations

• Blouse Coordination: Ensure the blouse fabric and color complement the patchwork design—matching, contrasting, or ombré styles can enhance the overall look.
• Accessories: Pair with minimal jewelry for busy designs, or go bold with statement pieces for simpler patchwork sarees.
• Comfort & Mobility: Test drape and weight—overly heavy sarees may be uncomfortable for long events.
• Authenticity: Purchase from reputable designers or boutiques to avoid counterfeit or poorly constructed imitations.
• Price vs. Value: Higher-priced sarees often reflect craftsmanship, material quality, and design originality—worth the investment for special occasions.

How to Maintain Designer Patchwork Sarees

Designer patchwork sarees are masterpieces of textile art, combining diverse fabrics, textures, and colors into a single elegant ensemble. The intricate craftsmanship involved in their creation demands equally thoughtful care and maintenance to preserve their beauty, structure, and longevity. Improper handling can lead to fraying, color fading, fabric distortion, or damage to delicate embellishments. This comprehensive guide outlines best practices for cleaning, storing, ironing, stain removal, and everyday handling to ensure your saree remains as stunning as the day you acquired it.

Important Note: Always check the care label or consult the designer/retailer before performing any maintenance. Different fabrics (silk, cotton, chiffon, georgette) and patchwork techniques require specific care protocols. When in doubt, professional cleaning is the safest option for high-value or heirloom pieces.

Essential Care Practices for Longevity

1. Regular Cleaning – Tailored to Fabric Type

   Cleaning frequency and method should be based on the dominant fabric and construction of your patchwork saree. Regular maintenance prevents dirt buildup, which can degrade fibers and dull colors over time.

   • Silk & Delicate Blends: These require professional dry cleaning only. Silk is highly sensitive to water, heat, and friction. Regular dry cleaning (after 3–5 wears or annually, depending on use) helps preserve luster and prevent oil-based stains from setting.
   • Cotton & Linen Patchworks: These can often be hand washed in cold water with a mild, pH-neutral detergent. Machine washing is possible only if all fabric components are durable and colors are colorfast—use a gentle cycle in a mesh laundry bag for protection.
   • Mixed Fabric Sarees: When multiple materials are combined, dry cleaning is strongly recommended to avoid shrinkage, warping, or bleeding between fabric types.
   • Embellished Sarees: Sarees with beads, sequins, or embroidery should be dry cleaned to prevent loosening or damage during washing.
2. Proper Storage – Preventing Damage and Discoloration

   Improper storage is a leading cause of saree deterioration. The way you store your patchwork saree directly impacts its color, shape, and structural integrity.

   • Always store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, which can cause irreversible fading and fabric weakening.
   • Use breathable cotton or muslin bags instead of plastic, which can trap moisture and encourage mildew. For long-term storage, wrap the saree in acid-free tissue paper to prevent creasing and chemical transfer.
   • Avoid folding along the same lines repeatedly, as this can weaken the fabric and damage stitched seams. Instead, gently roll the saree around a cardboard tube or acid-free roller to prevent creases and protect the patchwork alignment.
   • Keep away from wooden closets that may emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or from areas with high humidity to prevent insect infestation (e.g., silverfish, moths).
3. Ironing – Safe Smoothing Without Damage

   Ironing restores the saree’s elegance but must be done with caution to avoid melting, scorching, or flattening textured patches.

   • Always use the lowest heat setting appropriate for the most delicate fabric in the saree. Test on an inconspicuous area first.
   • Never apply direct heat to embellishments, sequins, or synthetic patches—they can melt or discolor.
   • Use a pressing cloth (thin cotton fabric) over the saree to create a protective barrier between the iron and the material.
   • For silk or synthetic blends, steam lightly from the reverse side to avoid shine marks. Hang the saree afterward to allow any residual moisture to evaporate.
4. Stain Management – Immediate and Gentle Treatment

   Quick action is crucial when dealing with spills or stains to prevent permanent damage.

   • Blot (do not rub) liquid stains immediately with a clean, absorbent cloth or paper towel to lift excess moisture.
   • For surface dirt or light stains, gently dab with a soft, slightly damp cloth using distilled water. Avoid scrubbing.
   • Never use bleach, alcohol-based cleaners, or strong detergents, as they can dissolve dyes, weaken fibers, or cause patchwork sections to peel.
   • For oil-based, makeup, or complex stains, consult a professional cleaner experienced with ethnic textiles. Attempting home remedies can worsen the damage.
5. Handling and Wearing – Preserving Integrity

   The way you wear and handle your saree plays a significant role in its preservation.

   • Always drape and undrape the saree carefully, ensuring that patches, borders, and pallu are not pulled, snagged, or caught on jewelry or rough surfaces.
   • Apply perfumes, deodorants, and hair products at least 10–15 minutes before wearing to allow them to dry and minimize chemical contact with fabric.
   • Avoid wearing the same saree multiple times in succession without cleaning, as body oils and sweat can degrade delicate fibers.
   • Store the saree clean—never put away a soiled or perfume-sprayed saree, as residues attract pests and accelerate fabric aging.

Care Step	Best Practice	Risks of Improper Care	Recommended Tools/Products
Cleaning	Dry clean delicate fabrics; hand wash cotton gently	Shrinkage, color bleeding, fiber damage	Mild detergent, mesh bag, professional cleaner
Storage	Roll in cotton bag with acid-free paper	Fading, creasing, insect damage	Cotton storage bag, cardboard tube, moth repellents
Ironing	Low heat with pressing cloth	Melting patches, scorch marks, shine spots	Steam iron, cotton pressing cloth, ironing board
Stain Removal	Blot immediately; seek professional help	Discoloration, fabric weakening	Soft cloth, distilled water, stain specialist
Handling	Wear after applying lotions; avoid snagging	Tears, loose patches, stretched seams	Jewelry guards, soft hangers, care checklist

Pro Tip: Rotate your saree collection and avoid wearing the same designer piece too frequently. This reduces wear and tear and allows fabrics to "rest" between uses, extending their lifespan significantly.

Additional Maintenance Tips

• Inspect your saree after each wear for loose threads, detached patches, or signs of wear—repair minor issues promptly to prevent escalation.
• Use padded or wide hangers if hanging for short-term display; never use thin wire hangers that can distort the saree’s shape.
• Keep a maintenance log noting cleaning dates, storage conditions, and any repairs for valuable or heirloom sarees.
• Consider UV-protective covers if storing near windows or under lights.
• For vintage or antique patchwork sarees, consult a textile conservator for specialized preservation techniques.

Maintaining a designer patchwork saree is an act of respect for the artistry and labor invested in its creation. With mindful care, these exquisite garments can be preserved for generations, continuing to dazzle on special occasions and serve as timeless symbols of cultural elegance. When in doubt, always prioritize caution—when it comes to luxury textiles, prevention is far more effective than restoration.

Frequently Asked Questions About Patchwork Sarees

Q1: What is a patchwork saree?

A patchwork saree is a beautifully crafted ethnic garment made by stitching together pieces of different fabrics, patterns, and textures to create a unique, artistic design. This technique, known as "patchwork," involves carefully assembling fabric swatches—often remnants or upcycled materials—into a cohesive and visually striking ensemble.

These sarees are celebrated for their bohemian, eclectic, and sustainable appeal. Each piece is often one-of-a-kind, reflecting creativity and individuality. Popular fabric combinations include cotton, silk, georgette, chiffon, and brocade, making them versatile for various styles and seasons.

Q2: Are patchwork sarees appropriate for daily wear?

Yes, patchwork sarees can absolutely be worn as part of everyday attire, especially when crafted from lightweight, breathable, and easy-to-maintain fabrics like cotton or georgette.

Modern designs often feature subtle color palettes and harmonious patterns that balance uniqueness with elegance, making them suitable for casual outings, office wear, or semi-formal gatherings. The comfort and ease of draping, combined with their artistic flair, make them a favorite among fashion-conscious women seeking both style and practicality.

• Cotton patchwork sarees: Ideal for daily wear due to their softness, breathability, and durability.
• Georgette or chiffon blends: Offer a slightly more formal look while remaining comfortable for extended wear.
• Design tips: Pair with simple blouses and minimal jewelry for a casual look, or elevate with embellished blouses for evening events.

Q3: How to care for a patchwork saree?

Proper care is essential to preserve the beauty, color, and integrity of a patchwork saree, especially since it may include multiple fabric types with varying care needs.

• Washing: Hand wash in cold water using a mild detergent. Avoid soaking for long periods to prevent color bleeding, especially if different dyes were used in the patchwork.
• Drying: Dry in the shade, away from direct sunlight to prevent fading. Do not wring harshly—gently press out excess water instead.
• Ironing: Use a low to medium heat setting. Iron the saree inside out or place a cotton cloth over it to protect delicate fabrics and printed patterns.
• Dry Cleaning: Recommended for sarees with intricate embroidery, silk blends, or mixed fabric compositions to maintain texture and shape.
• Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Wrap in a muslin or cotton cloth to avoid moisture and insect damage. Avoid plastic covers that can trap humidity.

Always check care labels or consult the seller for specific instructions based on the fabric mix used in your saree.

Q4: What type of occasions are suitable for wearing a patchwork saree?

Patchwork sarees are incredibly versatile and can be styled for a wide range of occasions—from casual daywear to festive celebrations.

• Daily wear: Simple cotton or linen patchwork sarees in earthy or pastel tones are perfect for informal settings, college, or work environments.
• Festivals and cultural events: Brightly colored or intricately designed patchwork sarees made with silk or velvet accents make a bold fashion statement during Diwali, Holi, or regional festivals.
• Weddings and receptions: Luxurious silk or embroidered patchwork sarees can serve as elegant bridal or guest attire, especially in destination or fusion-themed weddings.
• Art exhibitions or creative gatherings: Their artistic nature makes them ideal for events celebrating craftsmanship, sustainability, or bohemian aesthetics.

The key is in styling—choose the right blouse, accessories, and draping style to match the formality of the occasion.

Q5: Can patchwork sarees be customized?

Yes, one of the greatest appeals of patchwork sarees is their high degree of customizability. Many designers and artisans offer bespoke services that allow you to personalize your saree according to your preferences.

• Fabric selection: Choose from a variety of materials—cotton, silk, georgette, etc.—based on comfort, season, and desired drape.
• Design theme: Opt for specific color schemes, patterns (floral, geometric, abstract), or thematic elements (e.g., vintage, tribal, minimalist).
• Length and width: Tailored to fit your height and draping style for a perfect fit.
• Incorporate personal elements: Some artisans allow the inclusion of heirloom fabrics, family textiles, or meaningful swatches to create a sentimental, one-of-a-kind piece.
• Blouse coordination: Custom matching or contrast blouses can be designed to complement the saree.

Custom patchwork sarees are not only a fashion statement but also a form of wearable art, making them ideal for special occasions or as sustainable fashion investments.