A Detailed Overview of Folding Partition For The Conference Room: Types, Grades, and Best Practices in Industry

Types of Folding Partitions for the Conference Room

Folding partitions for the conference room are versatile, movable wall systems that allow businesses to dynamically reconfigure spaces based on their needs. Whether hosting a small team meeting or a large corporate event, these partitions offer flexibility, privacy, and acoustic control. By transforming a single large room into multiple functional zones—or combining smaller areas into one expansive space—folding partitions maximize the utility of commercial interiors. Below is a detailed breakdown of the most common types, their features, benefits, and ideal applications.

Folding Room Dividers

These portable and cost-effective partitions are ideal for creating temporary meeting zones or private areas within larger conference rooms. They feature a hinged panel design that folds like an accordion and can be easily relocated as space requirements change.

Advantages

• Low initial investment and easy installation
• Highly portable and reconfigurable
• Available in various materials (fabric, wood, acoustic panels)
• Customizable for sound absorption and aesthetics

Limitations

• Limited soundproofing compared to fixed systems
• Less structural stability in high-traffic areas
• May require floor space for storage when not in use

Best for: Small offices, training rooms, multi-purpose halls, and temporary event setups

Accordion Partitions

Mounted on ceiling tracks, accordion-style partitions compress and expand smoothly, making them perfect for spaces with limited floor area. These systems glide effortlessly along a rail, folding compactly when opened and forming a solid barrier when closed.

Advantages

• Space-saving design with minimal floor footprint
• Smooth, quiet operation with durable hardware
• Available with soundproofing cores (STC ratings up to 50+)
• Variety of finishes: wood, fabric, glass, or laminates

Limitations

• Requires professional installation and ceiling reinforcement
• Higher cost than freestanding dividers
• Maintenance needed for track and rollers over time

Best for: Medium to large conference centers, hotels, educational institutions, and venues needing reliable acoustic separation

Bi-Fold Partitions

Bi-fold partitions consist of two or more hinged panels that fold together in the center when opened, creating a seamless and elegant division. They operate on top-hung tracks and are known for their clean appearance and smooth functionality.

Advantages

• Sleek, modern look with minimal visual disruption
• Excellent space efficiency when retracted
• Strong sound insulation with proper sealing
• Durable construction suitable for frequent use

Limitations

• Requires precise alignment and professional installation
• Limited customization in some models
• Potential for wear on hinges and tracks over time

Best for: Corporate boardrooms, executive suites, and upscale meeting facilities where aesthetics and performance matter

Telescopic Partitions

These advanced systems feature multiple panels that slide and overlap within a single track, allowing them to retract into a very compact space. Telescopic partitions are ideal for large, open-plan environments that require flexible yet robust room division.

Advantages

• Maximizes usable floor space when open
• Supports wide spans (up to 50+ feet)
• High-performance acoustic sealing (STC 45–55)
• Motorized options available for automated operation

Limitations

• Most expensive option due to complexity
• Requires structural ceiling support and precise engineering
• Longer lead times for custom installations

Best for: Convention centers, large auditoriums, and premium corporate campuses requiring high-capacity, high-performance room division

Glass Folding Partitions

Combining elegance with functionality, glass folding partitions offer a transparent or semi-transparent barrier that maintains visual connectivity while providing acoustic privacy. Available in clear, frosted, tinted, or patterned glass, these systems enhance natural light flow and create a modern, open-concept feel.

Advantages

• Promotes daylight penetration and open aesthetics
• Customizable with decorative glass and framing options
• Available with acoustic-rated glass (up to STC 40)
• Easy to integrate with smart building designs

Limitations

• Higher cost due to specialized materials and hardware
• Requires careful handling and maintenance
• Less privacy with clear glass unless treated

Best for: Modern offices, tech startups, lobbies, and collaborative workspaces seeking a premium, light-filled environment

Type	Acoustic Performance	Space Efficiency	Aesthetic Appeal	Ideal Use Case
Folding Room Dividers	Fair to Good	Good	Customizable	Temporary meetings, training rooms
Accordion Partitions	Very Good	Excellent	Professional	Hotels, schools, event spaces
Bi-Fold Partitions	Good to Excellent	Excellent	Elegant	Boardrooms, executive offices
Telescopic Partitions	Excellent	Outstanding	Modern	Auditoriums, large venues
Glass Folding Partitions	Good	Very Good	Luxurious	Open-plan offices, lobbies

Expert Tip: For optimal acoustic performance, choose folding partitions with integrated seals, gaskets, and floor-to-ceiling closure systems. Pair them with carpeted floors and soft furnishings to further reduce echo and improve speech clarity in divided spaces.

Functions and Features of Folding Partition Walls for Conference Rooms

Folding partition walls are a smart architectural solution for modern conference rooms, offering unmatched flexibility and functionality. These dynamic dividers allow large spaces to be effortlessly reconfigured into smaller, dedicated areas for meetings, presentations, training sessions, or private discussions. Whether used in corporate offices, hotels, educational institutions, or event centers, folding partitions maximize space utilization while maintaining acoustic comfort, safety, and aesthetic appeal. Below is a comprehensive overview of their key features and benefits.

Core Features and Functional Benefits

Superior Sound Insulation

One of the most critical features of conference room folding partitions is their ability to provide excellent sound insulation. High-performance acoustic panels and sealed edge systems minimize noise transfer between adjacent spaces, ensuring confidentiality and concentration during meetings, video conferences, or presentations.

Advanced models offer sound reduction ratings (STC) of up to 50–55 dB, making them ideal for environments where privacy and minimal auditory distractions are essential. This acoustic performance supports productivity and professionalism in multi-use facilities.

Thermal Insulation & Energy Efficiency

Many modern folding partitions incorporate thermal insulation materials within their core structure. This helps regulate indoor temperatures by reducing heat loss or gain across divided spaces, contributing to improved HVAC efficiency and lower energy costs.

In climate-controlled environments, thermally insulated partitions help maintain consistent comfort levels in each zone, supporting sustainable building practices and enhancing occupant well-being.

Fire Resistance and Safety Compliance

Safety is a top priority in commercial interiors, and folding partitions are engineered with fire-resistant materials to meet strict building codes and fire safety standards. Many systems are rated for up to 60–90 minutes of fire resistance (EI classification), acting as effective fire barriers that help contain flames and smoke during emergencies.

These fire-rated partitions are often equipped with intumescent seals that expand when exposed to heat, sealing gaps and preventing the spread of fire and toxic gases—critical for safe egress and emergency response.

Smooth and Easy Operation

Folding partitions are designed for intuitive, effortless operation. Most systems glide along ceiling-mounted tracks using low-friction rollers, allowing users to open, close, or reconfigure the space quickly without requiring excessive force.

Motorized or automated options are also available for larger installations, enabling remote control via wall switches or smartphone apps. This ease of use enhances adaptability for dynamic scheduling and multi-functional room usage.

High Degree of Customization

Folding partitions can be fully customized to match the architectural style, branding, and functional needs of any space. Options include various panel sizes, track configurations (telescoping, stacking, or bi-parting), and integration with fixed glass walls or doorways.

Finishes range from premium wood veneers and fabric-wrapped surfaces to laminates, painted metal, and acoustic textiles—ensuring seamless integration with existing interior design schemes.

Durability and Long-Term Reliability

Built for high-traffic commercial environments, folding partitions are constructed from robust materials such as aluminum frames, steel reinforcements, and impact-resistant laminates. Their durable design ensures years of reliable performance, even with daily operation.

Rigorous testing for cycle endurance (often exceeding 50,000 opening/closing cycles) confirms their resilience, making them a cost-effective investment for facilities requiring frequent spatial reconfiguration.

Enhanced Privacy

Privacy is paramount in professional settings, and folding partitions deliver through opaque panel designs, integrated blinds, or retractable curtains. These features allow users to create enclosed, distraction-free zones ideal for confidential discussions, interviews, or executive meetings.

Optional frosted or tinted glass inserts offer visual privacy while maintaining a sense of openness and natural light transmission.

Stylish Aesthetic Integration

Aesthetics play a significant role in shaping the perception of a workspace. Modern folding partitions are not only functional but also visually appealing, available in a wide array of styles including wood-grain finishes, frameless glass, brushed metal, and contemporary color palettes.

Well-designed partitions enhance the overall ambiance of a conference area, contributing to a professional, cohesive, and inviting environment that reflects organizational standards.

Universal Accessibility

Folding partitions support inclusive design principles by being accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. Lightweight operation, smooth track systems, and optional motorized controls ensure that individuals using wheelchairs or with limited mobility can operate the partitions independently.

Compliance with ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) and other accessibility standards makes these systems suitable for public and commercial buildings committed to equitable access.

Feature	Benefit	Common Applications
Sound Insulation (STC 45–55)	Reduces noise interference; ensures meeting confidentiality	Corporate boardrooms, training centers, hotels
Fire-Rated Construction (60–90 min)	Meets fire safety codes; enhances occupant safety	Hospitals, schools, high-rise offices
Thermal Insulation	Improves energy efficiency; stabilizes room temperature	Green buildings, conference centers
Motorized Operation	Enables remote control; simplifies large installations	Auditoriums, exhibition halls, multipurpose venues
Custom Finishes & Sizes	Matches interior design; maximizes space utilization	Luxury offices, lobbies, event spaces

Why Choose Folding Partitions for Your Conference Room?

Space Optimization: Transform a single large room into multiple functional zones, increasing room utilization and reducing the need for additional construction.

Cost-Effective Flexibility: Avoid the expense of building permanent walls—folding partitions offer a one-time investment with long-term adaptability.

Improved Acoustics: Maintain clear communication and focus with advanced sound-dampening technology.

Safety First: Meet fire safety regulations with certified fire-rated systems that protect occupants and property.

Professional Appearance: Elevate the look of your workspace with sleek, modern designs that reflect your brand identity.

Low Maintenance: Durable surfaces and simple mechanics require minimal upkeep, ensuring long-term reliability.

Important: When selecting folding partitions, always verify compliance with local building codes, fire safety regulations, and accessibility standards. Work with certified suppliers who provide tested, high-performance systems. Proper installation and periodic maintenance are essential to ensure smooth operation, longevity, and safety. Investing in quality ensures optimal performance and user satisfaction.

Scenarios of Folding Partitions for the Conference Room and Beyond

Folding wall partitions are a smart architectural solution for creating dynamic, adaptable spaces in modern buildings. These modular systems offer quick reconfiguration of interior layouts, making them ideal for environments where space efficiency, privacy, and functionality are essential. Whether used in corporate offices, educational institutions, or hospitality venues, folding partitions enhance flexibility and optimize real estate utilization.

Conference Rooms

Folding partitions transform large meeting areas into multiple smaller conference rooms—or combine several rooms into one expansive space for major events. This adaptability is especially valuable in corporate headquarters, co-working spaces, and convention centers.

• Convert two adjacent meeting rooms into a single large venue for all-hands meetings or product launches
• Enable simultaneous breakout sessions during training workshops or board meetings
• Support hybrid work models by allowing dedicated zones for in-person and virtual collaboration
• Integrate acoustic panels to maintain sound privacy between divided sections

Best practice: Choose partitions with sound-rated insulation (STC 45+) for confidential discussions and video conferencing

Office Spaces

In open-plan offices, noise and visual distractions can reduce productivity. Folding partitions offer a temporary yet effective way to create private work zones without permanent construction.

• Designate quiet pods for focused work or phone calls
• Create impromptu team huddle areas for project brainstorming
• Reconfigure floor plans during office reorganizations or team expansions
• Maintain natural light flow with glass-embedded or translucent panel options

Pro tip: Use mobile folding walls on tracks for maximum flexibility in evolving office layouts

Trade Shows & Expos

At exhibitions and trade fairs, folding partitions allow vendors to quickly build professional, branded booth spaces with minimal setup time and labor.

• Construct L-shaped or U-shaped enclosures to define brand presence
• Incorporate printed graphics or digital displays directly onto panels
• Divide large exhibition halls into themed zones or presentation rooms
• Provide secure back-of-booth areas for staff and equipment storage

Key benefit: Lightweight, portable systems reduce shipping costs and assembly time

Schools & Educational Facilities

Educational institutions benefit greatly from multi-functional spaces. Folding partitions help schools maximize limited square footage while supporting diverse learning activities.

• Transform a gymnasium into multiple classrooms during exam periods
• Separate lecture halls for simultaneous guest speaker events
• Create temporary special education or tutoring rooms
• Enable large assemblies or performances by opening up connected spaces

Design insight: Select durable, impact-resistant materials suitable for high-traffic student environments

Healthcare Facilities

Hospitals, clinics, and outpatient centers use folding partitions to respond dynamically to patient volume and privacy requirements.

• Convert large waiting areas into temporary triage or exam rooms during peak hours
• Provide privacy for consultations or treatments in shared spaces
• Support infection control by enabling rapid isolation of zones when needed
• Facilitate modular clinic expansions without structural renovations

Critical feature: Opt for antimicrobial surface coatings and easy-to-clean materials for hygiene compliance

Restaurants & Hospitality

Retail and dining venues use folding partitions to adjust seating capacity and ambiance based on reservations, events, or daily traffic patterns.

• Isolate private dining sections for special occasions or corporate dinners
• Expand bar areas into dining zones during high-volume hours
• Create semi-private lounges for VIP guests or influencer events
• Adapt outdoor patios with weather-resistant folding enclosures

Customer experience: Enhance guest comfort with sound-absorbing and aesthetically pleasing finishes

Professional Insight: When specifying folding partitions, consider not only the physical mechanism but also acoustic performance, fire ratings, accessibility compliance, and integration with HVAC and lighting systems. Motorized or automated folding walls offer seamless operation in high-use environments, while manual systems provide cost-effective solutions for occasional reconfiguration.

Application	Primary Benefit	Recommended Features	Typical Use Frequency
Corporate Conference Rooms	Space optimization for varying meeting sizes	Sound insulation, fire-rated panels, integrated tech ports	Multiple times per day
Open Office Environments	Improved focus and noise reduction	Mobile bases, glass inserts, modular design	Daily to weekly
Educational Institutions	Multi-functional use of limited space	Durability, impact resistance, quick deployment	Several times per week
Healthcare Settings	Flexible patient care configurations	Antimicrobial surfaces, privacy, compliance-ready	As needed (high variability)
Hospitality & Dining	Enhanced guest experience and revenue potential	Aesthetic finishes, weather resistance (outdoor), ease of cleaning	Event-based or seasonal

Additional Considerations for Optimal Performance

• Acoustic Performance: High Sound Transmission Class (STC) ratings ensure speech privacy and minimize noise transfer between divided spaces
• Fire Safety: Partitions should meet local fire codes with self-closing mechanisms and fire-rated seals
• Accessibility: Comply with ADA guidelines, ensuring smooth operation and clear passage widths
• Integration: Coordinate with ceiling grids, lighting, and climate control systems for seamless functionality
• Maintenance: Choose systems with accessible hardware and replaceable components to extend lifespan

How to Choose Folding Partitions for the Conference Room

Selecting the right folding partitions for your conference room is a strategic decision that impacts functionality, acoustics, aesthetics, and long-term value. These versatile space dividers are ideal for modern offices that require flexible meeting environments. Whether you're designing a multi-purpose corporate space or upgrading an existing conference area, this comprehensive guide will help you make an informed choice based on key performance and design criteria.

Important Note: Poorly selected folding partitions can lead to noise leakage, operational difficulties, and mismatched aesthetics. Always involve facilities managers, interior designers, and end-users in the selection process to ensure all functional and visual requirements are met.

Key Factors to Consider When Choosing Folding Partitions

1. Purpose and Functionality

   Determine the primary use of the partitioned space. Will it be used for private executive meetings, collaborative team workshops, client presentations, or large-scale training sessions? Understanding the intended function helps define the required level of privacy, accessibility, and integration with AV systems. For example, a boardroom may need high-security, sound-isolated compartments, while a training room might prioritize quick reconfiguration and visibility.

2. Material and Durability

   The construction materials significantly affect both longevity and appearance. Common options include:

   • Wood Veneer or Solid Wood: Offers a warm, professional look and excellent durability; ideal for executive spaces.
   • Tempered Glass (Clear or Frosted): Enhances natural light flow and creates a modern, open feel while maintaining visual separation.
   • High-Density Fabric Panels: Provide superior sound absorption and come in customizable colors to match brand identity.
   • Metal-Framed Composites: Combine strength with sleek design, often used in high-traffic commercial environments.

   Ensure materials are resistant to scratches, stains, and frequent handling, especially in high-use conference areas.

3. Soundproof and Acoustic Properties

   Noise control is critical in professional settings. Look for partitions with:

   • Acoustic seals along panel edges to minimize sound leakage
   • Sound Transmission Class (STC) ratings of 45 or higher for effective speech privacy
   • Core materials like mineral wool or foam insulation for enhanced sound absorption
   • Double-glazed or laminated glass options for glass partitions

   Consider hiring an acoustic consultant for mission-critical spaces where confidentiality is paramount.

4. Ease of Use and Mobility

   Folding partitions should be intuitive and safe to operate. Key features to evaluate include:

   • Smooth-rolling ceiling-hung or floor-supported track systems
   • Lightweight yet rigid panel construction for effortless manual or motorized operation
   • Auto-locking mechanisms when fully extended to prevent accidental movement
   • Soft-close functionality to reduce wear and noise during operation
   • Optional motorized systems with remote controls for large or heavy partitions

   Test the mechanism in person if possible, and ensure it complies with safety standards for public and commercial use.

5. Customization and Aesthetics

   Folding partitions are a visible part of your office interior and should align with your brand and design language. Consider:

   • Custom color finishes, wood grains, or fabric wraps to match existing decor
   • Integrated branding options such as logos or company colors
   • Design flexibility including curved panels, varying heights, or asymmetric layouts
   • Compatibility with lighting, whiteboards, or digital displays

   Many manufacturers offer full design consultation and 3D renderings to visualize the final installation.

6. Space Optimization

   Maximize usable floor space with smart partition design:

   • Compact stacking systems that minimize storage footprint when retracted
   • Bi-fold or multi-fold configurations that open in limited spaces
   • Overhead track systems that eliminate floor guides and tripping hazards
   • Height-adjustable panels to suit ceiling heights and maintain a seamless appearance

   Measure your room precisely and account for doorways, HVAC vents, and lighting fixtures during planning.

7. Budget and Cost-effectiveness

   While initial cost is important, consider total cost of ownership:

   • Higher-quality systems may have a steeper upfront cost but offer longer lifespan and lower maintenance
   • Look for warranties of 5–10 years on mechanisms and materials
   • Factor in installation complexity and potential need for structural modifications
   • Energy efficiency benefits from improved room zoning (e.g., heating/cooling only occupied areas)

   Compare quotes from multiple suppliers and request references or site visits to evaluate real-world performance.

Selection Criteria	Recommended Features	Performance Indicators	Budget Considerations
Purpose & Use Case	AV integration, access control, privacy level	Meeting confidentiality, user satisfaction	Higher for secure/executive spaces
Material Quality	Scratch-resistant, fire-rated, low-VOC finishes	Durability, indoor air quality, maintenance needs	Moderate to high investment for premium materials
Acoustic Performance	STC 45+, edge seals, insulated core	Noise reduction, speech privacy	Essential for professional environments
Mobility & Operation	Smooth tracks, soft-close, optional automation	User-friendliness, safety, reliability	Motorized systems increase cost
Aesthetic Flexibility	Custom colors, branding, finish options	Brand alignment, visual appeal	Customization adds moderate cost
Space Efficiency	Compact stacking, ceiling-mounted tracks	Maximized usable area, unobtrusive storage	Design-dependent; minimal added cost

Expert Tip: Request a full-scale demo unit before finalizing your purchase. Testing the partition in a real environment allows you to assess sound performance, ease of movement, and visual impact—critical factors that specifications alone can't convey.

Additional Recommendations

• Ensure compliance with local building codes and accessibility standards (e.g., ADA, fire safety regulations)
• Plan for future scalability—choose modular systems that can be expanded or reconfigured
• Include maintenance and cleaning instructions in your facility management protocol
• Train staff on proper operation to extend the lifespan of moving parts
• Consider integrating smart controls (e.g., app-based or voice-activated operation) for advanced setups

Choosing the right folding partitions is more than a design decision—it's an investment in workplace efficiency, professionalism, and adaptability. By carefully evaluating functionality, acoustics, aesthetics, and long-term value, you can create a conference environment that supports collaboration, privacy, and seamless transitions between meeting formats. When in doubt, consult with a commercial interior specialist or partition manufacturer to ensure your selection meets both current and future business needs.

Frequently Asked Questions About Folding Partitions for Conference Rooms

Q1: Can folding partitions be customized to fit specific design and functional needs?

Yes, modern folding partitions are highly customizable to meet a wide range of architectural, aesthetic, and performance requirements. Whether you're designing a new office space or upgrading an existing conference area, manufacturers typically offer a variety of personalization options including:

• Materials: Choose from fabric-wrapped panels, laminated surfaces, glass (including smart or switchable glass), wood veneers, or metal finishes.
• Colors and Finishes: Match your brand or interior décor with custom color schemes, textures, and panel patterns.
• Dimensions: Panels can be tailored to fit room height, width, and ceiling constraints, with standard heights ranging from 8 to 20+ feet.
• Performance Features: Add acoustic insulation, fire-rated materials, or integrated technology such as power outlets, data ports, or digital displays.

Customization ensures that folding partitions not only function efficiently but also enhance the visual appeal and branding of your workspace.

Q2: How should I maintain and clean my folding partition to ensure long-term durability?

Proper maintenance is essential for preserving the appearance and functionality of your folding partition. Cleaning methods vary depending on the panel material and frame type:

• Fabric or Vinyl Panels: Gently wipe with a soft, damp cloth and mild detergent. Avoid abrasive cleaners or excessive moisture that could damage the fabric backing or promote mold.
• Glass Panels: Use a standard glass cleaner and lint-free cloth to prevent streaks and scratches.
• Aluminum or Wood Frames: Clean aluminum with a non-corrosive metal cleaner; use wood-safe polishes for veneered frames to prevent drying or cracking.
• Track and Hardware: Regularly inspect ceiling tracks, rollers, and hinges for dust buildup or misalignment. Lubricate moving parts as recommended by the manufacturer.

Always refer to the manufacturer’s care manual for specific instructions. Routine inspections and gentle cleaning every few weeks can significantly extend the lifespan of your partition system.

Q3: Are folding partitions durable enough for high-traffic office environments?

Absolutely. Folding partitions are engineered for durability and are commonly used in commercial spaces such as corporate offices, hotels, educational institutions, and event centers. Key factors contributing to their longevity include:

• Robust Construction: Made with reinforced aluminum frames, impact-resistant panels, and precision-engineered hardware designed for thousands of folding cycles.
• Commercial-Grade Materials: Panels are often treated for scratch resistance, UV protection, and wear resistance—ideal for frequent use.
• Stability and Safety: Properly installed systems include anti-derailment mechanisms and soft-close features to prevent damage during operation.

With routine maintenance, a high-quality folding partition can remain fully functional and visually appealing for 15–20 years or more, making it a cost-effective investment for dynamic workspaces.

Q4: What does the installation process involve for folding partitions?

The installation complexity depends on the type and scale of the folding partition system:

• Overhead Track Systems: These require professional installation. A ceiling-mounted track must be securely anchored to structural supports, and panels are hung from trolleys that glide along the rail. Proper alignment is critical to ensure smooth operation.
• Floor-Supported or Hinged Systems: Simpler models may be installed by individuals with intermediate DIY skills using basic tools, though professional help is still recommended for precise leveling and hardware setup.
• Site Preparation: Installation typically requires a level ceiling, adequate overhead clearance, and sometimes structural reinforcement. Measurements must be exact to avoid gaps or misalignment.

Most manufacturers offer professional installation services to ensure safety, optimal performance, and warranty compliance. Always schedule a site assessment before ordering.

Q5: Do folding partitions provide effective sound insulation for private meetings?

Yes, many folding partitions are specifically designed with acoustic performance in mind. Acoustic folding partitions can significantly reduce sound transmission between rooms, making them ideal for conference rooms, boardrooms, or training centers. Features that enhance soundproofing include:

Acoustic Feature	Description	Sound Reduction (Approx.)
Dense Core Panels	Insulated cores made of mineral wool or foam absorb sound waves.	35–45 dB
Sealing Systems	Brush seals, neoprene gaskets, or automatic floor seals close gaps between panels and floor/ceiling.	Improves performance by 10–15 dB
Double-Layer Construction	Multi-layer panels with air cavities block higher-frequency noise.	Up to 50 dB
Acoustic Certification	Look for partitions tested to ISO or ASTM standards for Sound Transmission Class (STC).	STC 45–55 is typical for premium models

For environments requiring high privacy—such as legal consultations or executive meetings—opt for certified acoustic partitions with full perimeter sealing. These can create near-quiet separation, rivaling permanent walls.