Types of Full Color 3D Scanners
A full color 3D scanner captures both the geometry and surface texture of physical objects, creating photorealistic digital models used in industries ranging from healthcare and manufacturing to entertainment and heritage preservation. These scanners vary significantly in design, accuracy, and application, making it essential to understand the different types available.
Handheld 3D Scanners
Portable and user-friendly, these devices allow operators to freely move around an object, capturing data from multiple angles in real time. Many models support full-color scanning by integrating built-in RGB cameras that map textures directly onto the 3D mesh.
Advantages
- High portability and flexibility
- Ideal for scanning large or immovable objects
- Real-time preview of scan progress
- Excellent for fieldwork and on-site applications
Limitations
- Requires steady hand for consistent results
- May need calibration between scans
- Slightly lower accuracy than fixed systems
Best for: Archaeology, product design, medical modeling, and on-location scanning
Desktop 3D Scanners
Stationary units designed for precision scanning of small to medium-sized objects placed within a controlled environment. These scanners often combine structured light technology with high-resolution color sensors to deliver detailed, full-color 3D models ideal for prototyping and quality inspection.
Advantages
- High-resolution output with fine detail
- Automated scanning process reduces human error
- Consistent lighting improves color accuracy
- Easy integration with CAD and 3D printing workflows
Limitations
- Limited by object size and scanner chamber
- Less portable and more expensive
- Requires stable power and workspace
Best for: Jewelry design, dental models, miniature replicas, and engineering prototypes
Industrial 3D Scanners
Engineered for heavy-duty use in manufacturing and quality assurance, these scanners deliver extreme precision and durability. They are capable of full-color or monochrome scanning depending on configuration and are often used for reverse engineering, tooling verification, and large-scale metrology tasks.
Advantages
- Exceptional accuracy and repeatability
- Built for harsh environments (dust, vibration, temperature changes)
- Large scanning range for big components
- Compatible with automated production lines
Limitations
- High initial investment
- Requires trained operators
- Bulky setup and complex software integration
Best for: Automotive, aerospace, industrial manufacturing, and quality control
Laser 3D Scanners
Utilizing laser triangulation or time-of-flight technology, these scanners project laser lines onto surfaces to capture precise depth information. While traditionally monochrome, modern variants now include color cameras to overlay realistic textures, enabling full-color digital twins.
Advantages
- Extremely high precision and detail
- Effective on reflective or dark surfaces with proper settings
- Long-range options available for architectural use
- Widely used in heritage documentation and forensic analysis
Limitations
- Slower than structured light systems
- Laser safety precautions required
- Color capture may require additional equipment
Best for: Architecture, historical preservation, forensic reconstruction, and precision engineering
Automated / Turntable 3D Scanners
These systems use a motorized turntable to rotate an object while fixed sensors capture data from all sides. Integrated color cameras ensure accurate texture mapping, making them ideal for creating fully textured 3D assets for e-commerce, gaming, or virtual reality.
Advantages
- Fully automated for consistent, repeatable results
- Minimal user intervention needed
- Optimized for small, symmetrical, or uniformly textured objects
- Fast processing with automated post-scan alignment
Limitations
- Size limitations due to turntable capacity
- Poor performance on transparent or highly reflective surfaces
- Less suitable for irregular or fragile items
Best for: E-commerce product modeling, collectibles, educational models, and digital archiving
| Type | Portability | Accuracy | Color Capability | Best Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Handheld 3D Scanners | Excellent | Good | Yes (built-in camera) | On-site scanning, medical, art & design |
| Desktop 3D Scanners | Fair | Very High | Yes (high-res texture) | Prototyping, dentistry, jewelry |
| Industrial 3D Scanners | Poor | Exceptional | Optional (model-dependent) | Manufacturing, QA, reverse engineering |
| Laser 3D Scanners | Good (portable models) | Very High | Yes (with add-on camera) | Architecture, forensics, preservation |
| Automated/Turntable Scanners | Fair | High | Yes (integrated system) | E-commerce, education, digital archives |
Expert Tip: For best full-color results, ensure proper ambient lighting and clean object surfaces. Avoid glossy or transparent materials unless using a scanner with advanced surface compensation or applying a matte spray.
Durability and Materials of Full-Color 3D Scanners
Full-color 3D scanners are precision instruments used across industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, heritage preservation, and entertainment. Their performance and longevity depend heavily on the quality of materials used and the robustness of their design. A well-constructed scanner must withstand physical stress, environmental exposure, and prolonged use while maintaining high accuracy and color fidelity.
Key Durability Factors in Full-Color 3D Scanners
Durable Materials
Full-color 3D scanners are typically constructed using a combination of high-strength metals and engineering-grade plastics to balance durability, weight, and cost. Aluminum and magnesium alloys are commonly used for the scanner’s chassis and housing due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratios. Aluminum offers good corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity, making it ideal for dissipating heat generated during extended scanning sessions.
Magnesium, though more expensive, provides superior rigidity and shock absorption, often found in professional-grade handheld models. For non-structural components, durable thermoplastics like ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and polycarbonate are favored for their impact resistance and ease of molding into complex shapes. These materials also help reduce overall device weight, enhancing portability and user comfort.
Critical optical components—such as laser projectors, lenses, and internal mirrors—are often protected by glass or sapphire covers. In some high-end models, ruby or synthetic crystals are used for alignment markers or contact points due to their extreme hardness and wear resistance, ensuring long-term calibration stability.
Shock Resistance
Given that many full-color 3D scanners are handheld or used in dynamic environments, they must be designed to survive accidental drops and impacts. Manufacturers incorporate shock-resistant features such as rubberized bumpers, reinforced corners, and elastomeric internal mounts to absorb kinetic energy.
The internal electronics, including cameras, laser modules, and processors, are mounted on flexible or cushioned supports that isolate them from sudden vibrations or shocks. Some industrial models undergo MIL-STD drop testing to ensure reliability under harsh conditions. This level of protection is especially important for field applications in construction, archaeology, or emergency response, where ruggedness directly affects data integrity and operational uptime.
Water and Dust Ingress Protection
For scanners deployed in outdoor or industrial environments, protection against water and dust is essential. Many professional models carry an IP (Ingress Protection) rating, with IP54 indicating resistance to dust and splashing water, and IP67 offering full dust tightness and the ability to withstand temporary submersion in water up to 1 meter for 30 minutes.
These protections are achieved through precision-molded seals, gaskets around buttons and ports, and sealed optical windows. Internal compartments are often compartmentalized to prevent moisture migration even if the outer casing is compromised. This makes IP-rated scanners ideal for use in humid climates, dusty workshops, or on construction sites where environmental control is limited.
Heat Resistance
Extended scanning sessions can generate significant heat, especially in devices with powerful processors, bright illumination systems, or active cooling mechanisms. To prevent thermal deformation or sensor drift, full-color 3D scanners use heat-resistant materials such as thermally stable composites, anodized aluminum housings, and high-temperature plastics.
Aluminum not only provides structural strength but also acts as a passive heatsink, drawing heat away from sensitive components. Some advanced scanners integrate active cooling systems—such as silent fans or heat pipes—to maintain optimal operating temperatures. Thermal management is crucial for preserving color accuracy and geometric precision, as temperature fluctuations can cause material expansion or sensor calibration errors.
Repairability and Maintenance
Durability isn’t just about surviving damage—it’s also about longevity through serviceability. High-quality full-color 3D scanners are designed with modular components that allow for easy maintenance and repair. Replaceable parts include batteries, USB or power cables, protective lens caps, and outer shells, which are often user-accessible without requiring specialized tools.
Handheld models frequently feature snap-on or screw-mounted covers made from impact-resistant plastics, enabling quick access for cleaning or part replacement. Industrial or fixed-mount scanners may have segmented housings and labeled service points to streamline diagnostics and repairs in production environments. This modularity reduces downtime and extends the device’s usable life, offering better return on investment for businesses.
Environmental Resilience Summary
| Feature | Typical Standard | Benefits |
|---|---|---|
| Structural Frame | Aluminum/Magnesium Alloy | Lightweight, rigid, and resistant to deformation |
| Impact Protection | Rubberized Edges & Internal Dampers | Survives drops from 1–1.5 meters |
| Ingress Protection | IP54 or IP67 | Operates reliably in dusty or wet conditions |
| Thermal Management | Heat-Resistant Plastics + Aluminum Housing | Prevents overheating and maintains calibration |
| Serviceability | Modular Design | Easy replacement of cables, batteries, and covers |
Best Practices for Maximizing Scanner Longevity
Important: Always follow the manufacturer’s care guidelines to maintain warranty coverage and device accuracy. Using non-OEM parts or exposing the scanner beyond its rated environmental limits (e.g., submerging an IP54 device) can lead to permanent damage. Investing time in proper maintenance ensures consistent, high-fidelity 3D scans and extends the scanner’s operational lifespan.
Commercial Use Cases of Full-Color 3D Scanners
Full-color 3D scanners have revolutionized industries by capturing not only the geometric shape of objects but also their surface textures, colors, and fine details with remarkable accuracy. Unlike traditional monochrome scanning systems, these advanced devices produce photorealistic digital replicas that are invaluable across a wide range of commercial applications. From design innovation to cultural preservation, the integration of full-color 3D scanning enhances precision, efficiency, and customer engagement.
Product Design and Development
Full-color 3D scanners accelerate the product development lifecycle by enabling rapid digitization of physical prototypes, legacy products, or competitive market samples. Designers can import high-fidelity, textured 3D models directly into CAD software for analysis, modification, or reverse engineering.
- Enables accurate benchmarking of existing products by capturing both form and finish
- Reduces design iteration time by providing real-world data for virtual testing
- Facilitates collaboration between global teams through shareable, realistic digital assets
- Supports customization and personalization trends with precise color-matching capabilities
Key benefit: Streamlines R&D processes while maintaining aesthetic and functional integrity.
Art and Cultural Heritage Preservation
Museums, archives, and historical institutions use full-color 3D scanning to create permanent, interactive digital records of priceless artifacts. These scans preserve intricate details such as paint layers, patina, engravings, and surface wear that are often lost in photographs.
- Digitizes fragile sculptures, fossils, and archaeological finds without physical contact
- Supports virtual exhibitions, making heritage accessible globally via online platforms
- Aids in restoration by providing exact reference models for damaged pieces
- Enables 3D printing of replicas for educational use or display in place of originals
Preservation impact: Safeguards cultural legacy against loss from deterioration, theft, or natural disasters.
E-commerce and Retail
Online retailers leverage full-color 3D scanning to create immersive, interactive product visualizations that significantly enhance the digital shopping experience. Customers can inspect items from every angle, zoom in on textures, and view accurate color representation under various lighting conditions.
- Reduces return rates by setting accurate expectations about appearance and scale
- Increases conversion rates through engaging 360° views and AR/VR integration
- Supports virtual try-ons for accessories, footwear, and home décor
- Improves SEO and engagement with rich media content on product pages
Business outcome: Builds consumer trust and drives higher sales in competitive online marketplaces.
Gaming and Film Industry
In entertainment production, full-color 3D scanners are essential tools for creating lifelike characters, props, and environments. Artists scan actors, costumes, and physical sets to generate high-resolution digital assets ready for animation, visual effects, or virtual production pipelines.
- Speeds up asset creation compared to manual modeling and texturing
- Delivers photorealistic skin tones, fabric patterns, and material details
- Integrates seamlessly with game engines like Unreal Engine and Unity
- Enables digital doubles for stunt work, de-aging, or character animation
Creative advantage: Enhances realism and immersion in games, movies, and VR experiences.
Fashion and Textile Industry
The fashion sector uses full-color 3D body scanning to capture precise body dimensions along with skin tone and surface characteristics. This data powers virtual fitting rooms, custom garment design, and sustainable manufacturing practices.
- Enables made-to-measure clothing with minimal fit errors
- Reduces prototyping waste by simulating drape and fit digitally
- Supports inclusive sizing through accurate body diversity databases
- Facilitates remote design collaboration with realistic fabric simulation
Sustainability gain: Lowers material waste and overproduction, aligning with eco-conscious fashion goals.
Additional Applications
Beyond the core industries, full-color 3D scanning is making an impact in healthcare (prosthetics and orthotics), education (interactive learning models), real estate (virtual property tours), and forensics (evidence documentation).
- Healthcare: Custom prosthetic limbs with skin-matching colors and textures
- Education: Interactive 3D models of biological specimens or historical artifacts
- Real Estate: Photorealistic walkthroughs of properties with accurate finishes
- Forensics: Detailed documentation of crime scene evidence with color fidelity
Emerging trend: Cross-industry adoption driven by improved affordability and ease of use.
Strategic Insight: Businesses investing in full-color 3D scanning gain a competitive edge through enhanced visualization, faster time-to-market, and improved customer experiences. When selecting a scanner, consider resolution, color accuracy, portability, and software compatibility to ensure alignment with your specific application needs. Integration with existing workflows—such as CAD, BIM, or e-commerce platforms—is critical for maximizing ROI.
| Industry | Primary Use Case | Key Benefits | Technology Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Product Design | Reverse Engineering & Prototyping | Faster iterations, accurate color matching | Reduces development cycle by up to 40% |
| Cultural Heritage | Digital Archiving & Restoration | Non-invasive preservation, global access | Enables virtual museums and research databases |
| E-commerce | 3D Product Visualization | Lower returns, higher engagement | Increases conversion rates by 25–40% |
| Entertainment | Character & Asset Creation | Photorealistic CGI, faster production | Slashes modeling time by 60%+ |
| Fashion | Virtual Fitting & Custom Design | Improved fit, reduced waste | Supports sustainable, on-demand manufacturing |
Future Outlook and Integration Trends
- AI-Powered Enhancement: Machine learning algorithms are being used to upscale scan quality, fill gaps, and automate texture mapping.
- Cloud-Based Workflows: Scanned models are increasingly stored and shared via cloud platforms for real-time collaboration.
- AR/VR Integration: Full-color 3D models are central to immersive experiences in metaverse applications and virtual showrooms.
- Automated Scanning Stations: Turnkey solutions for retail and healthcare enable non-experts to capture high-quality scans.
- Sustainability Metrics: Digital prototyping reduces physical sampling, lowering carbon footprint across supply chains.
How to Choose a Full-Color 3D Scanner: A Comprehensive Buyer’s Guide
Selecting the right full-color 3D scanner is essential for achieving high-quality, accurate, and visually rich digital models. Whether you're involved in product design, heritage preservation, medical modeling, or visual effects, understanding the key technical and practical factors will help you make an informed decision. This guide breaks down the most important considerations—from resolution and scanning speed to software compatibility and budget—so you can choose a scanner that perfectly aligns with your project needs.
Important Note: While full-color 3D scanning offers impressive visual fidelity, always prioritize accuracy and resolution for functional applications. Color is a valuable enhancement, but it should not compromise the geometric integrity of your 3D model.
Key Factors to Consider When Choosing a Full-Color 3D Scanner
- Resolution and Accuracy
Resolution and accuracy are foundational metrics that determine the quality and reliability of your 3D scans. Resolution refers to the smallest detail a scanner can capture—measured in microns or millimeters per point. Higher resolution enables the scanner to reproduce fine textures, engravings, and intricate geometries, making it ideal for scanning small objects like jewelry, dental models, or historical artifacts.
Accuracy, on the other hand, defines how closely the scanned data matches the real-world dimensions of the object. High accuracy is critical in engineering, manufacturing, and medical applications where precise measurements are required. For example, industrial scanners may offer sub-10-micron accuracy, while consumer-grade models might range from 50–100 microns.
Tip: Match the scanner’s specs to your use case. A museum digitizing sculptures needs high resolution and color fidelity, while an automotive engineer may prioritize accuracy over color.
- Scanning Speed
Scanning speed determines how quickly a 3D scanner can capture and process data. This is especially important when scanning large objects (like vehicles or architectural elements) or when working with time-sensitive projects such as live human subjects or production line inspections.
High-speed scanners, often using structured light or laser triangulation with multiple projectors, can capture thousands of frames per second, enabling real-time scanning. However, faster scanning may sometimes come at the cost of resolution or require more powerful hardware for data processing.
Conversely, slower, high-resolution scanners are better suited for static objects where detail is more important than speed. Some systems offer adjustable speed settings, allowing users to balance performance based on the task at hand.
Consider: If you're scanning people or moving objects, prioritize speed and motion tolerance. For static, detailed objects, focus on resolution and accuracy.
- Texture and Color Capture
Full-color 3D scanning goes beyond geometry by capturing realistic surface textures and colors. This is achieved through integrated RGB cameras that map photographic detail onto the 3D mesh. The quality of color capture depends on camera resolution, lighting conditions, and the scanner’s ability to align texture data precisely with geometry.
Advanced scanners use multi-camera setups and calibrated lighting to minimize shadows and color distortion. Some even support HDR texture mapping for enhanced realism. This capability is invaluable for applications in animation, gaming, virtual reality, and digital preservation of art and cultural heritage.
Note: Not all "color" scanners deliver true-to-life results. Look for models with high dynamic range (HDR) imaging, color calibration tools, and the ability to export in formats that preserve texture (e.g., OBJ with MTL, FBX, or PLY with RGB data).
- Software Compatibility and Workflow Integration
The value of a 3D scanner is only as good as the software that processes its data. Many scanners come with proprietary software that offers features like automatic mesh generation, noise reduction, hole filling, texture mapping, and export options. Examples include Artec Studio, Einscan Software, or Shining 3D’s ExScan Pro.
Ensure the software supports your preferred file formats (e.g., STL, OBJ, PLY, STEP) and integrates with downstream applications such as CAD (SolidWorks, Fusion 360), 3D printing slicers, or 3D modeling tools (Blender, ZBrush, Maya).
Some scanners also offer SDKs (Software Development Kits) for developers who want to customize workflows or integrate scanning into automated systems. Open-source compatibility is a bonus for users who prefer flexibility and long-term software independence.
- Budget and Total Cost of Ownership
Full-color 3D scanners range from a few hundred dollars for entry-level models to tens of thousands for professional and industrial systems. Your budget should reflect not just the initial purchase price but also long-term costs such as software licenses, maintenance, calibration, accessories (turntables, calibration kits), and potential upgrades.
Ask yourself: Is this a one-time investment for a specific project, or do you need a scalable solution for ongoing use? Entry-level scanners may suffice for hobbyists or educators, while businesses should consider durability, support, and future-proofing.
Pro Tip: Some manufacturers offer subscription-based software or rental options, which can reduce upfront costs. Also, consider whether firmware updates and technical support are included.
| Scanner Type | Best For | Color & Texture Quality | Typical Price Range | Recommended Use Cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Handheld Structured Light | Medium to large objects, human scanning | High (with dual RGB cameras) | $3,000 – $20,000 | Healthcare, VFX, heritage digitization |
| Desktop Laser Scanner | Small, detailed objects | Moderate (color add-on required) | $2,000 – $10,000 | Jewelry, dentistry, quality control |
| Photogrammetry-Based | Large objects, outdoor scanning | Very High (uses real photos) | $500 – $5,000 | Archaeology, architecture, drones |
| Entry-Level Consumer Scanners | Hobbyists, education | Basic (limited lighting control) | $300 – $1,500 | School projects, 3D printing, gaming assets |
Expert Tip: Before purchasing, request a sample scan from the manufacturer or reseller using an object similar to your typical workload. This allows you to evaluate resolution, color accuracy, and software usability in real-world conditions.
Additional Considerations
- Portability: Handheld or lightweight scanners are ideal for fieldwork, on-site scanning, or mobile applications.
- Object Size and Type: Ensure the scanner’s field of view and working distance match your typical objects—whether tiny coins or full-body human scans.
- Lighting Requirements: Some scanners perform poorly under ambient light; others include built-in lighting for consistent results.
- User Skill Level: Beginner-friendly models often feature guided workflows and automatic alignment, while professional tools offer more manual control.
- Support and Calibration: Regular calibration ensures long-term accuracy. Choose brands with accessible customer support and clear maintenance guidelines.
Choosing the right full-color 3D scanner involves balancing technical capabilities with practical needs and budget constraints. By carefully evaluating resolution, speed, color fidelity, software, and total cost, you can select a system that delivers professional results and grows with your projects. When in doubt, consult user reviews, demo units, or industry experts to make a confident, future-ready investment.
Frequently Asked Questions About Full-Color 3D Scanners
Full-color 3D scanners rely on a combination of advanced imaging and projection technologies to deliver rich, lifelike digital models. The key components that enhance their performance include:
- High-Resolution Texture Cameras: These specialized cameras capture detailed surface colors and patterns, which are then mapped onto the 3D geometry to create photorealistic models.
- Structured Light or Laser Projection: Projecting precise light patterns (such as grids or stripes) enables the scanner to calculate depth and surface contours with high accuracy.
- Multi-Sensor Fusion: Combining depth sensors, RGB cameras, and sometimes infrared detection allows simultaneous capture of shape, color, and fine surface textures.
- Real-Time Processing Software: Onboard or connected software aligns and fuses color and geometric data instantly, reducing post-processing time and improving workflow efficiency.
Together, these technologies ensure that full-color 3D scanners produce highly accurate, visually rich models suitable for applications in design, entertainment, and heritage preservation.
Full-color 3D scanners play a transformative role in modern product design by bridging the physical and digital worlds. Their primary functions include:
- Reverse Engineering: Designers can scan existing products to generate precise 3D CAD models, enabling analysis, modification, or reproduction of legacy or competitor items.
- Design Reference & Inspiration: Capturing real-world objects provides accurate visual and dimensional references, helping teams innovate while maintaining ergonomic or aesthetic consistency.
- Rapid Prototyping: Scanned data can be directly imported into modeling software for iteration, simulation, and 3D printing, significantly accelerating development cycles.
- Design Validation: Comparing a manufactured product to its original design through scanning helps identify deviations and optimize production processes.
By preserving both form and appearance, full-color scanners empower designers to refine products with greater fidelity, ensuring that visual details—like textures, labels, and finishes—are accurately represented throughout the design lifecycle.
The performance of full-color 3D scanners in outdoor environments varies significantly based on environmental conditions and device specifications:
- Lighting Challenges: Direct sunlight or inconsistent shadows can interfere with pattern projection and color accuracy, leading to incomplete or distorted scans.
- Weather Sensitivity: Rain, wind, or dust may damage sensitive optical components or disrupt scanning operations, especially for non-ruggedized models.
- Motion & Stability: Outdoor setups often lack stable mounting options, increasing the risk of motion blur or misalignment during capture.
- Specialized Equipment: Certain industrial-grade scanners are designed for field use, featuring weather-resistant housings, adaptive lighting, and sun-shielding mechanisms to maintain performance outdoors.
For best results, scanning should be conducted in controlled lighting (e.g., shaded areas or overcast days), and portable tents or diffusers can help mitigate harsh sunlight. While possible, outdoor scanning typically requires careful planning and equipment suited for external conditions.
While both types capture 3D geometry, full-color and traditional scanners differ significantly in capabilities, applications, and trade-offs:
| Feature | Traditional 3D Scanners | Full-Color 3D Scanners |
|---|---|---|
| Data Captured | Shape and geometry only (grayscale or no texture) | Geometry + high-fidelity color and surface texture |
| Accuracy & Precision | Extremely high; ideal for metrology and engineering | Good to high, but color layer may slightly affect geometric precision |
| Primary Use Cases | Mechanical inspection, CAD modeling, quality control | Visualization, animation, prototyping, cultural heritage |
| Post-Processing Needs | Minimal for geometric data | May require color correction, texture mapping, and alignment |
| Cost & Complexity | Varies; often lower for basic models | Generally higher due to added sensors and software |
In summary, traditional scanners excel in technical precision, while full-color scanners offer superior visual realism—making them better suited for applications where appearance matters as much as form.
Full-color 3D scanners are increasingly adopted across diverse sectors where visual accuracy and detailed digital replication are essential. Key industries include:
- Manufacturing & Engineering: Used for reverse engineering consumer products, quality assurance with visual defect detection, and creating digital twins with realistic surface finishes.
- Entertainment & Gaming: Widely employed in film, animation, and video game development to scan actors, props, and sets for lifelike character and environment modeling.
- Healthcare & Prosthetics: Enable custom-fitted prosthetic limbs, facial reconstructions, and orthotic devices with skin-tone matching and anatomical precision.
- Cultural Heritage & Museums: Preserve artifacts, sculptures, and historical sites in full color for virtual exhibitions, restoration projects, and educational resources.
- Consumer Goods & Fashion: Support rapid prototyping of footwear, eyewear, and jewelry, allowing designers to visualize products in realistic digital formats before production.
The growing demand for immersive digital experiences, personalized products, and efficient design workflows continues to drive innovation and adoption of full-color 3D scanning technology across these fields.








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