Goat Milk Moisturizer: Composition, Classification, and Industrial Applications

Types of Goat Milk Moisturizer

Goat milk is a natural skincare powerhouse, rich in vitamins, fatty acids, and proteins that nourish and protect the skin. With a pH level close to human skin, it’s easily absorbed and less likely to cause irritation. As a result, goat milk moisturizers have gained popularity for their gentle yet effective hydration. Available in various formulations, each type is tailored to specific skin needs and areas of the body.

Goat Milk Face Cream

Formulated specifically for the delicate facial skin, goat milk face cream delivers intense hydration without clogging pores. Enriched with natural ingredients like honey, aloe vera, or essential oils, it targets concerns such as dryness, redness, fine lines, and sensitivity. The creamy texture absorbs well, leaving skin soft, supple, and balanced.

Benefits

• Deeply hydrates sensitive facial skin
• Rich in vitamins A, B6, C, and E
• Gentle and non-irritating
• Helps reduce inflammation and redness

Considerations

• May feel heavy for oily skin types
• Best suited for normal to dry skin
• Some formulations may contain allergens (e.g., essential oils)

Best for: Dry, sensitive, or mature skin; daily facial care

Goat Milk Lotion

A lightweight, fast-absorbing moisturizer ideal for full-body use. Goat milk lotion combines the nourishing properties of goat milk with emollients like shea butter or coconut oil to lock in moisture. Its balanced consistency makes it perfect for daily hydration, while its natural pH helps maintain skin’s protective barrier—especially beneficial for those with eczema or psoriasis.

Benefits

• Lightweight and non-greasy
• Restores skin’s natural pH balance
• Effective for sensitive or reactive skin
• Great for everyday use on arms, legs, and torso

Considerations

• May not be rich enough for very dry skin
• Requires reapplication in extreme conditions
• Less occlusive than heavier creams

Best for: Normal to combination skin; daily body hydration

Goat Milk Body Butter

A luxurious, ultra-rich moisturizer made by blending goat milk with natural butters like shea, cocoa, or mango. This thick formula creates a protective barrier on the skin, sealing in moisture and repairing damaged or extremely dry skin. Ideal for use in winter or dry climates, body butter deeply nourishes elbows, knees, heels, and other rough areas.

Benefits

• Intensely hydrating and long-lasting
• Repairs cracked or rough skin
• Strengthens the skin’s lipid barrier
• Contains high levels of fatty acids and antioxidants

Considerations

• Can feel greasy if over-applied
• May take longer to absorb
• Not ideal for oily or acne-prone areas

Best for: Very dry, flaky, or damaged skin; cold weather use

Goat Milk Hand Cream

Specially designed for hands that endure frequent washing, exposure to chemicals, or harsh environments. Goat milk hand cream provides rapid absorption and deep nourishment to prevent dryness, cracking, and irritation. Enriched with jojoba oil, almond oil, or vitamin E, it restores softness without leaving a greasy film—perfect for healthcare workers, chefs, and others with high hand-wash routines.

Benefits

• Repairs dry, chapped hands quickly
• Non-greasy and fast-absorbing
• Protects against environmental stressors
• Ideal for frequent use throughout the day

Considerations

• May need reapplication after hand washing
• Some scented versions may irritate sensitive skin
• Less effective for severe dermatitis without medical treatment

Best for: Frequent hand washers; dry or overworked hands

Goat Milk Night Cream

A rich, restorative moisturizer designed to work while you sleep. Goat milk night cream delivers a slow release of nutrients, allowing the skin to regenerate and repair overnight. Often enhanced with anti-aging ingredients like retinol, collagen, or hyaluronic acid, it helps reduce fine lines, improve elasticity, and revive dull, tired skin by morning.

Benefits

• Supports skin regeneration and repair
• Reduces appearance of wrinkles and fine lines
• Deeply nourishes dehydrated skin
• Enhances skin’s natural recovery process

Considerations

• Too heavy for daytime use
• May cause breakouts in acne-prone individuals
• Active ingredients (e.g., retinol) require sun protection during the day

Best for: Mature, tired, or dry skin; nighttime skincare routines

Type	Texture	Best For	Key Benefits	Usage Tips
Face Cream	Creamy, medium weight	Dry, sensitive, or mature facial skin	Gentle hydration, anti-aging, soothing	Apply morning and night after cleansing
Lotion	Lightweight, fast-absorbing	Full-body daily use	Moisture retention, pH balance	Use after showering for best absorption
Body Butter	Thick, rich, buttery	Extremely dry or rough skin	Deep nourishment, barrier repair	Apply to damp skin for enhanced hydration
Hand Cream	Smooth, non-greasy	Frequently washed or dry hands	Crack prevention, rapid repair	Reapply after each hand wash
Night Cream	Dense, slow-absorbing	Overnight skin repair	Anti-aging, regeneration, deep hydration	Use alone or under facial oils for extra nourishment

Expert Tip: For maximum benefit, apply goat milk moisturizers immediately after bathing while the skin is still slightly damp. This helps lock in moisture and enhances absorption, especially for lotions and body butters.

Key Ingredients in Goat Milk Moisturizer & Their Skin Benefits

Goat milk moisturizer has gained widespread popularity due to its natural, nourishing formulation that caters to a variety of skin types—including sensitive, dry, and acne-prone skin. The secret lies in its thoughtfully selected, potent ingredients, each contributing unique hydrating, soothing, and protective properties. Understanding these components helps consumers make informed skincare choices and appreciate the science behind this gentle yet effective moisturizer.

Core Ingredients and Their Benefits

Goat Milk

Rich in Nutrients & Natural Fats: Organic goat milk is the cornerstone of goat milk-based moisturizers. It is naturally packed with essential vitamins including A, D, and B6, as well as vital minerals like selenium and zinc—nutrients known to support skin regeneration and protection.

Compared to cow’s milk, goat milk has a higher fat content with smaller fat molecules, allowing for deeper penetration into the skin. This results in intense hydration and a luxuriously creamy texture. Its high levels of alpha-hydroxy acids (like lactic acid) gently exfoliate dead skin cells, improving skin tone and texture over time.

Regular use helps reduce visible signs of aging such as fine lines and wrinkles, while promoting a radiant, youthful complexion.

Shea Butter

Deeply Nourishing & Soothing: Extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree (Butyrospermum parkii), shea butter is a powerhouse ingredient revered for its rich concentration of fatty acids (oleic, stearic, and linoleic) and vitamins A and E.

Its emollient properties create a protective barrier on the skin, locking in moisture and shielding against environmental stressors. Particularly beneficial for dry, irritated, or sensitive skin, shea butter calms inflammation and supports skin healing.

Due to its non-comedogenic nature and gentle profile, it's widely used in baby lotions and formulations for conditions like eczema and dermatitis, making it a safe and effective addition to sensitive skincare routines.

Coconut Oil

Intense Hydration & Antimicrobial Protection: Derived from the flesh of mature coconuts, coconut oil is a staple in natural skincare for its exceptional moisturizing abilities. It is rich in medium-chain fatty acids, especially lauric acid, which deeply penetrates the skin to deliver long-lasting hydration and prevent transepidermal water loss.

Beyond moisture retention, coconut oil exhibits natural antimicrobial and antifungal properties, helping to protect the skin from harmful bacteria. This makes it particularly beneficial for acne-prone or compromised skin, though those with very oily skin may prefer lighter formulations.

Its pleasant scent and smooth texture also enhance the sensory experience of the moisturizer, contributing to a luxurious feel upon application.

Aloe Vera

Hydrating & Healing: Native to the Arabian Peninsula and widely cultivated in tropical regions, aloe vera is celebrated for its high water content and soothing gel-like consistency. It provides immediate hydration, leaving skin feeling refreshed, plump, and revitalized.

Aloe vera contains compounds like glycoproteins and polysaccharides that accelerate wound healing and reduce inflammation. It’s frequently used in after-sun care, burn treatments, and calming lotions for irritated skin.

Additionally, its antioxidant content—including vitamins C and E—helps combat free radical damage, while enzymes support cell turnover. Over time, aloe vera improves skin elasticity and contributes to a smoother, more youthful appearance.

Honey (Raw)

Natural Humectant & Skin Brightener: Honey acts as a powerful humectant, meaning it draws moisture from the air into the skin, ensuring continuous hydration throughout the day. When combined with goat milk, it forms a deeply restorative blend suitable for all skin types.

Raw honey is especially valuable due to its high concentration of antioxidants, which defend the skin against environmental aggressors like pollution and UV exposure. It also contains natural enzymes and gluconic acid that gently brighten the complexion and fade dullness.

Its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties make it effective in managing acne and reducing redness. Ideal for oily and combination skin, honey helps regulate sebum production while maintaining skin’s moisture balance—offering clarity without dryness.

Why These Ingredients Work Together

The synergy between goat milk and complementary natural ingredients enhances overall skincare efficacy. Goat milk provides a nutrient-rich base, while shea butter and coconut oil deliver deep, lasting moisture. Aloe vera adds cooling hydration and repair benefits, and honey amplifies moisture retention while offering antibacterial protection.

Together, they create a balanced, multi-functional moisturizer that:

• Restores the skin’s natural moisture barrier
• Reduces inflammation and redness
• Supports cellular renewal and anti-aging
• Protects against environmental damage
• Is gentle enough for sensitive or reactive skin

Ingredient	Key Benefits	Best For
Goat Milk	Rich in vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids; gentle exfoliation; deep hydration	All skin types, especially aging or dry skin
Shea Butter	Moisture retention, anti-inflammatory, skin repair	Dry, sensitive, or eczema-prone skin
Coconut Oil	Deep moisturizing, antimicrobial, softens skin	Dry or normal skin; caution for very oily skin
Aloe Vera	Hydration, soothing, healing, anti-aging	Sun-damaged, irritated, or sensitive skin
Raw Honey	Humectant, antibacterial, brightening, antioxidant protection	Oily, acne-prone, or dull skin

Note: While these natural ingredients are generally safe and well-tolerated, individuals with nut allergies should exercise caution with shea butter, and those prone to clogged pores may want to patch-test coconut oil. Always choose products with minimal additives and high-quality, ethically sourced ingredients for the best results and skin compatibility.

Benefits of Goat Milk Moisturizer

Goat milk moisturizer has surged in popularity due to its natural, nourishing properties that support healthy, radiant skin. Unlike many commercial moisturizers packed with synthetic ingredients, goat milk-based products harness the power of nature to deliver gentle yet effective skincare. Rich in essential nutrients, fatty acids, and naturally occurring compounds, goat milk deeply hydrates, soothes irritation, and supports the skin’s natural defenses. Below is a detailed exploration of the science-backed benefits that make goat milk moisturizer a top choice for individuals seeking a holistic skincare solution.

Deep Hydration & Moisture Retention

Goat milk is naturally rich in emollient fats and triglycerides, making it exceptionally effective at locking in moisture. Its fat content is higher than that of cow’s milk, allowing it to penetrate deeply into the skin’s layers and reinforce the lipid barrier.

• High levels of caprylic, capric, and oleic acids help restore the skin’s natural moisture balance
• Ideal for dry, flaky, or mature skin due to its ability to prevent transepidermal water loss
• Provides long-lasting hydration without feeling greasy or clogging pores
• Naturally creamy texture enhances absorption and leaves skin feeling soft and supple

Best for: Winter skincare, aging skin, and those with chronically dry complexions

Gentle & Soothing for Sensitive Skin

Goat milk is renowned for its anti-inflammatory and calming properties, making it ideal for delicate or reactive skin. It contains natural proteins like alpha-s1-casein, which help reduce irritation and strengthen the skin’s resilience.

• Minimizes redness, itching, and discomfort associated with eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis
• Free from harsh chemicals, parabens, and artificial fragrances commonly found in drugstore lotions
• Well-tolerated by infants, children, and adults with allergies or sensitive skin
• Helps calm post-shave irritation and sun-exposed skin

Pro tip: Use daily to build a protective barrier against environmental stressors

Nutrient-Rich Formula for Skin Health

Goat milk is a powerhouse of vitamins and minerals essential for skin regeneration and vitality. These nutrients work synergistically to nourish the skin at a cellular level.

• Vitamin A: Promotes cell turnover, repairs damaged tissue, and reduces the appearance of fine lines
• Vitamin B complex: Supports skin metabolism and helps maintain a healthy glow
• Vitamin C: Boosts collagen production and brightens dull skin
• Vitamin D: Strengthens skin immunity and supports barrier function
• Calcium & Potassium: Improve skin elasticity and hydration balance

Key benefit: Encourages a youthful, even-toned complexion over time

Natural Exfoliation with Lactic Acid

Goat milk contains lactic acid, a gentle alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that exfoliates without over-drying or irritating the skin. Unlike synthetic exfoliants, lactic acid dissolves dead skin cells while simultaneously hydrating.

• Unclogs pores and reduces blackheads and whiteheads
• Improves skin texture and tone for a smoother, brighter appearance
• Enhances absorption of other skincare products when used regularly
• Effective for acne-prone and oily skin types without stripping natural oils

Note: Unlike stronger AHAs, lactic acid in goat milk is naturally buffered, making it safe for daily use

Maintains Skin’s Natural pH Balance

The skin’s acid mantle—a slightly acidic protective layer—plays a crucial role in defending against bacteria, pollution, and moisture loss. Many commercial products disrupt this balance with high alkalinity.

• Goat milk has a pH of approximately 6.0–6.5, closely matching the skin’s natural pH (4.5–5.5)
• Helps preserve the acid mantle, enhancing the skin’s ability to protect itself
• Reduces the risk of breakouts, dryness, and sensitivity caused by pH imbalance
• Supports a healthy microbiome by preventing overgrowth of harmful bacteria

Why it matters: Balanced pH is foundational to clear, resilient, and hydrated skin

Eco-Friendly & Naturally Sustainable

Beyond personal benefits, goat milk skincare aligns with clean beauty and sustainability values. It’s often produced in small batches using humane, eco-conscious practices.

• Biodegradable and free from microplastics and synthetic preservatives
• Typically sourced from pasture-raised goats with minimal environmental impact
• Packaged in recyclable or reusable containers by ethical brands
• Supports small farms and natural skincare movements

Green choice: A responsible option for environmentally conscious consumers

Expert Recommendation: For optimal results, apply goat milk moisturizer immediately after bathing while the skin is still damp. This locks in moisture and maximizes the hydrating effects. Pair it with a goat milk-based cleanser or soap for a complete, pH-balanced skincare routine. Individuals with severe skin conditions should consult a dermatologist, but many find relief from chronic dryness and irritation with consistent use.

Skin Type	Key Benefit	Recommended Use	Visible Results Timeline
Dry & Dehydrated	Intense hydration and barrier repair	Twice daily, especially after showers	1–2 weeks
Sensitive & Reactive	Reduces redness and irritation	Daily, as needed	3–5 days
Mature & Aging	Improves elasticity and smoothness	Morning and night	3–4 weeks
Oily & Acne-Prone	Gentle exfoliation and pore clarity	Once daily, preferably at night	2–3 weeks

Additional Considerations

• Storage Tips: Keep in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to preserve freshness and nutrient integrity
• Allergy Awareness: While rare, some individuals may be allergic to goat milk proteins—perform a patch test before full application
• Organic Options: Look for USDA-certified organic or grass-fed goat milk for the purest formulation
• Multi-Use: Many users apply goat milk lotion to hands, feet, elbows, and cuticles for targeted nourishment
• Animal Welfare: Choose brands that prioritize ethical farming and humane treatment of animals

How to Choose the Best Goat Milk Moisturizer for Your Skin

Selecting the right goat milk moisturizer can make a significant difference in your skincare routine. Known for its natural nourishing properties, goat milk is rich in fatty acids, vitamins, and lactic acid, making it ideal for gentle hydration and skin renewal. This comprehensive guide will help you make an informed decision by focusing on ingredient quality, texture, skin compatibility, brand ethics, and testing practices—ensuring you find a product that's both effective and safe for your unique skin needs.

Important Note: While goat milk is generally gentle and suitable for sensitive skin, individuals with dairy allergies should consult a dermatologist before use. Always perform a patch test to rule out adverse reactions.

Key Factors to Consider When Choosing a Goat Milk Moisturizer

1. Ingredient Quality and Purity

   Start by examining the ingredient list. Opt for moisturizers made with organic, farm-fresh goat milk and naturally derived components. Avoid products containing parabens, sulfates, synthetic fragrances, phthalates, or artificial dyes, which can irritate or dry out the skin over time.

   Look for added natural ingredients that enhance the moisturizer’s benefits:

   • Honey: A natural humectant with antibacterial and soothing properties
   • Aloe Vera: Calms inflammation and supports hydration
   • Shea Butter or Cocoa Butter: Deeply nourishing for dry or cracked skin
   • Essential Oils (e.g., lavender, chamomile): Provide aromatherapy benefits and antioxidant support
2. Texture and Product Form

   The consistency of the moisturizer should align with your skincare goals and application area:

   • Light Lotions and Creams: Ideal for daily facial use, especially in warmer climates or for combination skin. They absorb quickly without leaving a greasy residue.
   • Rich Creams and Balms: Suitable for nighttime use or extremely dry areas like elbows, knees, and heels.
   • Body Butters: Made with whipped butters and oils, these provide intense hydration and are excellent for cold weather or chronically dry skin.

   Thicker formulations often contain higher concentrations of emollients and occlusives, which help lock in moisture and strengthen the skin’s natural barrier.

3. Skin Type Compatibility

   Tailor your choice to your specific skin type for optimal results:

   • Dry Skin: Choose goat milk moisturizers enriched with anti-aging ingredients like hyaluronic acid, ceramides, or vitamin E. These components restore moisture and improve skin elasticity.
   • Oily or Acne-Prone Skin: Look for lightweight, non-comedogenic formulas containing lactic acid. This gentle alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) exfoliates dead skin cells, unclogs pores, and helps regulate oil production without over-drying.
   • Mature Skin: Select products with added antioxidants such as green tea extract, vitamin C, or coenzyme Q10 to combat free radicals and reduce the appearance of fine lines.
   • Sensitive Skin: Ensure the formula is fragrance-free and hypoallergenic to minimize irritation risk.
4. Brand Reputation and Ethical Practices

   Support brands that prioritize transparency, sustainability, and animal welfare. Reputable companies often:

   • Source goat milk from pasture-raised, humanely treated animals
   • Use eco-friendly packaging and cruelty-free testing methods
   • Obtain third-party certifications (e.g., USDA Organic, Leaping Bunny, or EWG Verified)
   • Clearly list all ingredients and avoid greenwashing

   Choosing such brands not only benefits your skin but also supports ethical farming and environmentally responsible manufacturing.

5. Patch Testing and Personal Trial

   To avoid adverse reactions and ensure product compatibility, always conduct a patch test before full application:

   • Apply a small amount of the moisturizer to a discreet area such as the inner forearm or behind the ear
   • Wait 24–48 hours to observe for redness, itching, swelling, or rash
   • If no reaction occurs, it’s generally safe to use on larger areas

   This simple step can prevent allergic reactions and save money on products that don’t suit your skin. Additionally, consider starting with travel-sized versions if available, allowing you to test the product before committing to a full-sized container.

Skin Type	Recommended Form	Key Ingredients to Look For	Avoid If...
Dry	Rich cream, body butter	Shea butter, ceramides, honey, vitamin E	Alcohol-based formulas, fragrances
Oily/Acne-Prone	Light lotion, gel-cream	Lactic acid, aloe vera, tea tree oil	Heavy oils, comedogenic butters
Mature	Nourishing cream, anti-aging serum	Hyaluronic acid, antioxidants, retinol (if tolerated)	Irritating fragrances, harsh exfoliants
Sensitive	Simple, fragrance-free lotion	Oat extract, chamomile, colloidal oatmeal	Synthetic dyes, essential oils, alcohol

Pro Tip: Store your goat milk moisturizer in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to preserve its natural ingredients and extend shelf life. Some natural formulations may have a shorter expiration date due to the absence of synthetic preservatives.

Final Recommendations for Smart Selection

• Read customer reviews and dermatologist recommendations before purchasing
• Check for expiration dates and storage instructions on the label
• Consider seasonal changes—lighter formulas in summer, heavier ones in winter
• Support small-batch or artisanal brands that emphasize quality over mass production
• Reevaluate your moisturizer choice every 6–12 months based on changes in skin condition

By carefully evaluating ingredient quality, texture, skin compatibility, and brand ethics, you can find a goat milk moisturizer that delivers lasting hydration, improves skin health, and aligns with your personal values. Remember, the best skincare is both effective and kind—to your skin and the planet.

Frequently Asked Questions About Goat Milk Moisturizer

Q1: Can people use goat milk moisturizer on all skin types?

Yes, goat milk moisturizer is generally safe and effective for all skin types. Its unique composition makes it especially beneficial for individuals with dry or sensitive skin due to its high content of natural fatty acids, vitamins, and proteins that deeply nourish and hydrate the skin.

For those with oily or combination skin, the key is choosing the right formulation. Lightweight options such as goat milk face serums, gels, or oil-free lotions can provide hydration without clogging pores or leaving a greasy residue. These versions absorb quickly and help balance sebum production while still delivering the soothing benefits of goat milk.

Always perform a patch test before full facial or body application, especially if you have acne-prone or reactive skin, to ensure compatibility.

Q2: How does goat milk moisturizer help with skin conditions like eczema and rosacea?

Goat milk is naturally rich in lactic acid, a gentle alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) known for its exfoliating and skin-renewing properties. Unlike harsher chemical exfoliants, lactic acid in goat milk works mildly to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and promote a smoother, more even complexion—without causing irritation.

This makes it particularly effective for managing chronic skin conditions such as eczema and rosacea. The anti-inflammatory properties of goat milk help calm redness, reduce itching, and soothe flare-ups. Additionally, the cream contains essential fatty acids and triglycerides that reinforce the skin’s natural moisture barrier, preventing transepidermal water loss and protecting against environmental aggressors.

Clinical studies and user testimonials suggest that regular use of goat milk-based skincare can lead to noticeable improvements in skin texture, reduced dry patches, and fewer episodes of irritation in sensitive individuals.

Q3: How should one properly store goat milk moisturizer?

Proper storage is crucial to maintain the freshness, efficacy, and shelf life of goat milk moisturizer—especially for products containing real or fresh goat milk, which are more prone to spoilage.

• Cool, Dry Place: Store the product in a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and humidity (e.g., avoid keeping it in the bathroom if exposed to steam).
• Refrigeration (if needed): For homemade or all-natural formulations without synthetic preservatives, refrigeration is often recommended to prevent bacterial growth and extend usability.
• Check Labels: Always follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding storage. Commercially produced goat milk moisturizers usually contain natural or mild preservatives and may not require refrigeration unless specified.
• Sealed Container: Keep the lid tightly closed to minimize exposure to air and contaminants.

Signs of spoilage include changes in color, odor, or texture—discard the product immediately if any of these occur.

Q4: How often should one apply goat milk moisturizer for best results?

For optimal hydration and skin health, it’s recommended to apply goat milk moisturizer at least once or twice daily—ideally in the morning and evening after cleansing.

In the morning, applying moisturizer helps create a protective layer that locks in moisture and prepares your skin to face environmental stressors like pollution and UV exposure. Pair it with sunscreen for enhanced protection.

At night, your skin undergoes repair and regeneration. Applying goat milk moisturizer before bed supports this process by delivering deep nourishment and reinforcing the skin barrier while you sleep.

For individuals with very dry or compromised skin, additional applications throughout the day may be beneficial. Consistency is key—regular use over time yields the most visible improvements in softness, elasticity, and overall skin tone.

Q5: Is goat milk moisturizer safe for sensitive skin?

Yes, goat milk moisturizer is widely regarded as safe and highly suitable for sensitive skin. Its gentle, non-irritating formula is free from many common allergens and harsh chemicals found in conventional moisturizers, such as parabens, sulfates, and artificial fragrances.

The natural pH of goat milk closely resembles that of human skin, which helps maintain the skin’s acid mantle and prevents disruption of the microbiome. This compatibility reduces the likelihood of adverse reactions.

Key benefits for sensitive skin include:

• Reduces Redness: Anti-inflammatory compounds help calm irritation and reduce visible redness.
• Hydrates Without Irritation: Rich in emollients that soften and smooth without triggering breakouts or allergic responses.
• Strengthens Skin Barrier: Helps protect against external irritants and allergens that often trigger sensitivity.

Despite its gentle nature, always check the full ingredient list and conduct a patch test on a small area of skin (like behind the ear) before widespread use, especially if you have known allergies to dairy or other components.