Understanding Gps Receiver Bluetooth Tracker: Technical Specifications, Grades, and Practical Applications

Types of GPS Bluetooth Trackers

A GPS Bluetooth tracker combines satellite-based global positioning with short-range wireless communication to deliver accurate, real-time location tracking across a wide range of applications. These devices leverage GPS for precise outdoor positioning and Bluetooth for low-energy data transfer to smartphones or connected networks, making them ideal for monitoring vehicles, personal items, pets, and people.

By integrating GPS and Bluetooth technologies, these trackers offer enhanced accuracy, extended battery life, and seamless connectivity. Below are the four primary types of GPS Bluetooth trackers, each tailored to specific use cases and performance needs.

Automotive GPS Trackers

Dedicated tracking devices designed for vehicles, offering real-time monitoring and advanced fleet or personal vehicle management.

Advantages

• Real-time vehicle location tracking
• Geofencing and route history
• Speed and driving behavior alerts
• Integration with car systems (e.g., OBD-II, infotainment)
• Plug-and-play or hardwired installation options

Limitations

• Requires power source (battery or vehicle electrical system)
• Higher cost for advanced models
• Potential privacy concerns with constant monitoring

Best for: Fleet management, stolen vehicle recovery, parental monitoring, and driver safety

Smart Item Trackers

Compact, lightweight devices used to locate everyday items like keys, wallets, bags, and electronics.

Advantages

• Ultra-portable and discreet design
• Bluetooth-based proximity alerts
• Last known location via GPS sync
• Separation alerts when out of range
• Voice or app-triggered sound activation

Limitations

• Limited range without network assistance
• Dependent on smartphone connectivity
• Battery replacement or recharging required periodically

Best for: Preventing loss of valuables, locating misplaced items, travel organization

Pet Trackers

Specially designed GPS Bluetooth devices for monitoring pets, ensuring safety and quick recovery if lost.

Advantages

• Real-time outdoor tracking via GPS
• Bluetooth beacons for indoor or signal-poor areas
• Lightweight and collar-mountable
• Low-power consumption for extended battery life
• Safe zone alerts and activity monitoring in some models

Limitations

• Smaller GPS signal coverage in dense urban or forested areas
• Battery life varies with usage frequency
• Subscription fees for some GPS services

Best for: Dog and cat owners, outdoor pet safety, wildlife monitoring (light-duty)

Personal Trackers

Wearable or portable devices used for tracking individuals, especially children, elderly family members, or solo travelers.

Advantages

• Real-time location sharing via mobile apps
• Emergency SOS button for instant alerts
• Geofencing and movement history
• Discreet designs (pendants, wristbands, pocket-sized)
• Integration with smartwatches and health apps

Limitations

• Privacy and ethical considerations
• Requires consistent charging or battery maintenance
• May require data plan or subscription for full functionality

Best for: Child safety, elderly care, solo adventurers, emergency preparedness

Type	Primary Use	Key Features	Connectivity	Best For
Automotive GPS	Vehicle monitoring	Real-time tracking, geofencing, speed alerts	GPS + Bluetooth + Cellular (in advanced models)	Fleet managers, parents, vehicle security
Smart Item	Locating everyday objects	Separation alerts, last known location, sound find	Bluetooth + GPS sync via smartphone	Keys, wallets, bags, electronics
Pet Trackers	Pet safety and recovery	GPS tracking, Bluetooth beacons, activity logs	GPS + Bluetooth (some with cellular)	Dogs, cats, outdoor pets
Personal Trackers	Human safety and monitoring	SOS button, geofencing, historical tracking	GPS + Bluetooth + App integration	Children, elderly, travelers

Expert Tip: For optimal performance, ensure your GPS Bluetooth tracker is paired with a reliable mobile app and, if applicable, a stable data plan. Regularly update firmware and check battery levels to maintain consistent tracking accuracy and responsiveness.

Features of GPS Bluetooth Trackers: A Comprehensive Guide

GPS Bluetooth trackers are compact, intelligent devices that combine satellite-based positioning with short-range wireless communication to deliver real-time location tracking for a wide range of personal and commercial applications. These versatile tools are widely used to monitor vehicles, locate lost luggage, secure bicycles, track pets, and safeguard valuable assets. By integrating GPS accuracy with Bluetooth connectivity, these trackers offer a powerful yet energy-efficient solution for modern location tracking needs.

Beyond their basic functionality, GPS Bluetooth trackers have evolved to include advanced features that enhance usability, security, and convenience. Below is a detailed breakdown of the key features that define today’s most effective tracking devices.

Core Features of GPS Bluetooth Trackers

Real-Time Tracking

At the heart of every GPS Bluetooth tracker is real-time location tracking powered by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. This feature enables users to view the exact position of a tracked object on a digital map with high accuracy—often within 3 to 5 meters. Whether you're monitoring a vehicle in transit, a child walking to school, or a pet exploring the neighborhood, real-time updates ensure you're always informed.

The GPS data is transmitted to a paired smartphone or cloud platform via Bluetooth or cellular networks, allowing for continuous monitoring through dedicated apps. Some models also support hybrid tracking, combining GPS with Wi-Fi and cellular triangulation for improved accuracy in urban or indoor environments.

Bluetooth Connectivity

Bluetooth technology enables seamless, low-energy communication between the tracker and your smartphone or tablet. Operating within a typical range of 10 to 100 meters (depending on environmental conditions), Bluetooth allows for quick pairing, instant status updates, and proximity-based alerts.

Low Energy Bluetooth (BLE) is especially beneficial as it significantly extends battery life—some trackers can last months or even years on a single charge or battery. This wireless link is essential for syncing location data, triggering "find my device" functions, and receiving notifications when the tracker goes out of range, making it ideal for locating misplaced keys, wallets, or bags.

Geofencing Capabilities

Geofencing is an intelligent feature that allows users to define virtual geographic boundaries around specific locations—such as home, school, or a pet’s safe zone. When the tracked device enters or exits this predefined area, the system automatically sends an alert to your mobile device.

This is particularly useful for monitoring children, elderly family members, or pets. For example, you can set a geofence around your backyard and receive an instant notification if your dog wanders outside. Similarly, fleet managers use geofencing to monitor vehicle movements and ensure compliance with operational zones.

Compact and Portable Design

Most GPS Bluetooth trackers are designed to be small, lightweight, and discreet—typically measuring between 1 and 4 inches in size and weighing only a few ounces. Their compact form factor makes them easy to attach to keys, backpacks, pet collars, or vehicle dashboards without adding bulk.

Many models are also water-resistant or even fully waterproof, making them suitable for outdoor use in various weather conditions. The sleek, unobtrusive design ensures the tracker remains hidden from view, reducing the risk of tampering or theft while maintaining portability across different use cases.

Mobile Application Integration

Virtually all modern GPS Bluetooth trackers come with a companion mobile app available on iOS and Android platforms. These apps serve as the central hub for managing your tracker, displaying real-time location data, reviewing historical movement logs, and customizing settings.

In addition to live tracking, apps often include features like battery status monitoring, signal strength indicators, silent mode, and social sharing options. Some advanced platforms support multiple device management, family tracking, and integration with smart home systems or voice assistants like Alexa and Google Assistant.

Feature	Functionality	Common Use Cases
Real-Time Tracking	Uses GPS satellites for precise, up-to-the-minute location updates	Vehicle tracking, pet monitoring, child safety, asset recovery
Bluetooth Connectivity	Enables low-power wireless communication with smartphones and tablets	Lost item recovery, proximity alerts, quick device pairing
Geofencing	Triggers alerts when a device enters or exits a defined area	Parental control, pet containment, fleet zone monitoring
Compact Design	Small, lightweight, and often water-resistant for versatile placement	Everyday carry items, outdoor gear, wearable tracking
Mobile App Integration	Provides a user-friendly interface for tracking and settings management	All consumer and commercial tracking applications

Additional Considerations

Battery Life: Look for models with long battery life or rechargeable options, especially for devices used in remote or hard-to-reach locations.

Data Privacy: Ensure the tracker and its associated app comply with data protection standards to safeguard your location information.

Network Dependency: While Bluetooth works without cellular service, real-time GPS tracking often requires a connected network or subscription plan for continuous updates.

Mounting Options: Many trackers come with clips, adhesive backs, or keyring loops for easy attachment to various objects.

Important: Always check the range limitations of Bluetooth and GPS signals. GPS may not work reliably indoors or in dense urban canyons, and Bluetooth range can be reduced by walls or interference. For critical applications, consider trackers with dual-mode connectivity (Bluetooth + cellular) for uninterrupted tracking.

Commercial Uses of GPS Bluetooth Trackers

GPS Bluetooth trackers have emerged as powerful tools across a wide range of industries, transforming the way businesses manage assets, secure valuable equipment, and streamline operations. These compact, cost-effective devices combine the long-range connectivity of GPS with the low-energy efficiency of Bluetooth technology to provide real-time location tracking, geofencing, and data monitoring. From fleet logistics to agriculture and beyond, organizations are leveraging this technology to enhance visibility, improve safety, reduce losses, and drive operational efficiency.

Automotive Industry

GPS Bluetooth trackers are revolutionizing vehicle management in the automotive sector. Auto dealerships, rental agencies, and leasing companies use these devices to monitor vehicle locations, usage patterns, and key performance metrics in real time. This enables proactive fleet utilization, reduces the risk of theft, and supports faster recovery of stolen vehicles by providing precise GPS coordinates to law enforcement.

• Real-time monitoring of vehicle location, speed, and ignition status
• Geofencing alerts notify managers when vehicles leave authorized zones
• Integration with dealership CRM systems for inventory tracking
• Supports anti-theft systems with remote immobilization triggers

Key benefit: Enhanced security and reduced insurance premiums due to improved vehicle recovery rates

Logistics & Transportation

In supply chain and freight operations, GPS Bluetooth trackers provide end-to-end visibility of shipments and containers. By attaching trackers to cargo, pallets, or transport vehicles, logistics providers gain real-time insights into shipment status, transit times, and potential delays. This transparency improves customer communication, enables dynamic route adjustments, and reduces loss or misplacement of goods.

• Monitor high-value cargo across domestic and international routes
• Receive temperature, humidity, and shock alerts for sensitive shipments
• Optimize delivery schedules using real-time ETA calculations
• Improve proof-of-delivery processes with timestamped location data

Pro tip: Use Bluetooth beacons at distribution hubs to trigger automatic check-in/check-out logs

Fleet Management

Fleet operators rely on GPS Bluetooth trackers to monitor vehicle performance, driver behavior, and fuel efficiency. Real-time tracking allows dispatchers to reroute vehicles based on traffic, weather, or job changes, significantly improving service responsiveness. Data collected from trackers helps identify inefficient practices such as excessive idling or unauthorized use.

• Track fuel consumption patterns and identify wasteful driving habits
• Monitor route adherence and reduce off-schedule deviations
• Generate automated maintenance reminders based on mileage and usage
• Improve driver accountability with behavior scoring and reporting

Critical insight: Companies report up to 15% fuel savings after implementing GPS-based fleet monitoring

Agriculture Industry

Modern farming operations use GPS Bluetooth trackers to locate and manage expensive equipment such as tractors, harvesters, and irrigation systems. With equipment often spread across vast acreage, real-time tracking minimizes downtime caused by misplacement and enables efficient scheduling of maintenance and usage.

• Locate machinery quickly across large fields or storage yards
• Prevent theft of high-value agricultural assets
• Optimize equipment sharing between farms or cooperatives
• Integrate with farm management software for usage analytics

Smart application: Pair trackers with weather data to schedule fieldwork during optimal conditions

Pet Tracking (Commercial Applications)

While often associated with personal use, GPS Bluetooth pet trackers have growing commercial relevance in animal care businesses. Veterinary clinics, pet boarding facilities, dog training centers, and breeding operations use these devices to monitor animals during outdoor activities, prevent escapes, and ensure safety during transport.

• Monitor pets during off-leash training or boarding sessions
• Receive instant alerts when animals breach secure boundaries
• Track lost pets in real time using smartphone or web apps
• Provide added value to clients through location-based pet reports

Business opportunity: Offer GPS tracker rentals or bundled services to premium pet care clients

Additional Commercial Applications

Beyond the core industries, GPS Bluetooth trackers are being adopted in construction, healthcare, and event management for diverse purposes including tool tracking, medical equipment monitoring, and asset recovery.

• Construction: Track tools and machinery on job sites to prevent theft and loss
• Healthcare: Monitor mobility of medical carts and wheelchairs in large facilities
• Event Management: Secure audiovisual and staging equipment during transport and setup
• Field Services: Ensure technicians arrive on time and follow assigned routes

Emerging trend: Integration with IoT platforms for predictive maintenance and AI-driven analytics

Professional Insight: When selecting GPS Bluetooth trackers for commercial use, prioritize devices with long battery life, waterproof enclosures, and cloud-based management platforms. Consider models that support both GPS and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for hybrid tracking—GPS for wide-area monitoring and BLE for precise indoor or short-range detection. Ensure compliance with data privacy regulations, especially when tracking vehicles or equipment used by employees.

Industry	Primary Use Case	Key Benefits	ROI Timeframe
Automotive	Vehicle security & fleet tracking	Theft prevention, insurance savings, operational visibility	3–6 months
Logistics	Shipment & container monitoring	Reduced loss, improved delivery accuracy, customer trust	4–8 months
Fleet Management	Driver & route optimization	Fuel savings, maintenance efficiency, compliance	3–5 months
Agriculture	Equipment tracking & utilization	Reduced downtime, theft deterrence, planning efficiency	6–12 months
Pet Care Services	Animal safety & client service	Risk reduction, enhanced trust, premium service offerings	2–4 months

Best Practices for Implementation

• Choose the Right Device: Select trackers with appropriate battery life, durability, and connectivity options (GPS + Bluetooth + cellular, if needed)
• Ensure Data Security: Use encrypted platforms and role-based access controls to protect tracking data
• Train Staff: Educate employees on proper use, privacy policies, and troubleshooting
• Integrate with Software: Connect trackers to fleet management, ERP, or asset tracking systems for seamless data flow
• Monitor & Optimize: Regularly review tracking reports to identify inefficiencies and adjust operations

How to Choose the Right GPS Bluetooth Tracker: A Complete Buyer’s Guide

Selecting the ideal GPS Bluetooth tracker can significantly enhance your ability to monitor assets, vehicles, or personal belongings. With a wide variety of models and features available, it's essential to understand the key factors that influence performance and suitability. This comprehensive guide explores the most important considerations—ranging from tracking type and accuracy to battery life and cost—so you can make an informed decision tailored to your specific needs.

Important Note: Not all "Bluetooth" trackers offer GPS functionality. Some rely solely on Bluetooth proximity (like Apple AirTag or Tile), while true GPS Bluetooth trackers combine satellite positioning with wireless connectivity for real-time location monitoring. Always verify whether the device includes built-in GPS, cellular data, or both.

Key Factors to Consider When Choosing a GPS Bluetooth Tracker

• Type of Tracking

  Different GPS Bluetooth trackers are designed for specific use cases, and choosing the right type is crucial for optimal performance. Vehicle trackers are engineered for real-time fleet or personal car monitoring, often offering features like geofencing, speed alerts, and ignition detection. In contrast, personal item trackers (such as those for keys, bags, or wallets) are compact and typically rely on Bluetooth mesh networks or limited GPS to locate lost items. For high-value assets like motorcycles or trailers, consider ruggedized GPS trackers with tamper alerts and long-range connectivity.

  Ensure the tracker matches your intended application—using a personal Bluetooth-only tag for vehicle tracking will result in poor range and no real-time updates.

• Geolocation Accuracy

  Precise location data is one of the most critical features of a GPS tracker. High-end models use a combination of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, cellular triangulation, and Wi-Fi positioning to deliver accuracy within 3–5 meters. In urban environments with tall buildings or dense tree cover, signal obstruction can degrade GPS performance. Trackers with hybrid location technology maintain better accuracy by switching between satellite and network-based systems.

  If you operate in areas with poor GPS reception (e.g., underground parking, rural zones), opt for a device with dead reckoning capabilities or cellular fallback to ensure continuous tracking. Also, check if the app provides historical location trails and real-time movement updates.

• Battery Life and Power Options

  Battery longevity varies widely across GPS Bluetooth trackers. Personal item trackers often run on coin-cell batteries lasting 6–12 months, which are user-replaceable. Vehicle trackers may draw power directly from the car’s battery via OBD-II ports or hardwiring, enabling continuous operation without recharging.

  For portable use, look for models with low-power Bluetooth (BLE) and sleep modes that extend battery life. Some advanced trackers offer solar charging or rechargeable lithium batteries with 30+ days of runtime. Always consider your usage frequency—frequent real-time tracking drains batteries faster than periodic check-ins.

• Size, Design, and Durability

  The physical design of a GPS Bluetooth tracker should align with its intended use. Compact, lightweight models (often under 1 inch in size) are ideal for slipping into wallets, attaching to keychains, or embedding in luggage. These are usually water-resistant and discreet.

  Automotive or industrial trackers tend to be larger, housing more powerful antennas, batteries, and circuitry. Many are designed to be hidden under vehicles or inside dashboards and feature IP67 or IP68 ratings for dust and water resistance. Magnetic housings allow quick attachment to metal surfaces, while OBD-II plug-in models require no installation.

  Consider whether the tracker needs to be covert, weatherproof, or shock-resistant based on your environment.

• Cost and Subscription Requirements

  GPS Bluetooth trackers range from under $20 for basic Bluetooth finders to over $200 for advanced vehicle tracking systems. While upfront hardware cost is important, many GPS devices require monthly or annual subscription fees for cloud services, real-time tracking, and data storage.

  For example, some fleet trackers charge $5–$15/month per device for access to GPS data, alerts, and fleet management software. In contrast, Bluetooth-only tags like AirTag have no subscription fee but lack standalone GPS. Always evaluate the total cost of ownership—including hardware, installation, and ongoing service fees—before purchasing.

  Pro tip: Look for trackers with free basic tracking tiers or one-time purchase options if you don’t need constant monitoring.

Tracker Type	Best For	Average Battery Life	GPS + Bluetooth?	Subscription Needed?
Personal Item Finder	Keys, wallets, bags	6–12 months	Bluetooth only (some hybrid)	No (e.g., AirTag, Tile)
Portable GPS Tracker	Luggage, children, pets	3–30 days (rechargeable)	Yes	Sometimes (e.g., Jiobit, Tractive)
Vehicle OBD-II Tracker	Cars, fleets, rentals	Continuous (powered)	Yes	Yes (typically $5–$15/mo)
Hardwired Automotive Tracker	Commercial vehicles, anti-theft	Continuous (vehicle-powered)	Yes	Yes
Asset Tracker	Trailers, equipment, shipping	6 months–2 years	Yes	Yes (varies by provider)

Expert Tip: Always test the tracker’s mobile app before committing. A user-friendly interface with real-time maps, geofencing alerts, and low-battery notifications can make a big difference in daily usability. Read customer reviews focusing on app reliability and customer support response times.

Final Recommendations

• Define your primary use case (personal, vehicle, or asset) before browsing models
• Prioritize GPS + cellular connectivity if you need real-time, long-range tracking
• Check for waterproofing and shock resistance if used outdoors or in harsh conditions
• Compare total costs, including any mandatory subscription plans
• Ensure the device is compatible with your smartphone’s operating system (iOS/Android)
• Look for additional features like motion detection, SOS buttons, or voice monitoring if needed

Choosing the right GPS Bluetooth tracker doesn’t have to be overwhelming. By focusing on your specific tracking needs, environment, and budget, you can select a reliable device that delivers peace of mind and long-term value. Whether you're protecting your car, keeping tabs on a loved one, or managing a fleet, the right tracker will provide accurate, timely location data when you need it most.

Frequently Asked Questions About GPS Bluetooth Trackers

Q1: How do GPS Bluetooth trackers operate to locate an object of interest?

GPS Bluetooth trackers combine satellite-based positioning with short-range wireless communication to help users locate their belongings. Here's how they work:

• GPS Positioning: The tracker uses signals from a network of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites to determine its precise geographic location. This process involves calculating the time it takes for signals to travel from multiple satellites to the device, enabling triangulation of position.
• Bluetooth Communication: Once the location is determined, the tracker transmits this data via Bluetooth to a paired receiving device—typically a smartphone or tablet—within a range of about 30–100 feet, depending on model and environment.
• Mobile App Integration: A companion app on the user’s smartphone receives the Bluetooth signal and displays the tracker’s location on a map, often with additional features like last known location, movement history, and alerts.

Some advanced models also support hybrid tracking using Wi-Fi networks or crowd-sourced location networks (like Apple’s Find My or Tile’s network) to enhance location accuracy and extend range beyond direct Bluetooth connectivity.

Q2: What accuracy do GPS Bluetooth trackers generally have?

Under optimal outdoor conditions, GPS Bluetooth trackers typically offer a location accuracy within 3 to 10 meters (about 10 to 33 feet). However, several environmental and technical factors can influence this precision:

• Outdoor Accuracy: In open areas with clear sky visibility, GPS signals are strong, resulting in more accurate positioning.
• Signal Obstruction: Tall buildings, dense tree cover, tunnels, and urban canyons can block or reflect satellite signals, leading to reduced accuracy or temporary loss of GPS lock.
• Bluetooth Range Limitations: While GPS provides global positioning, Bluetooth is only effective at short distances. If the tracker is out of Bluetooth range, the app will display the last known location until the connection is reestablished.
• Assisted GPS (A-GPS): Many trackers use A-GPS, which leverages internet data to speed up satellite acquisition and improve location accuracy, especially during cold starts.

For high-precision needs—such as locating small items indoors—Bluetooth signal strength (RSSI) may be used to estimate proximity, though this method is less accurate than GPS.

Q3: Can users track more than one item simultaneously?

Yes, most modern tracking apps allow users to monitor multiple items at once, making it convenient for managing keys, wallets, bags, pets, or other valuables. Key considerations include:

• App Support: Leading platforms like Apple AirTag, Samsung SmartTag, and Tile support adding multiple trackers, each labeled and managed individually within the same app interface.
• Smartphone Compatibility: Your smartphone must support Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and run an operating system version compatible with the tracker’s app (e.g., iOS 14.5+ or Android 8.0+).
• Connection Management: While smartphones can pair with multiple devices, they typically maintain active Bluetooth connections with only a few trackers at a time. However, background scanning allows passive detection of nearby trackers even when not actively connected.
• Network-Based Tracking: Some ecosystems use a global network of devices to anonymously relay the location of lost items, enabling multi-item tracking even when out of direct range.

Users can usually customize names, icons, and alert settings for each tracked item, enhancing usability and organization.

Q4: Are GPS Bluetooth devices effective indoors?

GPS functionality is significantly limited indoors because satellite signals cannot easily penetrate walls, roofs, or concrete structures. However, Bluetooth plays a crucial role in indoor tracking:

• GPS Indoors: Generally ineffective. Without a clear line of sight to satellites, GPS receivers struggle to acquire or maintain a fix, often resulting in no location data or highly inaccurate readings.
• Bluetooth Advantages: While GPS fails indoors, Bluetooth remains functional over short distances. When a tracker is within range, the connected smartphone can detect its presence and approximate its location based on signal strength.
• Indoor Proximity Features: Many apps offer "precision finding" using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology (available in select models like AirTag with U1 chip), which provides directional guidance and distance estimation for more accurate indoor retrieval.
• Last Known Location: If the tracker was recently outdoors or near a window, the app will display its last recorded GPS coordinates, helping narrow down the search area.

For optimal indoor performance, choose a tracker with strong Bluetooth connectivity, UWB support (if available), and integration with a robust crowd-finding network.

Q5: Do these devices require any special skills to use them?

No, GPS Bluetooth trackers are designed for ease of use and require no technical expertise. Manufacturers prioritize user-friendly experiences through intuitive design and guided software. Here’s what makes them accessible:

• Simple Setup: Pairing a tracker usually involves removing a battery tab, enabling Bluetooth on your phone, and following step-by-step instructions in the companion app—similar to connecting wireless headphones.
• Intuitive Apps: Mobile applications feature clean interfaces with large buttons, visual maps, and voice-guided finding modes. Most include tutorials and tooltips to assist first-time users.
• Automatic Operation: Once set up, the tracker works automatically in the background, continuously updating its location when in range of your device or other networked devices.
• Accessibility Features: Many apps support voice commands (via Siri, Google Assistant), haptic feedback, and loud ring tones to help locate items quickly, even for users with limited mobility or vision.
• Customer Support: Reputable brands offer online help centers, video guides, and responsive customer service to assist with troubleshooting.

Whether you're tech-savvy or new to smart devices, GPS Bluetooth trackers are built to be plug-and-play solutions that simplify everyday life without requiring prior knowledge or training.