An In-Depth Guide to Laser Seam Tracking Robot: Standards, Grades, and Performance

Types of Laser Seam Tracking Robots

A Laser Seam Tracking Robot is a sophisticated automation system used in industrial welding and joining processes to ensure precision, consistency, and efficiency. By using laser technology to detect and follow weld seams in real time, these robots significantly reduce human error, improve weld quality, and increase production throughput.

These systems are widely used in industries such as automotive manufacturing, aerospace, shipbuilding, heavy machinery, and structural steel fabrication. They adapt dynamically to variations in material alignment, joint geometry, and thermal distortion during welding, making them indispensable in high-precision and high-volume environments.

There are three primary types of laser seam tracking robots, each suited to different applications based on complexity, accuracy requirements, and operating conditions:

3D Laser Seam Tracking Robots

Utilizing advanced triangulation and scanning algorithms, 3D laser seam trackers create detailed three-dimensional maps of the weld joint before and during the welding process. This allows the robot to precisely follow complex contours, multi-plane joints, and irregular geometries with sub-millimeter accuracy.

Advantages

• Exceptional accuracy for complex 3D weld paths
• Capable of handling reflective or transparent materials
• Reduces need for precise fixturing
• Minimizes rework and improves first-pass yield
• Ideal for automated aerospace and electronics assembly

Limitations

• Higher initial investment cost
• Requires more processing power and calibration
• May need specialized operator training

Best for: Aerospace, precision electronics, robotic welding of complex components

Active Laser Seam Tracking Robots

Active systems emit a laser beam onto the workpiece surface and use optical sensors to detect deviations in the seam position in real time. The robot controller continuously adjusts the torch path to maintain alignment, compensating for thermal expansion, part misalignment, or fixture inaccuracies during welding.

Advantages

• Real-time dynamic correction during welding
• Excellent for variable or moving joints (e.g., conveyor lines)
• Works across diverse materials and thicknesses
• Improves weld consistency and structural integrity
• Widely used in automotive body-in-white production

Limitations

• Sensitive to surface contamination (oil, rust)
• May require protective shrouds in harsh environments
• Needs regular maintenance of optical components

Best for: Automotive manufacturing, robotic arc welding, high-speed production lines

Passive Laser Seam Tracking Robots

Passive systems rely on ambient or pre-existing laser light reflection from the joint area to identify seam geometry. Instead of actively projecting a laser line, they analyze natural contrasts and surface variations to determine weld path alignment. These systems are simpler and often integrated into existing robotic cells with minimal modifications.

Advantages

• Cost-effective solution for standardized welds
• Low maintenance and easy integration
• Reliable under consistent production conditions
• Suitable for long, straight, or repetitive seams
• Commonly used in shipbuilding and steel construction

Limitations

• Limited adaptability to sudden joint changes
• No real-time correction capability
• Less effective on poorly prepared or inconsistent surfaces

Best for: Shipbuilding, structural fabrication, consistent joint configurations

Type	Accuracy	Adaptability	Cost Efficiency	Best Application
3D Laser Seam Tracking	Excellent	Very High	Medium	Complex geometries, aerospace, precision welding
Active Laser Tracking	High	High	Good	Automotive, dynamic welding environments
Passive Laser Tracking	Medium	Low	Excellent	Shipbuilding, repetitive welds, stable conditions

Expert Tip: For optimal performance, combine active or 3D tracking systems with pre-weld cleaning protocols to ensure the laser sensors can accurately detect the seam, especially on oxidized or coated metals.

Key Benefits of Laser Seam Tracking Robots in Aluminum Welding

Laser seam tracking robots have revolutionized aluminum welding by combining precision engineering with advanced automation. These systems deliver consistent, high-quality welds while improving efficiency and reducing operational costs. Their integration into modern manufacturing—especially in automotive, aerospace, and heavy machinery industries—has significantly enhanced productivity and product reliability. Below are the most important features that make laser seam tracking robots a superior choice for aluminum welding applications.

Increased Precision

Laser welders offer unmatched accuracy when joining aluminum components. The focused laser beam enables extremely tight control over the weld zone, allowing for narrow, clean seams with minimal heat-affected areas. This high level of precision reduces the risk of warping, distortion, and weak joints—common issues in aluminum due to its high thermal conductivity and low melting point.

In industries such as automotive manufacturing, where tolerances can be as tight as a few microns, this precision ensures perfect part fitment and long-term structural integrity. Cleaner welds also mean less post-processing, reducing labor time and enhancing overall production quality.

Enhanced Flexibility

Equipped with robotic arms and real-time seam tracking sensors, these systems can dynamically adjust during the welding process. If the material shifts slightly or the joint path varies due to manufacturing inconsistencies, the robot instantly recalibrates its trajectory using laser feedback.

This adaptability is crucial for complex geometries and custom fabrication tasks that would otherwise require manual intervention or multiple fixturing setups. Unlike traditional welding methods that demand rigid setups and frequent reprogramming, laser seam tracking robots maintain continuous operation across diverse part configurations, enabling agile, low-downtime production lines.

Superior Speed and Efficiency

Laser seam tracking robots dramatically accelerate welding cycles compared to conventional techniques like MIG or TIG welding. The laser’s rapid energy delivery allows for faster travel speeds along the weld seam, completing joints in a fraction of the time without sacrificing quality.

Because they operate continuously and don’t require breaks, these robots support 24/7 production schedules. This sustained throughput reduces bottlenecks in assembly lines and shortens lead times for finished products. For high-volume manufacturers, this speed translates directly into increased output and improved responsiveness to market demands.

Reduced Operating Costs

While the initial investment in laser seam tracking technology may be higher than traditional welding systems, the long-term savings are substantial. The precision of laser welding minimizes material waste, reduces the need for rework, and lowers scrap rates—key cost drivers in aluminum fabrication.

Additionally, automated systems reduce dependency on highly skilled welders for every task, cutting labor expenses over time. Energy consumption is also optimized due to the localized heating of the laser, which uses less power than broad-arc processes. Over months and years, these efficiencies compound, delivering a strong return on investment and improved profit margins.

Minimized Human Error

One of the most significant advantages of automation is the reduction of human error in critical welding operations. Manual welding is subject to inconsistencies caused by fatigue, distractions, or skill variation between operators. In contrast, laser seam tracking robots follow pre-programmed paths with micron-level accuracy, ensuring every weld meets exact specifications.

This consistency improves product quality, enhances safety by eliminating weak or defective welds, and ensures compliance with industry standards (such as ISO 3834 or AWS D17.1). Fewer defects mean fewer recalls, reduced warranty claims, and greater customer satisfaction—making robotic welding a cornerstone of quality assurance in modern manufacturing.

Feature	Impact on Production	Industry Applications
High Precision	Reduces rework, improves fitment, enhances durability	Automotive, Aerospace, Medical Devices
Real-Time Seam Tracking	Enables adaptive welding on variable joints	Custom Fabrication, Heavy Machinery
High-Speed Operation	Increases throughput, reduces cycle times	Mass Production, EV Manufacturing
Automation & Consistency	Lowers defect rates, ensures repeatability	All Precision Manufacturing Sectors
Material Efficiency	Minimizes waste, lowers raw material costs	Aluminum Fabrication, Lightweight Structures

Why These Features Matter

Quality Assurance: Each weld is executed with the same precision, ensuring consistent product quality across batches.

Scalability: Systems can be integrated into existing production lines and scaled for higher volumes as demand grows.

Safety Improvement: Automation removes workers from hazardous welding environments, reducing workplace injuries.

Sustainability: Less material waste and lower energy use contribute to greener manufacturing practices.

Competitive Advantage: Faster production, lower costs, and higher quality help companies stay ahead in global markets.

Important: To fully realize the benefits of laser seam tracking robots, proper system calibration, regular maintenance, and operator training are essential. Integrating these systems with factory-wide data monitoring (Industry 4.0) can further enhance performance through predictive analytics and real-time quality control. Always consult technical experts when selecting equipment to ensure compatibility with your specific materials and production goals.

Commercial Uses of Laser Seam Tracking Robots

Laser seam tracking robots have revolutionized welding automation across multiple industries by combining precision, consistency, and adaptability. These advanced robotic systems use real-time laser sensors to detect and follow weld seams, adjusting for misalignments and material variations without human intervention. This capability makes them indispensable in sectors where welding quality directly impacts safety, performance, and production efficiency.

High-Precision Manufacturing

In industries such as aerospace and automotive, even sub-millimeter deviations can compromise structural integrity. Laser seam tracking ensures consistent weld quality by dynamically correcting the robot’s path during operation.

• Reduces human error in complex joint geometries
• Enables welding of dissimilar or warped materials with high accuracy
• Supports automated inspection and quality assurance workflows

Key benefit: Maintains weld integrity across variable production conditions

High-Volume Production

Factories engaged in mass production rely on uninterrupted workflows. Laser-guided robots minimize downtime by reducing the need for manual rework and recalibration.

• Enables 24/7 operation with minimal supervision
• Speeds up cycle times through consistent, error-free execution
• Integrates seamlessly with existing robotic assembly lines

Efficiency gain: Up to 30% reduction in rework and scrap rates

Worker Safety & Ergonomics

By automating hazardous welding tasks—such as those involving fumes, heat, and repetitive motion—these robots protect workers from long-term health risks.

• Removes personnel from high-risk environments like confined spaces
• Reduces exposure to UV radiation and airborne particulates
• Allows skilled workers to focus on programming, supervision, and quality control

Safety impact: Contributes to lower workplace injury rates and improved OSHA compliance

Cost Efficiency

While the initial investment may be significant, laser seam tracking robots deliver long-term savings through optimized resource use.

• Reduces material waste from failed welds
• Lowers labor costs by minimizing manual touch-ups
• Extends tooling life with precise energy application
• Decreases energy consumption via optimized welding parameters

ROI insight: Payback periods typically range from 12–18 months in high-utilization settings

Industry-Specific Applications

• Automotive Industry

  In the automotive industry, laser seam-tracking robots are vital for achieving high-quality welding in vehicle production. Their precision ensures strong and clean welds, which are essential for safety in critical areas like the vehicle's frame and body. These robots excel in high-volume operations, making them ideal for large production cycles where consistency is key. By reducing errors, they lower costs related to rework and material waste. Their ability to maintain rigorous standards leads to more reliable vehicles, enhancing both efficiency and quality in automotive manufacturing. Advanced models integrate with vision systems to adapt to part-to-part variation on mixed-model lines.

• Aerospace Manufacturing

  In the aerospace sector, laser seam-tracking robots play a crucial role in the assembly of aircraft components. The precision they offer is necessary for welding lightweight but strong materials like titanium and aluminum alloys, ensuring the integrity of critical structures such as wings, fuselages, and engine mounts. These robots handle complex welding tasks with ease, which improves efficiency in such detailed work. By minimizing mistakes, they significantly cut down the costs of rework and ensure that safety standards are met, which is essential in this high-stakes industry. Their contributions lead to faster production times and more dependable aircraft, supporting strict FAA and EASA certification requirements.

• Shipbuilding

  In shipbuilding, laser seam-tracking robots are essential for forming large and complex vessels. They provide the accuracy needed for welding critical components like the hull, deck sections, and bulkheads, which must withstand major stresses at sea. Their speed allows shipbuilders to work more quickly without giving up quality. By reducing welding errors, they save money on rework and repairs. The result is more durable ships with longer lives, which is a big win for shipping companies and naval fleets. These robots are particularly effective in flat-panel and curved-section welding, where traditional methods struggle with consistency.

• Heavy Industry

  Laser seam-tracking robots are valuable in industries that create large machinery and equipment, such as construction, mining, and agricultural machinery. They ensure welding stays accurate on big, thick-section parts, which boosts structural strength and keeps machines operating reliably under extreme conditions. They help make production faster and decrease costly mistakes. By minimizing waste and repairs, they make building processes more affordable. These robots deliver consistent, high-strength joints, leading to durable machines that can endure tough operational environments. Integration with gantry systems allows them to cover large work envelopes efficiently.

• Electronics & Precision Devices

  In electronics manufacturing, laser seam-tracking robots are important for assembling products with thin and complex materials. Their precision is vital for micro-welding and soldering components on circuit boards, battery enclosures, and sensor housings, which boosts device performance and longevity. These robots speed up production by doing repetitive tasks without tiring. They lower costs by preventing mistakes that need fixes. The accuracy they add supports the small, complicated designs that power modern gadgets, including smartphones, wearables, and medical devices. With micron-level control, they enable hermetic sealing and thermal management in compact assemblies.

Strategic Recommendation: When implementing laser seam tracking technology, consider starting with pilot projects in high-error or high-safety-impact zones. This allows for measurable ROI analysis before full-scale deployment. Pair the robots with data logging and analytics tools to monitor weld quality trends and optimize maintenance schedules.

Industry	Primary Application	Material Types	Key Benefit
Automotive	Frame, body-in-white, chassis welding	High-strength steel, aluminum	Consistency in high-volume production
Aerospace	Fuselage, wing, and engine component assembly	Titanium, aluminum alloys, composites	Precision under tight tolerances
Shipbuilding	Hull plating, deck sections, bulkheads	Marine-grade steel, corrosion-resistant alloys	Accuracy on large, curved surfaces
Heavy Industry	Construction equipment, mining machinery	Thick-section carbon steel, abrasion-resistant plate	Durability and reduced downtime
Electronics	Hermetic sealing, micro-welding, battery packs	Stainless steel, copper, aluminum foils	Micron-level accuracy and low heat input

Future Trends and Integration

• AI-Powered Adaptation: Next-gen systems use machine learning to predict seam deviations and adjust parameters in real time
• Digital Twin Integration: Seam tracking data feeds into virtual models for predictive maintenance and process optimization
• Modular Tooling: Robots can switch between laser tracking, vision guidance, and tactile sensing based on task requirements
• Cloud-Based Monitoring: Enables remote diagnostics and performance benchmarking across global facilities
• Sustainability Impact: Reduces energy use and material waste, supporting green manufacturing goals

How to Choose the Right Laser Seam Tracking Robot

Selecting the ideal laser seam tracking robot is a critical decision for any industrial automation setup, especially in precision manufacturing environments such as automotive, aerospace, and electronics production. These advanced robotic systems combine high-accuracy laser sensing with automated welding to deliver consistent, high-quality seams with minimal human intervention. To ensure optimal performance, reliability, and return on investment, several key factors must be carefully evaluated. This comprehensive guide explores the most important considerations when choosing a laser seam tracking robot for your application.

Important Note: A laser seam tracking robot is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Mismatched specifications can lead to poor weld quality, increased downtime, and higher operational costs. Always align your selection with specific production requirements and material characteristics.

Key Factors in Selecting a Laser Seam Tracking Robot

• Work Materials

  The type and properties of materials being welded are among the most critical factors in selecting a laser seam tracking robot. These systems excel with thin metals, composite materials, and delicate components commonly found in electronic devices, automotive assemblies, and aerospace structures. The concentrated heat of the laser enables precise, clean welds with minimal heat-affected zones, preserving the integrity of surrounding areas.

  However, material reflectivity and thermal conductivity significantly influence laser performance. For example, aluminum, copper, and other highly reflective metals require specialized laser types—such as fiber lasers with pulsed or multi-layered beam delivery—to prevent back-reflection damage and ensure consistent penetration. Similarly, materials with high thermal conductivity may need higher energy input or pre-heating strategies.

  In addition, certain materials are prone to oxidation or contamination during welding. In such cases, integrating a shielding gas (like argon or helium) becomes essential to protect the weld pool and ensure strong, defect-free joints. Conducting a thorough material compatibility assessment before selection helps determine whether auxiliary systems—such as gas delivery, fume extraction, or cooling mechanisms—are necessary.

• Laser Power

  The power output of the laser directly affects the robot’s capability to handle various welding tasks. Laser power is typically measured in kilowatts (kW) and should be matched to the material thickness, joint type, and desired welding speed.

  • Low-Power Lasers (Under 1 kW): Ideal for fine, detailed work on thin sheets (e.g., electronics enclosures or sensor housings). These systems offer excellent control and minimal distortion but are unsuitable for thick or highly conductive materials.
  • Medium-Power Lasers (1–4 kW): The most versatile range, suitable for a wide array of industrial applications. Capable of welding medium-thickness steel, stainless steel, and aluminum at moderate to high speeds. Commonly used in automotive body manufacturing and general fabrication.
  • High-Power Lasers (Above 4 kW): Designed for heavy-duty applications such as thick steel plates, shipbuilding, or high-speed production lines. These systems enable deep penetration welding and faster cycle times but require robust cooling, safety enclosures, and higher energy consumption.

  It's crucial to ensure that the robotic arm and control system can safely manage the thermal load and power requirements of the chosen laser. Overloading a robot beyond its design limits can lead to premature wear or system failure.

• Work Environment

  The operational environment plays a significant role in the performance and longevity of a laser seam tracking robot. Industrial settings often present challenges such as limited space, electromagnetic interference, temperature fluctuations, dust, and fumes—all of which must be accounted for during selection.

  In crowded production cells, robots with advanced anti-interference tracking systems (e.g., vision-based or structured-light sensors) are preferred to maintain accuracy despite nearby machinery vibrations or reflective surfaces. The robot’s reach, payload capacity, and degrees of freedom should match the spatial constraints of the workspace to ensure full access to all weld points.

  Harsh environments may require additional protective measures, such as sealed joints, filtered air cooling, or protective shrouds. Support systems like fume extraction units, fire suppression, and safety interlocks are often mandatory for compliance with OSHA or ISO standards. Evaluating environmental conditions early ensures the robot operates reliably and safely over its lifespan.

• Cost Considerations

  While performance is paramount, budget constraints are a reality in most manufacturing decisions. Laser seam tracking robots vary widely in price based on features, precision, and integration complexity.

  • Advanced Systems: Robots equipped with 3D seam tracking, real-time adaptive control, and AI-driven path correction offer superior accuracy and flexibility but come at a higher initial cost. These are best suited for complex, high-mix production environments where precision is non-negotiable.
  • Basic Models: Passive or 2D tracking systems are more affordable and sufficient for repetitive, well-defined welding tasks. They are ideal for small to mid-sized operations with stable product designs.

  When evaluating cost, consider the total cost of ownership (TCO), including software licensing, maintenance contracts, training, spare parts, and energy consumption. A higher upfront investment may yield significant long-term savings through reduced scrap rates, lower rework, and increased throughput. Always perform a cost-benefit analysis based on your production volume and quality requirements.

• Industry Flexibility and Adaptability

  Modern manufacturing demands versatility. A laser seam tracking robot should be capable of adapting to various materials, thicknesses, joint geometries, and production volumes. This flexibility is especially important in industries like automotive and consumer electronics, where product designs evolve frequently.

  Look for systems with programmable welding paths, interchangeable end-effectors, and user-friendly software interfaces that allow quick changeovers between jobs. Features such as offline programming, digital twin simulation, and cloud-based diagnostics enhance adaptability and reduce setup time.

  Modular robots that support future upgrades—such as adding new sensors or integrating with collaborative automation (cobots)—provide long-term scalability. Choosing a flexible system ensures your investment remains relevant as production needs change, minimizing obsolescence and maximizing ROI.

Selection Factor	Key Questions to Ask	Recommended Features	Common Mistakes to Avoid
Work Materials	What metals or composites are being welded? Are they reflective or thermally conductive?	Pulsed lasers for aluminum, shielding gas integration, material-specific welding parameters	Using continuous-wave lasers on reflective metals without proper safeguards
Laser Power	What is the typical material thickness? What welding speed is required?	1–4 kW for general use; >4 kW for heavy-duty applications; power modulation capability	Oversizing or undersizing laser power, leading to inefficiency or poor weld quality
Work Environment	Is the area dusty, hot, or crowded? Are there space limitations?	Compact footprint, EMI-resistant sensors, environmental protection (IP rating), fume extraction compatibility	Ignoring environmental factors, resulting in sensor errors or mechanical wear
Cost	What is the budget? What is the expected ROI timeline?	TCO analysis tools, modular design, service packages, training included	Focusing only on upfront cost while neglecting maintenance and downtime expenses
Flexibility	Will the robot handle multiple product types or frequent design changes?	Offline programming, quick-change tooling, adaptive tracking, software updates	Choosing a rigid system that can’t adapt to future production needs

Expert Tip: Before finalizing your purchase, request a demonstration using your actual materials and joint configurations. Real-world testing reveals how well the robot handles your specific application and helps identify potential integration challenges early in the process.

Final Recommendations

• Consult with application engineers from robot manufacturers to match system capabilities with your production goals.
• Ensure the robot is compatible with your existing automation infrastructure (PLC, HMI, MES systems).
• Verify warranty terms, technical support availability, and spare parts lead times.
• Invest in operator training to maximize system utilization and minimize errors.
• Plan for periodic calibration and maintenance to sustain long-term accuracy and performance.

Choosing the right laser seam tracking robot is a strategic decision that impacts product quality, production efficiency, and operational costs. By carefully evaluating materials, power requirements, environmental conditions, budget, and flexibility, you can select a system that not only meets current needs but also supports future growth. When in doubt, partnering with experienced suppliers and integrators can provide valuable insights and ensure a successful implementation.

Frequently Asked Questions About Laser Seam Tracking Robots in Welding

Q1: What does a laser seam tracking robot do?

A1: A laser seam tracking robot is an advanced automated welding system that uses high-precision laser sensors to detect the exact position, shape, and alignment of a weld joint in real time. As the robot moves along the metal components, the laser scans the seam and continuously adjusts the welding torch’s position to ensure perfect alignment—even if there are slight variations in part fit-up or thermal distortion during the process.

This dynamic correction capability makes the welding process highly accurate, minimizes human error, and ensures consistent weld quality across large production runs. These systems are especially valuable in applications where tight tolerances and structural integrity are critical, such as in automotive manufacturing, aerospace, and heavy machinery fabrication.

Q2: Why do factories use these robots for welding?

A2: Factories increasingly adopt laser seam tracking robots to enhance manufacturing efficiency, reduce operational costs, and maintain high product quality. By automating the weld path correction process, these robots significantly reduce the need for manual rework caused by misaligned or incomplete welds—common issues in high-volume production environments.

Key reasons include:

• Cost Savings: Reduces material waste and labor hours spent on correcting defective welds.
• Increased Throughput: Enables faster cycle times and continuous operation without fatigue.
• Consistency: Delivers uniform weld quality across thousands of parts.
• Adaptability: Compensates for minor part misalignments or thermal expansion during welding, which is common in complex assemblies.

Overall, integrating laser seam tracking technology supports lean manufacturing principles by improving yield rates and reducing downtime.

Q3: What are the benefits of this robot compared to human workers?

A3: While human welders bring skill and adaptability, laser seam tracking robots offer several distinct advantages in industrial settings:

Aspect	Human Welder	Laser Seam Tracking Robot
Consistency	Varies due to fatigue, focus, and technique	Extremely consistent; performs identical welds every time
Speed	Limited by endurance and breaks	Operates continuously at high speed
Precision	Subject to human error	Micron-level accuracy with real-time adjustments
Workload Capacity	8–10 hours per shift	24/7 operation with minimal supervision
Safety	Exposure to heat, fumes, and sparks	Removes personnel from hazardous environments

In addition to higher productivity, robotic systems reduce workplace injuries and allow human workers to focus on programming, maintenance, and quality control—adding value in more strategic roles.

Q4: Can these robots work with many different metal types?

A4: Yes, laser seam tracking robots are highly versatile and capable of welding a wide range of metals and alloys, including but not limited to:

• Steel: Carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steels used in construction and automotive frames.
• Aluminum: Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, commonly found in aerospace and transportation sectors.
• Copper and Brass: Used in electrical components and heat exchangers.
• Heavy Metals: Such as nickel-based alloys used in extreme environments like oil and gas equipment.

The laser tracking system adapts to reflectivity and surface conditions, while the welding parameters (current, voltage, travel speed) can be programmed for each material. This flexibility allows manufacturers to use the same robotic cell for multiple product lines, increasing return on investment and reducing changeover time.

Q5: How does the robot improve weld quality?

A5: Laser seam tracking robots dramatically improve weld quality through several key mechanisms:

• Real-Time Adjustment: The laser sensor detects even sub-millimeter deviations in joint position and instantly corrects the torch path, preventing undercuts, gaps, or incomplete fusion.
• Uniform Penetration: Maintains consistent arc length and travel speed, ensuring deep, even penetration for stronger joints.
• Reduced Defects: Minimizes porosity, spatter, and cracking by optimizing welding parameters based on actual seam conditions.
• Improved Aesthetics: Produces clean, smooth weld beads that often require little to no post-processing.
• Enhanced Structural Integrity: By eliminating weak points and inconsistencies, the final product is safer and more reliable—critical in load-bearing applications.

These improvements lead to higher compliance with industry standards (such as ISO 3834 or AWS D1.1), fewer inspections failures, and longer service life of welded components.