A Complete Overview of Machine Iml: Specifications, Grades, and Industrial Implementation

Types of IML Machines

In-mold labeling (IML) technology has revolutionized the packaging and container manufacturing industries by integrating labeling directly into the molding process. A growing number of businesses are adopting IML machines to enhance productivity, reduce labor costs, and improve product aesthetics. These systems eliminate the need for post-molding labeling, streamline automation, and produce durable, high-quality finishes that resist peeling or fading.

IML machines are primarily categorized based on the molding technique they utilize. Each type offers unique advantages in terms of production speed, design flexibility, material compatibility, and end-product quality. The three main types are Injection IML, Blow IML, and Injection-Blow IML machines—each suited to specific manufacturing requirements and industry applications.

Injection IML Machine

Utilizes injection molding to form plastic containers with labels embedded directly into the product surface.

Advantages

• Seamless label integration with no adhesive required
• High production speed and automation capability
• Durable, scratch-resistant labels that won't peel
• Ideal for complex container shapes and precise designs
• Reduced secondary operations and labor costs

Limitations

• Higher initial equipment investment
• Requires precise label placement systems
• Limited to thermoplastic materials like PP and PE

Best for: Rigid containers, food packaging (yogurt cups, butter tubs), medical trays, and consumer goods

Blow IML Machine

Combines in-mold labeling with blow molding to produce hollow plastic containers such as bottles and jugs with fully integrated graphics.

Advantages

• Excellent for large surface area labeling
• Superior visual appeal with full-wrap design options
• High-speed production for mass-market items
• Labels become part of the container wall for durability
• Improved branding and shelf impact

Limitations

• Less suitable for small or intricate containers
• Potential for label wrinkling if not properly aligned
• Requires consistent air pressure and temperature control

Best for: Beverage bottles, cleaning product containers, personal care packaging, and household chemicals

Injection-Blow IML Machine

Integrates injection molding, blow molding, and in-mold labeling into a single, highly efficient production system for premium-quality containers.

Advantages

• Combines precision of injection with flexibility of blow molding
• Enables high-clarity, consistent wall thickness in final products
• Supports complex, multi-layered designs with full decoration
• Maximizes production efficiency with minimal waste
• Ideal for high-end, value-added packaging

Limitations

• Most expensive IML machine type due to complexity
• Requires specialized maintenance and operator training
• Longer setup time for changeovers

Best for: Pharmaceutical bottles, premium cosmetics, infant care products, and specialty food containers

Type	Molding Method	Production Speed	Label Quality	Typical Applications
Injection IML	Injection Molding	High	Excellent (durable, seamless)	Food containers, medical packaging, trays
Blow IML	Blow Molding	Very High	Very Good (full-wrap capability)	Bottles, jugs, household containers
Injection-Blow IML	Hybrid (Injection + Blow)	Moderate to High	Exceptional (precision + durability)	Premium packaging, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics

Expert Tip: When selecting an IML machine, consider your production volume, container design complexity, and desired label coverage. For high-volume, simple shapes, Blow IML may be optimal. For precision and rigidity, Injection IML excels. For top-tier quality and branding, Injection-Blow IML offers unmatched integration and finish quality.

Key Benefits of IML Technology Across All Machine Types

• Enhanced Durability: Labels are fused into the plastic, making them resistant to moisture, abrasion, and chemicals.
• Improved Sustainability: Eliminates glue and reduces packaging layers, supporting recyclability.
• Superior Aesthetics: Allows for vibrant, high-resolution graphics with full-wrap or 360° design options.
• Cost Efficiency: Reduces labor, inventory, and rework by combining molding and labeling in one step.
• Brand Protection: Prevents label tampering and counterfeiting due to integrated construction.

Specifications and Maintenance of In-Mold Labeling (IML) Machines

In-mold labeling (IML) machines are essential in modern plastic manufacturing, enabling high-speed, precise integration of labels directly into molded products during the injection or blow molding process. Understanding the key specifications ensures optimal machine selection for production needs, while consistent maintenance maximizes uptime, labeling quality, and equipment lifespan.

Key Specifications of IML Machines

When selecting or evaluating an IML machine, several technical parameters must be considered to ensure compatibility with your production line, product design, and labeling requirements. These specifications directly impact efficiency, quality, and operational flexibility.

Production Capacity

The production capacity of an IML machine refers to the number of labeled units it can produce per hour (UPH), which varies significantly based on the machine model, integration with the injection molding press, cycle time, and label complexity. High-capacity systems can handle thousands of units per hour, making them ideal for mass production of containers, lids, and packaging.

Capacity is influenced by mold design, robot speed, label feeding mechanism, and synchronization with the molding cycle. Accurate capacity planning ensures that the IML system does not become a bottleneck in the production line.

Labeling Speed and Cycle Time

Labeling speed is closely tied to the overall cycle time of the molding process. IML machines must place labels into the mold cavity quickly and precisely before the injection phase begins. Advanced robotic arms or mechanical inserters can achieve placement times under one second.

Faster labeling speeds increase throughput but require precise timing and robust control systems. The machine’s ability to maintain consistent speed without compromising label positioning is critical for high-quality output.

Product Size and Weight Range

IML machines are designed to handle a wide range of product geometries, from small yogurt cups to large industrial containers. The machine must accommodate variations in product diameter, height, wall thickness, and weight.

Machine specifications typically define the minimum and maximum dimensions and weight of the molded parts. Ensuring compatibility prevents misalignment during label insertion and reduces the risk of product defects or machine strain.

Label Size and Material Compatibility

The physical dimensions and material properties of the label are crucial. IML machines support various label sizes, typically defined by length, width, and thickness ranges (e.g., 50–300 mm in diameter, 0.1–0.3 mm thick). Labels are usually made from polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), or other heat-resistant films.

The machine’s feed system—whether vacuum, gripper, or magnetic—must be compatible with the label material to prevent jams, wrinkles, or misplacement. Some models offer quick-change tooling for different label formats.

Accuracy and Placement Precision

Precision is one of the most critical performance metrics for IML machines. Labels must be positioned within tight tolerances (often ±0.5 mm) to ensure proper alignment after molding. Misaligned labels result in cosmetic defects, customer rejections, and wasted materials.

Advanced systems use servo-driven robotics, vision alignment, and real-time feedback to maintain consistent placement accuracy across thousands of cycles. High repeatability ensures brand consistency and meets strict quality control standards.

Integration and Automation Level

Modern IML machines are highly automated and integrate seamlessly with injection molding machines, conveyors, and quality inspection systems. Key features include programmable logic controllers (PLCs), HMI interfaces, and IoT connectivity for remote monitoring.

Higher automation levels reduce labor requirements, minimize human error, and enable data collection for predictive maintenance and process optimization. Compatibility with Industry 4.0 standards enhances scalability and operational intelligence.

Specification	Typical Range	Impact on Production
Production Capacity	500–6,000 UPH	Determines output volume; must match molding machine speed
Label Size (Diameter)	40–400 mm	Affects mold design and label feeder compatibility
Label Thickness	0.1–0.5 mm	Thicker labels require stronger vacuum/gripping systems
Placement Accuracy	±0.3 to ±1.0 mm	Directly impacts label appearance and product quality
Cycle Time	3–15 seconds	Shorter cycles increase efficiency but demand precise coordination

Essential Maintenance Practices for IML Machines

Regular and proactive maintenance is vital to prevent downtime, ensure labeling consistency, and extend the service life of your IML system. A structured maintenance program reduces unexpected failures and maintains peak performance.

Regular Cleaning and Sanitation: Dust, plastic residue, and static buildup can interfere with label handling and sensor operation. Clean the label magazine, vacuum nozzles, robotic arms, and mold surfaces daily or after each production run. Use non-abrasive cleaners to avoid damaging sensitive components.

Preventive Maintenance and Lubrication: Follow the manufacturer’s maintenance schedule for inspecting and replacing wear-prone parts such as seals, grippers, belts, and bearings. Lubricate moving components (e.g., guide rails, joints) with approved lubricants to reduce friction and prevent premature wear.

Inspection of Auxiliary Systems: IML machines rely on supporting systems like label feeders, air compressors, conveyors, and vision inspection units. Regularly check these systems for proper function, alignment, and cleanliness to ensure seamless integration and avoid cascading failures.

Operator Training and Standardization: Train operators on correct startup, shutdown, troubleshooting, and safety procedures. Well-trained staff can identify early signs of malfunction, perform basic maintenance, and operate the machine efficiently, reducing the risk of errors and damage.

Calibration and Sensor Checks: Periodically verify the calibration of positioning systems, vacuum sensors, and optical detectors. Misaligned sensors can lead to incorrect label placement or machine stoppages. Use test runs to validate performance after maintenance.

Important: Always consult the IML machine’s technical manual for model-specific maintenance intervals, torque specifications, and replacement part numbers. Using non-OEM components or skipping scheduled service can lead to reduced accuracy, increased downtime, and voided warranties. Investing in routine care ensures consistent labeling quality, maximizes return on investment, and supports long-term production reliability.

Applications of In-Mold Labeling (IML) Machines Across Industries

In-mold labeling (IML) technology has revolutionized packaging and product branding by integrating labels directly into the molding process. This advanced method ensures seamless, durable, and visually striking finishes that enhance product appeal, functionality, and compliance. Below is a comprehensive overview of how IML machines are transforming key industries with precision, efficiency, and long-term value.

Food Industry

In the competitive food packaging sector, first impressions matter. In-mold labeling machines have become indispensable for producing high-quality containers, cups, tubs, and trays for fresh foods, dairy products, frozen meals, and nutritional items. Unlike traditional labeling methods, IML embeds the label during the molding process, resulting in a smooth, tamper-resistant surface that resists peeling, smudging, or moisture damage.

• Enhanced Brand Visibility: Full-wrap or 360° graphics increase shelf impact and consumer engagement.
• Hygienic & Tamper-Proof: Labels are sealed within the plastic, reducing contamination risks and improving food safety.
• Efficient Production: Combines molding and labeling in one step, reducing labor and cycle time.
• Sustainability Advantage: IML-labeled containers are often fully recyclable without label separation.

Ideal for: Yogurt cups, deli containers, ice cream tubs, ready-to-eat meals, and single-serve packaging.

Automotive Industry

As automotive design evolves toward sleeker, more integrated aesthetics, in-mold labeling offers a durable and precise solution for interior and exterior components. IML machines enable the direct application of branding, control labels, warning symbols, and decorative panels into plastic parts during injection molding.

• Seamless Integration: Graphics are fused into the part surface, eliminating edges that can peel or collect dirt.
• Durability Under Stress: Resistant to UV exposure, temperature fluctuations, chemicals, and abrasion—ideal for dashboards, consoles, and trim pieces.
• Customization at Scale: Supports rapid design changes for limited editions or regional branding without tooling overhauls.
• Clean Aesthetic: Provides a premium, flush finish that enhances perceived quality in vehicle interiors.

Common applications: HVAC controls, gear shift surrounds, instrument clusters, glove box liners, and storage bins.

DIY & Hardware Industry

The DIY market thrives on personalization, ruggedness, and clear product identification. In-mold labeling machines deliver durable, eye-catching branding for containers used in paints, adhesives, solvents, tool storage, and home improvement products.

• Impact Resistance: Labels remain intact even under rough handling, drops, or exposure to solvents and oils.
• Custom Branding: Enables unique designs, color coding, and safety warnings tailored to specific product lines.
• Long-Term Legibility: Critical for safety instructions and usage guidelines that must remain readable over years of use.
• Marketing Edge: High-gloss finishes and vibrant colors help DIY brands stand out on crowded shelves.

Perfect for: Paint cans, spray bottles, sealant tubes, toolboxes, and modular storage systems.

Pharmaceutical Industry

In pharmaceutical manufacturing, accuracy, compliance, and durability are non-negotiable. In-mold labeling machines provide a secure, automated way to apply essential information directly onto medical containers, ensuring reliability throughout the product lifecycle.

• Regulatory Compliance: Labels include dosage instructions, batch numbers, expiration dates, barcodes, and regulatory symbols—permanently fused to prevent tampering.
• Chemical & Moisture Resistance: Withstands sterilization, cleaning agents, and humidity without fading or peeling.
• Traceability & Safety: Ensures critical patient information remains legible, reducing medication errors.
• Process Efficiency: Eliminates post-molding labeling steps, reducing contamination risk and increasing throughput.

Key uses: Pill bottles, medicine cups, diagnostic containers, IV solution packaging, and clinical trial vials.

Cosmetic & Personal Care Industry

In the beauty sector, packaging is a powerful extension of brand identity. In-mold labeling machines allow cosmetic brands to create luxurious, high-definition packaging that captivates consumers while maintaining functional integrity.

• Premium Aesthetics: Enables metallic finishes, gloss effects, embossing, and intricate designs that elevate brand perception.
• Durability in Daily Use: Resists water, oils, lotions, and frequent handling—essential for bathroom and travel environments.
• Design Flexibility: Supports seasonal campaigns, limited editions, and personalized product lines with minimal downtime.
• Seamless Finish: No raised edges mean smoother textures and a more elegant tactile experience.

Widely used for: Skincare jars, makeup compacts, shampoo bottles, lip gloss tubes, and fragrance containers.

Cross-Industry Benefits of IML Technology

Beyond individual applications, in-mold labeling offers universal advantages that make it a smart investment across sectors:

• Reduced Waste: Fewer production steps mean less material scrap and lower energy consumption.
• Brand Protection: Tamper-evident, permanent labels reduce counterfeiting risks.
• Automation Compatibility: Easily integrates with high-speed production lines and Industry 4.0 systems.
• Environmental Friendliness: Monomaterial construction supports easier recycling compared to multi-layer or adhesive-labeled packaging.
• Lower Total Cost of Ownership: Despite higher initial setup, IML reduces long-term labor, rework, and return costs.

Future-ready: As sustainability and digital traceability gain importance, IML is well-positioned to support smart labels and eco-conscious packaging trends.

Expert Insight: When recommending IML solutions, consider not only the current production needs but also future scalability and branding goals. For industries like pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, where consumer trust and regulatory compliance are paramount, investing in high-precision IML systems pays off in quality, consistency, and market differentiation. Pair IML with digital design tools to enable rapid prototyping and faster time-to-market for new product launches.

Industry	Primary Use Case	Key IML Advantage	Lifespan & Durability
Food	Containers, cups, trays	Hygienic, full-wrap branding	High – resistant to moisture, freezing, and handling
Automotive	Interior trim, control panels	Seamless integration, UV resistance	Very High – withstands extreme temps and abrasion
DIY/Hardware	Paint cans, toolboxes, bottles	Impact and chemical resistance	High – suitable for rugged environments
Pharmaceutical	Medicine bottles, diagnostic kits	Regulatory compliance, tamper-proof	Very High – maintains legibility over years
Cosmetics	Jars, bottles, compacts	Premium aesthetics, water resistance	High – retains color and finish with daily use

Choosing the Right IML Solution

• Material Compatibility: Ensure the IML machine supports the specific resin (PP, PET, PE, etc.) used in your molding process.
• Label Design Flexibility: Look for systems that support high-resolution printing and quick changeovers for custom runs.
• Integration Capability: Choose machines that seamlessly connect with existing molding equipment and factory automation systems.
• Service & Support: Opt for suppliers offering technical training, maintenance programs, and spare parts availability.
• Sustainability Features: Consider energy-efficient models and those compatible with bio-based or recycled label materials.

How to Choose the Right In-Mold Labeling (IML) Machine for Your Business

Selecting the optimal In-Mold Labeling (IML) machine is a strategic decision that directly impacts production efficiency, product quality, and long-term operational costs. IML technology integrates labeling directly into the molding process, offering durable, high-quality graphics that resist peeling, fading, and moisture damage. This comprehensive guide outlines the key factors to consider when choosing an IML machine tailored to your specific manufacturing needs and business goals.

Important Note: The performance and return on investment (ROI) of an IML system depend heavily on matching the machine’s capabilities with your production volume, container design, material type, and automation requirements. Rushing this decision can lead to inefficiencies, increased downtime, and higher operating costs.

1. Define Your Application and Production Requirements

The first and most critical step is understanding your intended use case. IML machines are employed across diverse industries—including food packaging, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, household goods, and automotive components—each with unique demands.

• Container Type: Determine whether you’re producing bottles, tubs, lids, trays, or other molded parts. The geometry and size of the container will influence the mold design and labeling mechanism.
• Material Compatibility: Most IML systems work with polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), or polystyrene (PS). Ensure the machine supports your chosen resin and processing temperatures.
• Production Volume: High-volume operations benefit from fully automated systems, while lower-volume producers may find semi-automated solutions more cost-effective.
• Label Complexity: Consider label size, shape, number of labels per container, and graphic requirements. Complex multi-label applications may require advanced robotic placement systems.

2. Evaluate Automation Levels

The degree of automation significantly affects labor costs, throughput, consistency, and overall operational efficiency. Choose based on your workforce availability, budget, and production goals.

Automation Level	Key Features	Best For	Labor Requirements
Fully Automated	Automatic label feeding, positioning, and placement via robotics; continuous operation with minimal supervision	High-volume production lines (e.g., yogurt cups, dairy containers)	1–2 operators for monitoring and maintenance
Semi-Automated	Machine handles most processes but requires manual label loading or periodic intervention	Mid-volume operations with frequent product changeovers	2–3 operators for feeding and oversight
Manual	Operator places labels into molds before each cycle; limited speed and consistency	Prototyping, small batches, or very low-budget setups	At least one dedicated operator per machine

Consider not only current staffing levels but also future scalability. Investing in automation can reduce long-term labor costs and improve labeling precision and repeatability.

3. Choose the Right IML Technology: Hot, Cold, or Hybrid

IML machines are categorized by how they apply the label to the mold. Each method has distinct advantages depending on your material, speed, and quality requirements.

• Hot IML: Labels are applied using heat-activated adhesives or static charge at elevated mold temperatures. This method ensures strong adhesion and is ideal for high-speed production. However, it may require specialized label materials and can increase energy consumption.
  • Pros: Faster cycle times, excellent label-to-container bond, suitable for demanding environments
  • Cons: Higher initial cost, greater energy usage, limited to heat-stable substrates
• Cold IML: Uses electrostatic charge or mechanical grippers to place labels into cool molds before injection. Offers flexibility and lower operating temperatures.
  • Pros: Lower energy costs, compatible with a wider range of label stocks, easier integration with existing systems
  • Cons: Slightly slower than hot systems, may require more precise environmental control (humidity)
• Hybrid IML: Combines elements of both hot and cold systems, offering versatility for facilities producing multiple product types.
  • Pros: Adaptable to various materials and production speeds, future-proof investment
  • Cons: More complex setup and maintenance, higher initial investment

4. Assess Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

While initial purchase price is important, the true cost of an IML machine extends far beyond the sticker price. Evaluate the following factors to determine long-term value:

• Machine Durability: Look for robust construction, quality components, and proven reliability in similar applications.
• Maintenance Needs: Fully automated systems may require specialized technicians; consider service availability and spare parts costs.
• Energy Efficiency: Compare power consumption, especially for hot IML systems that operate at higher temperatures.
• Integration Costs: Factor in mold modifications, robotics, conveyors, and control system compatibility with your existing injection molding machines.
• Training and Support: Ensure the supplier offers comprehensive training, technical support, and documentation.

Expert Tip: Request live demonstrations or site visits to observe the IML machine in action under conditions similar to your production environment. This allows you to assess real-world performance, ease of operation, and integration potential before making a commitment.

Final Recommendations

• Consult with experienced IML equipment suppliers to evaluate your specific needs.
• Review case studies or customer references in your industry segment.
• Ensure the machine allows for future upgrades (e.g., additional labeling stations, connectivity for Industry 4.0).
• Verify warranty terms, service response times, and software update policies.
• Consider starting with a pilot project if transitioning from traditional labeling methods.

Ultimately, the best IML machine is one that aligns with your production goals, material specifications, automation strategy, and financial parameters. By carefully evaluating each of these factors, you can select a system that enhances product quality, increases efficiency, and delivers a strong return on investment over its operational lifespan.

Frequently Asked Questions About In-Mold Labeling (IML) Machines

Q1: Which IML machine is better—two-stage or one-stage IML machines?

Choosing between a one-stage and two-stage in-mold labeling (IML) machine depends on your production goals, budget, and product requirements. Here’s a detailed comparison to help guide your decision:

• One-Stage IML Machines: These integrate the molding and labeling processes into a single, continuous operation. This design typically results in higher production speeds, superior product quality, and greater structural integrity of the final product. The on-the-fly labeling process eliminates the need for post-molding decoration, reducing labor and material costs. It's ideal for high-volume production runs where consistency and efficiency are critical, such as in food containers, medical packaging, and premium consumer goods.
• Two-Stage IML Machines: These separate the molding and labeling stages, allowing for greater flexibility in production. They usually require a lower initial investment, making them accessible for small to mid-sized manufacturers. Setup is often quicker, and they can handle a wider variety of materials and product shapes. This makes two-stage systems well-suited for businesses with diverse or frequently changing product lines, custom packaging needs, or lower-volume production.

Bottom Line: Opt for a one-stage machine if you prioritize speed, quality, and automation. Choose a two-stage system if you value cost-efficiency, versatility, and adaptability in your operations.

Q2: How fast can an IML machine work?

The operating speed of an in-mold labeling (IML) machine varies significantly based on the machine type, model, product complexity, and production environment. However, most modern IML systems are engineered for high-speed performance to meet industrial demands.

Typically, an IML machine can label between 100 to 300 products per minute, with some advanced models exceeding this range under optimal conditions. The actual speed depends on several key factors:

• Machine Type:
  • Injection IML Machines: Best for rigid containers like tubs and lids; speeds range from 100–250 cycles/min.
  • Servo Motor Blow Molding IML Machines: Used for bottles and hollow containers; offer precise control and speeds of 120–300 labels/min.
  • Stack Technology IML Machines: Designed for high-density stacking and rapid cycling, often used in automated lines for maximum throughput.
• Label Complexity: Multi-label applications or intricate designs may reduce cycle speed.
• Material & Mold Design: Thicker walls or complex geometries can extend cooling and cycle times.
• Automation Level: Fully integrated robotic handling and vision systems can enhance speed and consistency.

For accurate performance estimates, consult the manufacturer’s specifications based on your specific product and production setup.

Q3: Does an IML machine require special training to operate safely and properly?

While in-mold labeling (IML) machines are designed with user-friendly interfaces and automated controls, proper operator training is essential for safe, efficient, and reliable operation. Although no formal certification is typically required, comprehensive on-the-job training ensures optimal performance and workplace safety.

Key areas that operators should be trained in include:

• Machine Setup & Calibration: Loading molds, aligning labels, and configuring settings for different product runs.
• Label Feeding Systems: Understanding vacuum, robotic arm, or pick-and-place mechanisms used to position labels accurately.
• Process Monitoring: Recognizing signs of misalignment, label jams, or defective outputs during production.
• Troubleshooting: Addressing common issues like sensor errors, misfeeds, or mechanical delays without halting the entire line.
• Preventive Maintenance: Performing routine cleaning, lubrication, and component inspections to extend machine life.
• Safety Protocols: Lockout/tagout procedures, emergency stops, guarding compliance, and handling hot molds or moving parts safely.

Many manufacturers offer training programs, manuals, and technical support to help onboard operators. Investing in training reduces downtime, improves product quality, and minimizes the risk of accidents or equipment damage.

Q4: What are the future trends of IML machines?

The future of in-mold labeling (IML) machines looks promising, driven by technological innovation, sustainability demands, and growing consumer preferences for high-quality, visually appealing packaging.

According to market research, the global IML market was valued at $1.22 billion in 2022 and is projected to reach $1.76 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.70% from 2023 to 2030. This expansion is fueled by several key trends:

• Rising Demand in Food & Beverage Packaging: IML offers durable, tamper-proof, and aesthetically superior labeling ideal for dairy, condiments, and ready-to-eat meals.
• Sustainability Initiatives: As brands move toward recyclable mono-materials, IML supports eco-friendly packaging by using compatible films that don’t interfere with recycling streams.
• Smart Manufacturing Integration: Modern IML machines are increasingly equipped with IoT sensors, predictive maintenance, and real-time data analytics for Industry 4.0 readiness.
• Customization & Digital Printing: Advances in digital label printing allow for short-run customization, variable data, and personalized packaging—ideal for niche markets and promotional campaigns.
• Global Adoption in Emerging Markets: Regions like Asia-Pacific and Latin America are expanding plastic packaging infrastructure, accelerating IML adoption in both industrial and consumer sectors.

As automation, precision, and environmental compliance become central to manufacturing, IML technology is poised to play a crucial role in the next generation of smart, sustainable packaging solutions.