Types of Mechanical Soil Augers
A mechanical soil auger is a drilling tool designed to bore into the ground for various applications such as fencing, foundation work, soil sampling, and landscaping. These augers come in different configurations tailored to specific ground conditions, project scales, and operational needs. Choosing the right type ensures efficiency, precision, and equipment longevity.
Manual Augers
Hand-operated tools ideal for small-scale, low-depth drilling in soft or moderately firm soils.
Advantages
- Portable and lightweight for easy transport
- No fuel or power source required
- Ideal for remote or inaccessible areas
- Low cost and minimal maintenance
- Perfect for soil sampling and small post holes
Limitations
- Labor-intensive and physically demanding
- Not suitable for hard or rocky soils
- Limited depth and diameter capacity
- Slower than powered alternatives
Best for: Garden projects, soil testing, fence installation in soft ground, and areas with limited access
Engine-Powered Augers
Motorized augers driven by gas or electric engines, available in sizes from 63 mm to 250 mm in diameter.
Advantages
- High drilling speed and efficiency
- Capable of handling tough soil conditions
- Available in handheld, backpack, and tripod-mounted models
- Wide range of bit sizes for different hole dimensions
- Reduces physical strain significantly
Limitations
- Higher initial and maintenance cost
- Requires fuel or electricity
- Bulkier and heavier than manual options
- Not ideal for very tight or confined spaces
Best for: Large-scale fencing, utility pole installation, landscaping, and projects requiring multiple or deep holes
Soil Sampling Augers
Specialized augers designed to extract intact cylindrical soil cores from various depths for geotechnical or agricultural analysis.
Advantages
- Precise and undisturbed soil sample collection
- Enables layer-by-layer soil stratification analysis
- Available in hand and power-driven versions
- Compatible with multiple soil types (clay, silt, sand)
- Critical for environmental and engineering assessments
Limitations
- Not designed for large excavation tasks
- Requires careful handling to preserve sample integrity
- Limited depth in very dense or rocky soils
- May need cleaning between uses to avoid cross-contamination
Best for: Agricultural testing, environmental studies, construction site evaluations, and research projects
Rock Augers
Heavy-duty augers built with reinforced steel cores and carbide-tipped teeth to penetrate rocky or compacted ground.
Advantages
- Designed for extreme durability in tough conditions
- Effective in fractured rock, hardpan, and compacted soils
- Used for geological sampling and foundation drilling
- Available in hydraulic, pneumatic, and hand-operated models
- Provides accurate rock core extraction
Limitations
- Expensive compared to standard augers
- Heavy and requires robust equipment to operate
- Overkill for soft or loamy soils
- Teeth may require periodic replacement
Best for: Geological surveys, mining exploration, foundation drilling in rocky terrain, and heavy construction
T-Post / Pole Augers
Compact, cost-effective augers specifically designed for installing T-posts, fence posts, or poles in gardens and agricultural settings.
Advantages
- Narrow diameter ideal for fence post holes
- Often compatible with standard power drills or handheld drivers
- Affordable and widely available
- Efficient for repetitive, shallow-hole tasks
- Great for vegetable gardens and small fencing projects
Limitations
- Limited to small-diameter holes (typically 2–4 inches)
- Not suitable for deep or large-scale excavation
- May struggle in very hard or rocky soils
- Less durable than industrial-grade augers
Best for: Installing fence posts, garden stakes, signage, and light-duty pole applications
| Type | Power Source | Soil Compatibility | Typical Use Case | Durability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manual Augers | Human effort | Soft to medium soils | Soil sampling, small post holes | Moderate |
| Engine-Powered Augers | Gas/Electric motor | Medium to hard soils | Fencing, landscaping, utility work | High |
| Soil Sampling Augers | Manual or motorized | All soil types (non-rocky) | Geotechnical testing, agriculture | High (precision-focused) |
| Rock Augers | Hydraulic/Hand | Rocky, compacted soils | Geological sampling, foundations | Very High |
| T-Post / Pole Augers | Manual or drill-powered | Soft to medium soils | Fence installation, gardening | Moderate |
Expert Tip: Always match the auger type and size to your soil conditions and project requirements. Using a rock auger in soft soil may be overkill, while a manual auger in rocky terrain can lead to equipment damage and user fatigue. Pre-inspect the site for underground utilities before drilling.
Durability and Materials of Mechanical Soil Augers
Mechanical soil augers are essential tools in agriculture, landscaping, and construction, where efficient soil penetration and hole drilling are required. Their performance and service life depend heavily on build quality, material selection, and proper maintenance. Understanding how durability is influenced by design and materials helps users select the right auger for their soil type and operational demands.
How Durability Is Assured in Soil Auger Design
The longevity and reliability of a mechanical soil auger are determined by several key engineering factors. These include blade thickness, material composition, structural construction, and size specifications—all tailored to match specific soil conditions and usage intensity.
Blade Thickness
Blade thickness is a critical factor in determining an auger’s ability to withstand wear and resist deformation. Thicker blades (typically 6–10 mm) are engineered for challenging environments such as compacted clay, rocky soils, or root-filled ground. These provide enhanced structural integrity and reduce the risk of bending or chipping during operation.
For softer soils like loam or sandy terrain, moderate blade thickness (4–6 mm) offers a balance between strength and weight, improving maneuverability and reducing strain on the driving mechanism. Selecting the appropriate thickness ensures optimal performance without unnecessary material overkill.
Blade Materials
The choice of blade material directly impacts corrosion resistance, hardness, and overall lifespan. Most standard augers use high-strength carbon steel or stainless steel, which provide excellent durability and resistance to rust in normal conditions.
For more demanding applications, alloy steels—such as boron steel or chromium-molybdenum blends—are used to enhance toughness and wear resistance. In extreme environments involving abrasive soils or frequent drilling through hard layers, tungsten carbide tips are welded onto cutting edges. These tips dramatically extend blade life by resisting abrasion and maintaining sharpness over prolonged use.
Construction Quality
Premium soil augers often feature a solid-core shaft design, which eliminates weak points found in hollow or welded constructions. A solid core provides superior torsional strength, minimizing flexing and reducing the likelihood of breakage under high torque.
This robust construction is especially important for heavy-duty applications such as deep-hole drilling or continuous commercial use. Reinforced welds at stress points, precision-balanced flighting, and heat-treated components further contribute to long-term reliability and consistent performance.
Diameter and Size Considerations
The diameter of the auger influences both its application scope and wear rate. Larger-diameter augers (e.g., 12 inches or more) generate greater resistance and require more power to operate, leading to increased stress on the blades, shaft, and drive system. This results in faster wear, especially in tough soil conditions.
Smaller-diameter models (6–9 inches) experience less strain and are ideal for lighter, repetitive tasks such as fence post installation or planting. Their reduced load translates into longer service intervals and lower maintenance frequency. Choosing the right size ensures efficiency while preserving equipment longevity.
| Design Feature | Durability Impact | Recommended Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| Thick Blade (≥8 mm) | High | Rocky, compacted, or root-dense soils |
| Tungsten Carbide Tips | Very High | Extreme abrasion or frequent drilling |
| Solid-Core Shaft | High | Heavy-duty or commercial operations |
| Stainless Steel Construction | Medium-High | Moist or corrosive environments |
| Small Diameter (6–9 in) | Medium | Light-duty, residential, or intermittent use |
Maintenance Practices to Extend Auger Life
Even the most durable soil augers will degrade prematurely without proper care. Regular maintenance not only prolongs service life but also ensures consistent performance, reduces operator fatigue, and prevents unexpected breakdowns.
Important: Neglecting basic maintenance can drastically shorten an auger’s lifespan, even if it’s made from premium materials. Always follow the manufacturer’s care guidelines and inspect the tool before each use. Proper upkeep not only safeguards your investment but also enhances safety and operational efficiency in the field.
Commercial Uses of Mechanical Soil Augers
Mechanical soil augers are versatile and powerful excavation tools designed to efficiently drill holes into the ground for a wide range of commercial and industrial applications. These motorized tools—available in handheld, walk-behind, and truck-mounted configurations—enable rapid penetration through various soil types, from loose topsoil to compacted clay. Their precision and efficiency make them indispensable in construction, agriculture, environmental science, and infrastructure development.
Site Investigation & Soil Sampling
One of the primary uses of mechanical soil augers is in geotechnical site investigations. Engineers and contractors utilize auger boring to extract soil samples at various depths to assess subsurface conditions before beginning construction projects such as buildings, bridges, and highways.
- Provides undisturbed soil cores for laboratory analysis
- Helps determine load-bearing capacity and soil stratification
- Used in preliminary site evaluations to identify potential foundation risks
- Supports compliance with engineering and safety standards
Key benefit: Rapid, cost-effective method for obtaining representative soil profiles across large sites
Geotechnical Engineering
Soil augers play a critical role in geotechnical engineering by enabling precise soil density testing and facilitating ground improvement techniques. They are used to prepare boreholes for installing geotechnical instrumentation and to support soil stabilization efforts.
- Supports analysis of compaction, moisture content, and shear strength
- Used in creating boreholes for soil nails, micropiles, and ground anchors
- Facilitates installation of confining layers and engineered fill replacement
- Essential for slope stability assessments and foundation design
Technical insight: Auger logs help engineers map subsurface layers and design appropriate foundation systems
Poor Soil Remediation
In areas with weak or unstable soils—such as marshy, swampy, or highly compressible ground—mechanical augers are used to collect samples and implement remediation strategies. This includes soil mixing, grouting, or replacement with engineered fill.
- Identifies depth and extent of poor soil conditions
- Enables injection of stabilizing agents via auger-cast piles
- Supports underpinning and ground improvement projects
- Reduces settlement risks in vulnerable construction zones
Critical application: Pre-construction soil stabilization in flood-prone or coastal regions
Construction Foundations
Before any major construction begins, mechanical augers are used to drill precise holes for deep foundation elements such as concrete piers, caissons, poles, and helical piles. This ensures structural stability and load transfer to competent soil layers.
- Drills clean, consistent holes for rebar and concrete placement
- Used in residential, commercial, and industrial building projects
- Supports installation of fence posts, signposts, and light poles
- Enables faster setup than manual digging methods
Efficiency gain: Augers reduce labor costs and project timelines in foundation preparation
Landslide Remediation
Geotechnical teams use mechanical soil augers to investigate landslide-prone areas by collecting soil samples at various depths. This data informs stabilization strategies such as drainage installation, retaining walls, and soil nailing.
- Determines slip plane depth and soil cohesion levels
- Supports installation of deep foundation anchors
- Used in monitoring slope movement over time
- Essential for post-landslide site assessment and recovery
Safety impact: Helps prevent future slope failures through data-driven engineering
Environmental Protection & Hazardous Waste Management
Mechanical augers are deployed in environmental remediation projects to collect soil samples from contaminated zones. These samples are analyzed for pollutants such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and pesticides.
- Enables targeted excavation and removal of hazardous materials
- Supports groundwater monitoring well installation
- Used in brownfield site assessments and cleanup operations
- Minimizes surface disturbance during sampling
Regulatory compliance: Critical for meeting EPA and environmental agency requirements
Agricultural Applications
From soil health assessment to irrigation planning, mechanical augers support sustainable farming practices. They allow farmers and agronomists to examine soil profiles, nutrient distribution, and root zone conditions.
- Collects core samples for pH, nutrient, and organic matter testing
- Assists in designing precision agriculture strategies
- Used in vineyard and orchard establishment for root zone analysis
- Supports land management decisions for long-term productivity
Sustainability benefit: Informs data-driven decisions to optimize crop yields and reduce input waste
Planting & Landscaping
In horticulture and landscaping, mechanical augers streamline the process of planting trees, shrubs, and plants by quickly creating uniform holes with minimal effort.
- Ideal for large-scale reforestation and urban greening projects
- Reduces physical strain compared to manual digging
- Ensures consistent depth and diameter for optimal root development
- Used in golf courses, parks, and residential developments
Time-saving advantage: Can plant hundreds of trees per day with a single operator
Utility Installation
Contractors rely on mechanical augers to install underground utilities such as electrical conduits, fiber-optic cables, and communication lines. The auger creates precise pathways without extensive trenching.
- Minimizes disruption to paved surfaces and landscapes
- Used for installing streetlights, traffic signals, and signage
- Supports directional boring entry and exit points
- Efficient for rural and urban infrastructure projects
Cost-effective solution: Reduces restoration and repair costs associated with open trenching
Range & Pasture Management
In range science, mechanical soil augers function similarly to soil core samplers to evaluate soil structure, compaction, and vegetation root health. This data supports sustainable grazing practices and land conservation.
- Measures soil depth and horizon layers in rangelands
- Assesses impact of livestock grazing on soil integrity
- Guides rotational grazing and pasture restoration plans
- Used in ecological research and land management studies
Scientific application: Provides field data for ecosystem monitoring and conservation planning
Pavement Design & Road Construction
Before building roads or highways, engineers use soil augers to gather subsurface data that informs pavement thickness, drainage design, and subgrade preparation.
- Determines frost line depth and drainage characteristics
- Identifies expansive soils that may affect pavement integrity
- Supports design of flexible and rigid pavement systems
- Used in both urban and rural road development projects
Engineering precision: Ensures long-term durability and reduced maintenance of road surfaces
Agricultural Well Drilling
While not used for deep well drilling, mechanical augers are often employed to bore the initial topsoil layer when installing shallow wells for livestock watering and crop irrigation—commonly referred to as "guinea fowl wells" in some regions.
- Enables quick access through loose, unconsolidated soils
- Prepares borehole for casing installation and hand pumps
- Ideal for small-scale, off-grid farming operations
- Low-cost alternative to full drilling rigs for shallow depths
Practical use: Supports water access in remote or resource-limited agricultural areas
Professional Insight: When selecting a mechanical soil auger for commercial use, consider soil type, required depth, portability, and power source (gas, electric, hydraulic). For multi-application use, modular systems with interchangeable bits offer maximum versatility. Always follow safety protocols, including proper shoring for deep holes and underground utility locates before drilling.
| Application Sector | Primary Use | Typical Auger Size | Depth Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Construction | Foundation piers, pole installation | 6–18 inches | 3–20 feet |
| Geotechnical | Soil sampling, borehole logging | 3–12 inches | 5–50 feet |
| Agriculture | Soil analysis, planting, irrigation | 4–12 inches | 2–10 feet |
| Utilities | Cable/conduit burial, pole setting | 6–12 inches | 3–15 feet |
| Environmental | Hazardous waste sampling, monitoring wells | 2–8 inches | 5–30 feet |
Additional Considerations
- Soil Compatibility: Auger design (spiral flight, cutting edge) should match soil conditions—rocky, clay, sandy, or loamy
- Equipment Options: Handheld (light-duty), walk-behind (mid-range), and truck-mounted (heavy-duty) models available
- Safety Standards: OSHA and ANSI guidelines apply for deep excavation and confined space work
- Maintenance: Regular cleaning and lubrication extend auger life and performance
- Regulatory Compliance: Permits may be required for drilling in protected or environmentally sensitive areas
How to Choose the Right Mechanical Soil Auger: A Complete Buyer’s Guide
Selecting the appropriate mechanical soil auger is essential for efficient and safe excavation, whether you're installing fence posts, planting trees, or conducting soil sampling. The right auger can save time, reduce physical strain, and ensure precision. This comprehensive guide outlines the key factors to consider when choosing a mechanical soil auger, including soil conditions, power requirements, portability, budget, and size specifications.
Safety Note: Always wear protective gloves, eye protection, and sturdy footwear when operating a soil auger. Be aware of underground utilities before drilling. Use caution when handling sharp blades and rotating components.
Key Factors in Choosing a Mechanical Soil Auger
- Soil Type: Soft soils like loam or sand allow for smaller-diameter augers, while dense clay, rocky ground, or compacted soil require larger, more robust augers with hardened cutting edges.
- Depth Capability: For deep boreholes—such as those needed for foundations or geological testing—choose an auger with continuous flights and extendable shafts to reach required depths without losing material.
- Power Source: Hand-cranked augers are ideal for light-duty tasks and shallow holes, while gas-powered or electric motorized augers offer greater torque and efficiency for frequent or deep drilling.
- Portability: Lightweight models are easier to transport and maneuver, especially on uneven terrain. However, heavier-duty augers may be necessary for tough jobs, so balance weight with usability.
- Budget: Simple single-flight screw augers are cost-effective for occasional use, whereas multi-flight, carbide-tipped, or motorized models represent a higher initial investment but deliver better performance and longevity for professional applications.
Matching Auger to Soil Type
Just like drill bits are designed for specific materials, soil augers must be matched to the ground conditions at your worksite. In soft, loose soils such as sand or topsoil, standard augers with moderate pitch and sharp cutting tips perform well. However, in harder soils—like compacted clay, caliche, or rocky substrates—you’ll need augers made from high-strength steel with reinforced blades or even carbide tips to maintain cutting efficiency and durability.
For mixed or variable soil conditions, consider augers with replaceable cutting heads or those designed for versatility across multiple soil types. Some models feature spiral designs that help lift material more effectively in sticky clay, preventing clogging.
Pro Tip: If you frequently work in rocky or abrasive soils, invest in augers with hardened steel or tungsten carbide tips. These resist wear and maintain sharpness longer, reducing replacement frequency and downtime.
Power Source: Manual vs. Motorized
Handheld, manually operated augers are sufficient for small-scale projects like setting fence posts or planting shrubs. They are lightweight, affordable, and require no fuel or charging. However, they demand significant physical effort, especially in tough soil or deep holes.
Moving to a motorized auger—powered by gas, electric, or hydraulic systems—is not just about saving time; it's a critical safety and ergonomic decision. Motorized units drastically reduce operator fatigue and improve consistency, particularly for repetitive or deep drilling tasks. They also allow for faster penetration and better control in challenging conditions.
For contractors or landscapers performing multiple installations per day, the productivity gains from motorized augers often justify the higher cost and added weight.
Budget Considerations and Long-Term Value
For homeowners or occasional users, a basic two-handled, manually operated soil auger provides an economical solution. These typically feature a single-flight screw design and are effective for shallow, soft-soil applications.
However, for commercial or frequent use, investing in a higher-end model—such as a multi-flight auger or a motorized system—can lead to significant time savings and improved efficiency. While the upfront cost is greater, the return on investment comes through faster job completion, reduced labor strain, and longer equipment life.
Consider maintenance costs too: simpler augers are easier to repair, while complex models may require specialized parts or servicing.
Diameter Size: Balancing Efficiency and Effort
The diameter of the auger directly impacts drilling speed, effort required, and the size of the hole produced. Smaller-diameter augers (e.g., 4–6 inches) are quicker to operate and require less torque, making them ideal for light-duty tasks and softer soils.
Larger augers (8 inches and above) are necessary for bigger posts, sign installations, or deep sampling but require more power and stability. As diameter increases, so does resistance—especially in dense soils—making motorized assistance highly recommended.
Always match the auger diameter to your project needs. Oversized augers waste time and energy; undersized ones may not meet structural requirements.
| Auger Feature | Ideal For | Not Recommended For | Suggested Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4–6 inch Manual Auger | Soft soils, shallow holes, light tasks | Rocky soil, deep drilling, frequent use | Residential fencing, garden planting |
| 7–9 inch Manual/Motorized | Medium-density soil, moderate depth | Hard rock, extremely deep holes | Landscaping, utility poles, soil testing |
| 10+ inch Motorized Auger | Dense clay, rocky soil, deep holes | Tight spaces, occasional light use | Construction, agriculture, geotechnical work |
| Carbide-Tipped Blades | Abrasive or rocky soils | Soft, sandy soil (overkill) | Professional contractors, tough terrain |
| Telescoping Shaft | Variable depth requirements | Fixed shallow holes | Surveying, multi-depth sampling |
Expert Advice: When in doubt, rent a motorized auger for your first large project. This allows you to evaluate performance and determine whether purchasing a high-end model is justified for your needs.
Additional Selection Tips
- Look for augers with corrosion-resistant coatings or stainless steel components if working in wet or saline environments.
- Ensure compatibility with extension rods if deeper drilling is anticipated.
- Check warranty and availability of replacement parts before purchasing.
- Test the ergonomics—comfortable handles and balanced weight reduce fatigue during extended use.
- Consider modular systems that allow switching between different auger heads for versatility.
Choosing the right mechanical soil auger involves balancing performance, durability, and cost. By understanding your soil conditions, project scope, and long-term usage, you can select a tool that enhances productivity and delivers reliable results. Whether you're a DIY enthusiast or a professional contractor, the right auger makes every job easier, safer, and more efficient.
Frequently Asked Questions About Mechanical Soil Augers
Yes, mechanical soil augers can be highly effective in rocky terrain, but their performance depends on proper selection and ground assessment. These augers are built with robust, durable materials designed to withstand tough conditions, including compacted soil and moderate rock content.
- Material Strength: Augers intended for rocky environments often feature hardened steel construction and reinforced cutting edges to resist wear and impact damage.
- Ground Evaluation: It's essential to survey the site beforehand. Dense boulders or continuous solid rock may require specialized equipment or pre-drilling techniques.
- Auger Type: Helical or rock-specific augers with carbide-tipped teeth are better suited for rocky soil than standard models used in loamy or sandy ground.
When matched correctly to site conditions, mechanical soil augers provide efficient drilling even in challenging environments.
Mechanical soil augers are powered by a range of energy sources, selected based on portability needs, job scale, and operational environment:
- Electric Motors: Ideal for controlled environments or areas with access to power; they offer quiet, emission-free operation and consistent torque. Best for light to medium-duty tasks.
- Internal Combustion Engines: Gasoline or diesel-powered engines provide high power and mobility, making them suitable for remote or heavy-duty applications such as large-scale agriculture or construction.
- Manual Cranking: Smaller hand-operated augers are human-powered, commonly used for gardening, fence posts, or ice drilling. They are cost-effective and eco-friendly but limited in depth and soil hardness.
- PTO (Power Take-Off): Larger augers may connect to tractors or vehicles, using the engine’s PTO system for high-torque drilling in demanding conditions.
The choice of power source impacts efficiency, maintenance, and environmental footprint, so users should match it to their specific project requirements.
Preventing damage in hard rock conditions requires a combination of proper equipment selection, operational care, and routine maintenance:
- Durable Materials: Use augers constructed from high-strength steel and equipped with tungsten carbide or diamond-tipped cutting edges, which resist chipping and abrasion.
- Correct Speed and Pressure: Operate at lower RPMs with steady downward pressure to avoid overheating or bending the shaft. Sudden impacts or excessive force can cause structural failure.
- Regular Inspection: Check for signs of wear, cracks, or deformation before and after use. Replace worn components promptly to prevent further damage.
- Lubrication and Cooling: In continuous drilling, ensure proper cooling and lubrication (if applicable) to reduce heat buildup, especially in deep boreholes.
- Use Pilot Holes: For extremely hard rock, consider drilling a pilot hole with a smaller bit before using a larger auger to minimize strain.
By following best practices and using purpose-built tools, operators can significantly extend the lifespan of their augers in tough geological conditions.
Yes, sustainable options exist for soil augering, focusing on reducing environmental impact and reliance on non-renewable resources:
- Human-Powered Augers: Manual cranking eliminates fuel consumption and emissions, making them ideal for small-scale, eco-conscious projects like organic farming or permaculture.
- Renewable Energy-Powered Models: Some electric augers can be operated using solar panels or wind-generated electricity, especially in off-grid locations.
- Animal-Drawn Systems: In traditional or low-tech agriculture, augers can be pulled or rotated using animal labor, reducing fossil fuel dependency.
- Hybrid or Low-Emission Engines: Modern gasoline or diesel augers with fuel-efficient, low-emission engines offer a transitional solution toward greener operations.
While many mechanized augers still rely on fossil fuels, increasing innovation in green technology is expanding sustainable alternatives for environmentally responsible land work.
The diameter of a mechanical soil auger is a critical factor that directly influences its suitability for specific tasks, depth capability, and efficiency:
| Auger Diameter | Typical Applications | Depth Range | Key Advantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2–6 inches (5–15 cm) | Planting trees, shrubs, or bulbs; installing small fence posts | 1–3 feet (0.3–1 m) | High precision, lightweight, easy to maneuver |
| 6–12 inches (15–30 cm) | Deck footings, signage, medium-duty fencing | 3–5 feet (1–1.5 m) | Balances capacity and portability |
| 12–24+ inches (30–60+ cm) | Foundation drilling, large post holes, geotechnical sampling | 5–10+ feet (1.5–3+ m) | High volume removal, suitable for heavy machinery |
Smaller diameter augers are ideal for precision work and lighter equipment, while larger diameters require more powerful motors or tractors but enable deeper and wider boreholes. Selecting the right size ensures optimal performance, reduced strain on equipment, and time efficiency on the job site.








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