Inside Powerwall: Specifications, Grades, and How They Are Applied in Industry

Types of Tesla Powerwall: A Complete Guide

The Tesla Powerwall is a revolutionary home energy storage solution designed to maximize solar self-consumption, provide backup power during outages, and support energy independence. Available in multiple configurations and generations, the Powerwall adapts to various home energy needs, from basic solar buffering to full off-grid capability. Understanding the differences between AC and DC models, as well as the evolution from Gen 1 to Gen 2, helps homeowners make informed decisions about their energy systems.

AC Powerwall

An AC-coupled energy storage system that integrates between your solar inverter and home electrical panel.

Advantages

• Easy retrofit for existing solar systems
• Flexible installation options (indoor/outdoor)
• Seamless integration with most inverters
• Enables backup power capability

Limitations

• Slightly lower efficiency due to double conversion (DC→AC→DC)
• Requires professional installation and system tuning
• Higher complexity in system design

Best for: Homes with existing solar installations or those prioritizing backup power and energy independence

DC Powerwall

A DC-coupled system that connects directly to solar panels before the inverter, storing energy in its native form.

Advantages

• Higher overall system efficiency (no double conversion)
• Lower energy losses during charging
• Reduced installation costs in new solar setups
• Optimized energy harvesting in variable sunlight

Limitations

• Not suitable for retrofitting most existing solar systems
• Requires compatible solar charge controller
• More complex system architecture

Best for: New solar installations where maximum efficiency and cost-effectiveness are priorities

Powerwall 2 (Gen 2)

Tesla's second-generation lithium-ion battery, released in 2016, offering enhanced performance and versatility.

• Capacity: 13.5 kWh usable
• Continuous Power: 7 kW
• Peak Power: 22 kW (for short bursts)
• Dimensions: 56 x 36 x 11 cm (22 x 14 x 4.3 inches)
• Weight: 214 lbs (97 kg)
• Mounting: Wall or floor-mounted (indoor/outdoor)
• Durability: Weatherproof design with IP67 rating
• Scalability: Up to 10 units can be stacked for expanded capacity

Advantages

• High power output for whole-home backup
• Compact, space-efficient design
• Seamless integration with Tesla Solar and Gateway
• 10-year warranty with long cycle life

Limitations

• Heavy unit requires secure mounting
• Must be installed by a certified Tesla installer
• Higher upfront cost compared to some competitors

Best for: modern homes seeking reliable backup, energy time-shifting, and grid independence

Powerwall 1 (Gen 1)

The original Tesla Powerwall, launched in 2015 as the company's first home battery solution.

• Capacity: 10 kWh (6.4 kWh usable)
• Power Output: 2 kW continuous, 3.3 kW peak
• Release Year: 2015
• Status: Discontinued, supported only on legacy systems
• Compatibility: Works only with older Tesla solar inverters and components

Advantages

• Pioneered home energy storage market
• Proven reliability in early adopter systems
• Still functional in existing installations

Limitations

• Lower capacity and power output than Gen 2
• No longer available for new installations
• Limited scalability and feature set
• Outdated thermal management system

Best for: Legacy Tesla solar customers; not recommended for new installations

Model	Energy Capacity	Power Output	Coupling Type	Best Use Case
Powerwall 1 (Gen 1)	6.4 kWh (usable)	2 kW / 3.3 kW peak	AC	Legacy systems, basic backup
Powerwall 2 (Gen 2)	13.5 kWh (usable)	7 kW / 22 kW peak	AC or DC (depending on setup)	Whole-home backup, solar optimization
AC Powerwall	13.5 kWh	7 kW	AC-coupled	Retrofit solar systems, backup power
DC Powerwall	13.5 kWh	7 kW	DC-coupled	New solar builds, maximum efficiency

Expert Tip: When planning a new solar + storage system, consider DC-coupled Powerwall installations for higher efficiency. For existing solar setups, AC coupling allows seamless integration without replacing your current inverter.

Note on Generations: While "Powerwall 2" and "Gen 2" are often used interchangeably, all new installations today use the Gen 2 platform. The original Gen 1 is no longer supported for new deployments but remains in service in early adopter homes.

Industrial Applications of Tesla Powerwall: Enhancing Efficiency, Resilience, and Revenue

The Tesla Powerwall, originally designed for residential use, has evolved into a scalable and reliable energy storage solution for industrial applications. When deployed in commercial and industrial settings—often in multi-unit configurations or integrated with larger energy systems—Powerwall systems offer transformative benefits. These include cost savings, operational continuity, improved power quality, and new revenue opportunities. Below is a comprehensive overview of how industrial facilities can leverage Powerwall technology to optimize energy use and increase resilience.

Reduce Energy Costs Through Strategic Load Management

One of the most significant advantages of Powerwall in industrial environments is its ability to reduce electricity expenses through load shifting or peak shaving. Industrial operations often face high demand charges during peak grid usage hours, which can constitute a large portion of their energy bills. By storing electricity during off-peak periods—when utility rates are lower—and discharging it during peak times, facilities can significantly reduce their reliance on the grid during expensive rate windows.

This strategy not only lowers monthly energy costs but also helps avoid demand spikes that trigger higher tiered pricing. For facilities operating under time-of-use (TOU) tariffs, integrating Powerwall with energy management systems enables automated optimization, ensuring maximum savings with minimal manual intervention.

Ensure Uninterrupted Operations with Backup Power

Unlike residential settings, industrial sites often cannot tolerate even brief power interruptions. Downtime in manufacturing, data processing, cold storage, or chemical processing can result in substantial financial losses, equipment damage, or safety risks. The Tesla Powerwall provides seamless backup power during grid outages, ensuring critical systems remain operational.

With automatic islanding capabilities, Powerwall can switch to backup mode in milliseconds, maintaining power to essential machinery, control systems, and safety equipment. When paired with solar panels, it enables extended off-grid operation, enhancing reliability in regions prone to blackouts or extreme weather events.

Maintain Power Quality and Protect Sensitive Equipment

Many industrial processes—such as precision machining, pharmaceutical production, and semiconductor manufacturing—are highly sensitive to voltage sags, frequency fluctuations, and harmonic distortions. Powerwall systems contribute to power quality regulation by providing stable, clean energy output.

Through advanced inverter technology, Powerwall can smooth voltage variations, support reactive power, and mitigate transient disturbances. This capability reduces stress on motors, drives, and automation systems, minimizing unplanned maintenance and extending equipment lifespan. In hybrid setups, Powerwall can also act as a buffer between variable renewable sources and sensitive loads, ensuring consistent power delivery.

Enable Microgrid Operation and Energy Independence

Powerwall systems empower industrial facilities to create localized microgrids—self-sufficient energy networks that can operate independently from the main utility grid. By integrating Powerwall with on-site solar, wind, or generator systems, industries can achieve greater energy autonomy, especially in remote or underserved areas.

Microgrids enhance operational resilience by allowing facilities to "island" during grid failures and continue production. They also support sustainability goals by maximizing renewable energy utilization and reducing carbon emissions. For critical infrastructure like mines, telecom hubs, or military installations, microgrid-enabled Powerwall systems provide a strategic advantage in energy security.

Generate Revenue Through Grid Services

Beyond cost savings, industrial Powerwall installations can become revenue-generating assets. Many utilities and grid operators offer compensation for services such as frequency regulation, peak shaving, and demand response. Industrial users with large battery capacity can participate in energy markets or utility programs by providing these grid-balancing services.

For example, during periods of high grid stress, a facility can discharge stored energy to help stabilize the network and receive financial incentives in return. Smart energy management platforms can automate participation, optimizing when to store, use, or sell energy based on real-time pricing and grid signals. This transforms the Powerwall from a passive storage unit into an active participant in the evolving energy economy.

Support Remote and Off-Grid Industrial Operations

In remote locations—such as mining sites, oil and gas fields, or rural processing plants—access to a stable power grid is often limited or nonexistent. In these environments, battery storage combined with renewable energy sources like solar or wind becomes essential for reliable power supply.

Tesla Powerwall systems can be deployed in scalable arrays to meet the energy demands of off-grid industrial operations. They reduce dependence on diesel generators, which are expensive to fuel, maintain, and environmentally harmful. By enabling higher penetration of renewables, Powerwall helps lower fuel costs, reduce emissions, and comply with environmental regulations in ecologically sensitive areas.

Application	Key Benefit	Industrial Use Case Example
Peak Shaving	Reduces demand charges and energy costs	Automotive manufacturing plant avoiding peak TOU rates
Backup Power	Prevents downtime during outages	Pharmaceutical cold storage facility maintaining temperature
Power Quality	Protects sensitive equipment from fluctuations	Semiconductor fab with strict voltage requirements
Microgrid Integration	Enables energy independence and resilience	Remote mining operation using solar + storage
Grid Services	Generates revenue through energy markets	Industrial park participating in demand response
Off-Grid Power	Replaces diesel generators with clean energy	Telecom tower in a rural area powered by solar + Powerwall

Important: While Tesla Powerwall is highly effective, industrial deployments require careful system design, proper scaling, and integration with existing infrastructure. Always consult with certified energy engineers or Tesla partners to ensure compliance with local regulations, grid interconnection standards, and safety codes. Oversizing or improper configuration can lead to inefficiencies or safety hazards.

How to Choose a Powerwall: A Complete Buyer’s Guide

Selecting the right home energy storage system—like the Tesla Powerwall—is a crucial decision for homeowners and businesses aiming to enhance energy independence, reduce electricity bills, and ensure reliable backup power. With growing interest in solar integration and grid resilience, understanding the key factors in choosing a Powerwall or similar battery system is more important than ever.

Battery Capacity and Energy Storage

The energy storage capacity of a Powerwall determines how much electricity it can hold and deliver when needed. The Tesla Powerwall offers a usable capacity of up to 13.5 kWh per unit, which is sufficient to power the average U.S. household for several hours during an outage or to store excess solar energy for nighttime use.

• A single Powerwall can support essential loads like lighting, refrigeration, and Wi-Fi during short outages
• Multiple units can be stacked—up to 10 in some configurations—allowing scalability for larger homes, commercial properties, or off-grid applications
• For energy-intensive appliances (e.g., HVAC, electric water heaters), consider combining 2–3 Powerwalls to maintain comfort during extended outages
• When paired with solar panels, Powerwall enables self-consumption of solar energy, reducing reliance on the grid

Key consideration: Calculate daily energy usage (in kWh) to determine how many Powerwalls are needed for your goals.

Grid Interactivity and Backup Power

One of the most valuable features of the Tesla Powerwall is its ability to seamlessly switch between grid-tied and off-grid operation. This ensures uninterrupted power during blackouts and supports various energy strategies.

• Powerwall automatically detects grid outages and switches to backup mode in under 10 seconds, maintaining power to critical circuits
• Supports both partial-home and whole-home backup, depending on electrical panel configuration and load prioritization
• In grid-tied mode, it can participate in demand response programs or time-of-use (TOU) energy arbitrage—charging when rates are low and discharging during peak hours
• For off-grid or remote installations, Powerwall can be configured with solar to form a fully independent energy system

Pro tip: Pair with a smart electrical panel (like the Tesla Gateway) to enable load shedding and circuit-level control during outages.

Scalability and System Expansion

Energy needs evolve over time—whether due to increased household size, addition of EV charging, or expansion of solar capacity. A scalable battery system allows future upgrades without replacing the entire setup.

• Tesla Powerwall systems are designed for modular expansion—start with one unit and add more as needed
• Compatible with both new and existing solar installations, making it ideal for retrofitting
• Supports integration with other Tesla products like Solar Roof and Wall Connector for EVs
• Competitive systems may have limitations on the number of units that can be combined or require specific inverters

Critical factor: Ensure your inverter and electrical infrastructure can support future expansion.

Efficiency and Energy Management

High round-trip efficiency ensures that most of the energy stored in the Powerwall can be used when needed, minimizing waste and maximizing return on investment.

• Tesla Powerwall boasts a round-trip efficiency of 90%, among the highest in the industry
• High discharge rate (up to 7 kW continuous, 10 kW peak) allows it to power high-demand appliances like air conditioners or well pumps
• Advanced software optimizes charging cycles based on weather forecasts, electricity rates, and usage patterns
• Real-time monitoring via the Tesla app lets users track energy production, consumption, and storage

Technical note: Higher efficiency translates to lower electricity costs and faster payback periods, especially in areas with dynamic pricing.

Weather Resistance and Durability

Powerwalls are typically installed outdoors and must withstand harsh environmental conditions over decades of service.

• Tesla Powerwall is rated for operation in temperatures from -20°C to 50°C (-4°F to 122°F)
• IP67-rated enclosure provides protection against dust and water immersion, making it suitable for coastal or rainy climates
• Aluminum and polymer housing resists corrosion and UV degradation
• Designed for a lifespan of 10+ years or 10,000+ cycles, with a 10-year warranty (extendable in some regions)

Key consideration: Proper mounting (wall or floor) and ventilation are essential for long-term performance.

Cost and Financial Considerations

While the upfront cost of a Powerwall can be significant, various incentives and long-term savings improve affordability.

• As of 2024, a single Tesla Powerwall costs between $10,500–$13,000 installed (before incentives)
• The U.S. federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC) offers a 30% tax credit when paired with solar panels
• State and local rebates (e.g., SGIP in California) can further reduce net cost for qualifying customers
• Tesla offers financing options, including monthly lease and loan programs, to lower entry barriers
• Long-term savings come from reduced grid consumption, avoided peak rates, and protection against rising electricity prices

Smart choice: Conduct a cost-benefit analysis based on local electricity rates, solar production, and outage frequency.

Professional Recommendation: For most homeowners, starting with one Powerwall paired with solar provides a strong balance of cost, backup capability, and energy independence. Upgrade to multiple units if you experience frequent or prolonged outages, have high energy demands, or plan to adopt electric vehicles. Always work with a certified installer to ensure proper system design, permitting, and utility interconnection.

Use Case	Recommended Units	Key Benefits	Lifetime Estimate
Basic backup (lights, fridge, internet)	1 Powerwall	Fast outage response, solar self-use	10+ years
Whole-home backup (with load management)	2–3 Powerwalls	Supports HVAC, well pump, kitchen appliances	10+ years
Off-grid or high-consumption home	4+ Powerwalls	Energy independence, peak shaving, EV charging support	10+ years
Commercial or multi-unit building	5–10 Powerwalls	Grid resilience, demand charge reduction	10+ years

Additional Considerations

• Inverter Compatibility: Powerwall includes its own built-in inverter, simplifying installation and reducing component clutter
• Monitoring & Control: The Tesla app provides real-time insights, remote updates, and customizable energy modes (e.g., Self-Powered, Time-Based Control, Backup-only)
• Noise Level: Operates silently (45 dB), making it suitable for residential areas
• Installation Location: Can be mounted indoors or outdoors, on walls or floors, offering flexibility for space-constrained homes
• Brand Ecosystem: Integrates seamlessly with Tesla Solar Panels, Solar Roof, and EVs for a unified clean energy experience

Comprehensive Maintenance & Repair Guide for Tesla Powerwall

Proper maintenance of your Tesla Powerwall is essential for ensuring long-term reliability, optimal energy efficiency, and uninterrupted power supply. As a critical component of your home energy system, regular care helps prevent unexpected failures, extends battery lifespan, and maximizes return on investment. This guide outlines best practices for inspecting, monitoring, and maintaining your Powerwall, whether used for backup power, solar integration, or grid independence.

Safety Warning: Never attempt to open or repair the Powerwall unit yourself. All internal components are high-voltage and pose serious electrical hazards. Only Tesla-certified technicians should perform internal diagnostics or repairs. Always follow manufacturer guidelines and local electrical codes during maintenance.

1. Regular Inspections by Qualified Technicians

Professional inspections are a cornerstone of preventative maintenance. A certified technician should evaluate your Powerwall at least annually to identify early signs of wear, physical damage, or performance anomalies. During these visits, they will:

• Visually inspect the enclosure for cracks, corrosion, or moisture intrusion
• Check for abnormal noises, vibrations, or overheating signs
• Verify proper ventilation and airflow around the unit
• Test communication links between the Powerwall, gateway, and inverter
• Ensure firmware and system settings are synchronized

These inspections help catch minor issues before they escalate into costly repairs or system downtime.

2. Software and Firmware Updates

Tesla regularly releases software updates that enhance performance, improve safety features, and patch security vulnerabilities. These updates are typically delivered over-the-air (OTA) and do not require user intervention. However, it's important to:

• Ensure your Powerwall remains connected to Wi-Fi or cellular networks for seamless updates
• Monitor the Tesla app for update notifications and completion status
• Reboot the system if prompted after an update to ensure changes take effect
• Review release notes for new features like Time-Based Control, Storm Watch, or enhanced self-powering modes

Keeping your system updated ensures you benefit from the latest advancements in energy management and cybersecurity.

3. Performance Monitoring via Tesla App

The Tesla app provides real-time insights into your Powerwall’s operation. Regular monitoring allows you to track key metrics and detect irregularities early. Key performance indicators to watch include:

• State of Charge (SoC): Monitor daily charging and discharging cycles
• Energy Flow: Observe how power moves between solar, grid, home load, and storage
• Round-Trip Efficiency: Track how much energy is retained after charging and discharging
• Outage History: Review past grid failures and how the Powerwall responded
• Temperature Trends: Ensure the unit operates within safe thermal ranges

Set up alerts in the app to notify you of unexpected shutdowns, low charge events, or communication errors.

4. Environmental and Site Conditions

The location and environment where your Powerwall is installed significantly impact its longevity. To protect your investment:

• Keep the surrounding area clean and free of dust, debris, or obstructions
• Maintain at least 12 inches (30 cm) of clearance on all sides for proper airflow
• Avoid direct exposure to sunlight, rain, snow, or high-humidity environments unless installed in a rated outdoor enclosure
• Ensure ambient temperatures remain between -20°C and 50°C (-4°F to 122°F)
• Install in a secure location protected from flooding, pests, or physical impact

Poor environmental conditions can lead to premature aging, reduced efficiency, or thermal shutdowns.

5. Inspection of Wiring and Electrical Connections

While internal wiring should only be handled by professionals, external connections can be visually assessed during routine checks. Look for:

• Loose, frayed, or damaged cables leading to or from the Powerwall
• Corrosion on terminals, especially in coastal or humid climates
• Signs of arcing, discoloration, or melting near connection points
• Secure mounting of conduit and strain relief fittings

If any issues are observed, contact a Tesla service provider immediately—do not attempt to repair electrical connections yourself.

6. Battery Health and Capacity Monitoring

Like all lithium-ion batteries, Powerwall capacity degrades gradually over time. Track battery health by:

• Observing changes in usable storage capacity over months and years
• Noting longer charging times or reduced backup duration during outages
• Checking for increased reliance on the grid despite solar availability
• Reviewing the "Battery Health" section in the Tesla app (if available)

A gradual decline is normal, but a sudden drop may indicate a fault requiring professional diagnosis.

7. Scheduled Professional Maintenance

To ensure peak performance and safety, schedule comprehensive maintenance with a Tesla-certified technician at least once per year. These service visits typically include:

• Diagnostic scans using Tesla's proprietary tools
• Firmware verification and calibration checks
• Thermal imaging to detect hotspots
• Insulation resistance testing
• Verification of grounding and bonding integrity
• Replacement of any failing components under warranty or service plan

Adhering to Tesla’s recommended maintenance schedule helps preserve warranty coverage and system reliability.

Maintenance Task	Frequency	Performed By	Key Benefits
Visual Inspection	Monthly (self), Annually (pro)	Homeowner / Technician	Early detection of damage or obstructions
Software Updates	As released (automatic)	Tesla Remote System	Improved performance, security, and features
Performance Monitoring	Weekly or Daily	Homeowner	Optimized energy usage and anomaly detection
Environmental Check	Quarterly	Homeowner	Prevents overheating and environmental damage
Electrical Connection Check	Annually	Certified Technician	Ensures safety and prevents power loss
Comprehensive Maintenance	Every 12–24 months	Tesla Service Provider	Maximizes lifespan and maintains warranty

Expert Tip: Enable "Storm Watch" in the Tesla app during severe weather seasons. This feature automatically charges your Powerwall to 100% when a storm is forecasted, ensuring maximum readiness for potential grid outages.

Additional Recommendations

• Keep records of all service visits, updates, and performance observations
• Enroll in Tesla’s extended service or warranty program for added peace of mind
• Consider adding a second Powerwall if energy demands increase over time
• Educate household members on how to interpret warning lights and error messages
• Integrate with a home energy management system for advanced automation

By following these maintenance practices, you can ensure your Tesla Powerwall continues to deliver reliable, efficient, and safe energy storage for years to come. Remember, when in doubt, always consult a Tesla-certified professional—your safety and system integrity depend on it.

Frequently Asked Questions About Tesla Powerwall

Q1: Can Powerwall be installed outdoors?

Yes, the Tesla Powerwall is designed for both indoor and outdoor installation. Its rugged, weather-resistant enclosure protects it from rain, dust, extreme temperatures, and UV exposure, making it suitable for wall mounting on the exterior of a home or ground placement with proper support.

The IP67-rated design ensures high protection against environmental elements, allowing reliable performance in diverse climates. However, while the unit is built to withstand harsh conditions, optimal placement—such as under eaves or in shaded areas—can further enhance longevity and efficiency.

Pro Tip: Start with one Powerwall to evaluate your household's energy usage and solar integration. If you find you need more backup power or increased energy storage capacity, additional Powerwall units can be seamlessly added later, supporting up to 10 units in a single system.

Q2: What temperature range is suitable for a Powerwall?

The ideal operating temperature for a Tesla Powerwall is between 20°C and 30°C (68°F to 86°F), where the battery operates at peak efficiency and longevity. However, the Powerwall is engineered to function reliably in much broader conditions:

• Operating Range: -30°C to 50°C (-22°F to 122°F)
• Charging Range: -20°C to 50°C (-4°F to 122°F)

Outside the ideal range, the battery may consume some energy to regulate its internal temperature, slightly reducing overall efficiency. In very cold environments, charging may be temporarily paused until the battery warms sufficiently. Despite this, Powerwall includes advanced thermal management to maintain performance even in extreme heat or freezing cold.

Thousands of Powerwalls operate successfully in regions with intense desert heat, freezing winters, and high humidity, proving their adaptability across global climates.

Q3: Is Powerwall resistant to saltwater or coastal conditions?

The Tesla Powerwall is not specifically designed to be saltwater-resistant. While the exterior casing (particularly on Powerwall 2) provides strong protection against moisture, dust, and general weather exposure, prolonged exposure to salty, humid coastal air can pose risks:

• Corrosion Risk: Salt spray can accelerate corrosion of metal components over time, especially in seaside installations.
• Internal Damage: If salt-laden moisture penetrates seals, it could damage sensitive electronics and reduce system lifespan.
• Warranty Considerations: Environmental damage due to improper siting (e.g., direct oceanfront exposure) may not be covered under warranty.

However, many coastal homeowners successfully use Powerwall with proper precautions. To maximize durability in salty environments:

• Install the unit in a sheltered location away from direct sea spray.
• Ensure regular cleaning and inspection of the unit’s surface and vents.
• Follow Tesla’s recommended clearance guidelines for airflow and maintenance access.

With thoughtful placement and routine upkeep, Powerwall can perform well even in coastal areas.

Q4: How long will a Powerwall last during a power outage?

A fully charged Tesla Powerwall typically provides backup power for **1 to 2 days** for an average household, depending on energy consumption patterns and whether solar recharging is available.

Key factors that influence runtime include:

• Household Load: Running high-energy appliances (like HVAC systems, electric stoves, or dryers) can deplete the battery in less than a day.
• Energy Efficiency: Homes with LED lighting, energy-efficient appliances, and smart energy management can extend battery life significantly.
• Solar Integration: During daylight hours, solar panels can recharge the Powerwall, effectively extending backup duration indefinitely in ideal conditions.
• Usage Timing: Peak usage times (evenings when lights, cooking, and heating/cooling are in use) drain the battery faster than low-usage periods like overnight.

The Powerwall has a usable capacity of 13.5 kWh, which can power essential circuits for multiple days when managed wisely. For extended outages, pairing multiple Powerwalls increases total stored energy and resilience.

Q5: Can Powerwall charge from the grid at night?

Yes, the Tesla Powerwall can charge from the electrical grid during off-peak hours, such as at night when electricity rates are lower. This feature is especially beneficial for homeowners on time-of-use (TOU) rate plans.

Here’s how it works:

• Off-Peak Charging: The Powerwall charges overnight when electricity demand and prices are low.
• Peak Discharging: During expensive peak hours (typically late afternoon to early evening), the home draws power from the battery instead of the grid, reducing utility bills.
• Backup Readiness: Even when used for bill savings, the Powerwall remains ready to switch to backup mode instantly during a power outage.

This intelligent energy shifting allows users to optimize cost savings while maintaining energy security. Charging behavior can be customized via the Tesla app, letting users set preferred charge times, reserve levels, and energy source priorities (solar, grid, or disconnection).