Speaker Horn Line Array Overview: Material Standards, Technical Specifications, and Performance Insights

Types of Speaker Horns in Line Array Systems

A speaker horn is a crucial component in line array speaker systems, designed to control sound dispersion, increase efficiency, and direct audio energy to specific listening areas. The shape and design of the horn significantly influence the coverage pattern, frequency response, and overall sound quality. Choosing the right horn type ensures optimal performance for different environments—from small venues to large concert halls.

Spherical Convex Horns

These horns feature a smooth, rounded, dome-like mouth that radiates sound in a wide, non-directional pattern. Their simple design allows for even sound distribution with minimal focusing.

Advantages

• Wide, uniform sound dispersion
• Smooth and gentle tonal output
• Ideal for ambient or background audio
• Low acoustic distortion at close range

Limitations

• Limited long-range projection
• Poor sound focus and control
• Less suitable for large or noisy environments

Best for: Small venues, background music systems, indoor installations requiring even coverage

Cylindrical Horns

With a flat horizontal face and curved vertical profile, cylindrical horns control sound in one plane (typically vertical), allowing precise beam shaping and long-distance projection.

Advantages

• Excellent vertical sound control
• Long throw capability
• Reduced ceiling and floor reflections
• Highly effective in line array configurations

Limitations

• Narrower horizontal coverage
• Requires careful array alignment
• Less ideal for wide, short venues

Best for: Outdoor concerts, large auditoriums, vertical line arrays needing controlled dispersion

Conical Horns

Featuring a gradually expanding cone shape from throat to mouth, conical horns offer a balanced approach to sound projection with moderate directionality and smooth frequency response.

Advantages

• Wide horizontal and moderate vertical coverage
• Natural sound reproduction
• Good balance between low and high frequencies
• Cost-effective and easy to manufacture

Limitations

• Less precise than modern horn designs
• Can exhibit slight beam narrowing at high frequencies
• Not ideal for very long throws

Best for: General-purpose PA systems, mid-sized venues, applications requiring broad yet clear coverage

Elliptical Horns

These horns have an oval-shaped mouth that narrows the vertical dispersion while maintaining wide horizontal coverage, making them ideal for targeting audiences without wasting sound on ceilings or floors.

Advantages

• Precise vertical control
• Excellent long-distance clarity
• Minimizes unwanted reflections
• Optimized for large, tall venues

Limitations

• More complex design and alignment
• Higher manufacturing cost
• May require digital processing for optimal performance

Best for: Stadiums, theaters, churches, and venues with high ceilings and deep seating

Parabolic Horns

Designed with a parabolic reflector, these horns focus sound into a tight, laser-like beam, projecting audio over extreme distances with minimal spread.

Advantages

• Exceptional long-range projection
• Highly directional and focused output
• Minimal sound spill to surrounding areas
• Ideal for targeted announcements

Limitations

• Very narrow coverage area
• Poor performance at close range
• Can create "hot spots" if not aimed correctly

Best for: Emergency warning systems, sports stadiums, long-distance public address, directional audio

Phase-Plug Horns

Incorporating an internal phase plug, this design ensures coherent wavefronts by aligning sound waves from different parts of the driver, reducing phase cancellation and improving clarity.

Advantages

• Superior frequency coherence
• Eliminates "dead zones" and hot spots
• Enhanced efficiency and output
• Clear, detailed sound across the entire listening area

Limitations

• More complex engineering and cost
• Requires precision manufacturing
• Typically found in high-end systems only

Best for: High-fidelity line arrays, professional audio, touring sound systems, critical listening environments

Horn Type	Sound Projection	Directionality	Best Use Case	Frequency Response
Spherical Convex	Short to medium	Low (omnidirectional)	Small indoor spaces, ambient audio	Smooth, gentle roll-off
Cylindrical	Long	High (vertical control)	Line arrays, large venues	Balanced, focused
Conical	Medium	Moderate	General PA systems	Wide and even
Elliptical	Long	Very High (vertical focus)	Theaters, stadiums	Clear, consistent
Parabolic	Very Long	Extremely High	Directional announcements	Narrowband, focused
Phase-Plug	Medium to Long	High (coherent wavefront)	Professional audio, tours	Precise, full-range

Expert Tip: When designing a line array system, consider combining horn types or using hybrid designs to achieve both wide coverage and long throw. Modern digital signal processing (DSP) can further optimize horn performance by correcting phase anomalies and tailoring dispersion patterns.

Key Features of Speaker Horn Line Array Systems

Line array speaker systems have revolutionized sound reinforcement in large-scale audio environments, from outdoor concerts to expansive indoor arenas. Their advanced acoustic design enables precise sound control, high output efficiency, and consistent coverage across vast audiences. Unlike traditional point-source speakers, line arrays leverage physics and engineering to deliver superior performance where clarity, volume, and even distribution are paramount.

Controlled Directivity for Precision Sound Coverage

One of the most significant advantages of line array systems is their ability to control sound directionality with exceptional precision. By focusing audio energy vertically toward the audience and minimizing dispersion above and below, these systems reduce sound reflections from ceilings, walls, and unused spaces. This controlled directivity enhances speech intelligibility and musical clarity while reducing echo and reverberation—critical factors in large venues such as stadiums, concert halls, and amphitheaters.

Horizontal dispersion is also carefully engineered to cover wide seating areas without excessive spill into side zones. The combination of vertical and horizontal control ensures that sound reaches every listener with consistent volume and tonal balance, regardless of seating position.

Modular Design: Junction of Multiple Speaker Sections

Line arrays are composed of multiple speaker cabinets—often referred to as elements or modules—that are stacked together to form a cohesive vertical array. Each cabinet typically contains high-frequency compression drivers and mid-range components, allowing the system to scale based on venue size and audience capacity.

The modular nature of line arrays offers tremendous flexibility. Smaller configurations can serve mid-sized events, while larger arrays with 16 or more cabinets can support major concerts and festivals. As more sections are added, the system gains increased sound pressure level (SPL) and extended throw distance, enabling clear audio delivery even to the back rows of a 20,000-seat venue. This scalability makes line arrays ideal for touring productions and permanent installations alike.

Tapered Splay Angling for Optimal Sound Shaping

Each speaker cabinet in a line array is connected at a precise angle, known as splay angle, which can be adjusted to shape the sound beam according to the venue’s geometry. Tapered splay refers to varying the angles between cabinets—narrower at the top and wider at the bottom—to create a curved array that matches the audience layout.

This technique allows sound engineers to "steer" the audio beam downward, ensuring front rows aren’t overwhelmed while rear sections still receive adequate volume. Proper splay angling prevents acoustic interference between adjacent cabinets, reduces comb filtering, and maintains phase coherence. Modern digital modeling software helps predict optimal splay configurations before deployment, improving setup accuracy and performance consistency.

Enhanced Bass Response Through Array Coupling

While individual line array cabinets may not produce extreme low frequencies on their own, the collective behavior of multiple units enhances bass response through a phenomenon known as array coupling. When cabinets are closely spaced and properly aligned, their low-frequency outputs combine constructively, increasing overall efficiency and perceived bass energy.

This effect reduces the risk of bass cancellation—a common issue with spaced speakers in large rooms—by maintaining coherent wavefronts. For deeper sub-bass, line arrays are often paired with dedicated subwoofer arrays (such as cardioid or end-fire configurations), which integrate seamlessly with the main array. The result is powerful, articulate low-end performance that remains tight and controlled across the entire listening area.

Wave Summation and Coherent Sound Propagation

Wave summation—also known as constructive interference—is a core principle behind the effectiveness of line arrays. When multiple speakers emit sound in phase and are aligned vertically, their sound waves combine and reinforce each other, especially at mid and low frequencies. This summation increases overall sound pressure levels without requiring additional amplifier power or introducing distortion.

Unlike conventional speakers that lose volume rapidly over distance (following the inverse square law), line arrays exhibit a "cylindrical wavefront" behavior, where sound decays more slowly—approximately 3 dB per doubling of distance instead of 6 dB. This characteristic enables consistent volume levels from the front to the back of large venues, making line arrays vastly more efficient than traditional point-source systems for long-throw applications.

Feature	Acoustic Benefit	Typical Application
Controlled Directivity	Reduces reflections and improves clarity	Indoor arenas, outdoor festivals, theaters
Modular Cabinet Design	Scalable output and coverage	Touring sound, multi-purpose venues
Tapered Splay Angling	Customizable vertical coverage	Venues with tiered seating or sloped floors
Array Coupling (Bass Reinforcement)	Improved low-frequency coherence and output	Concerts, live music, DJ events
Wave Summation	Efficient long-distance sound projection	Stadiums, open-air events, large auditoriums

Important: While line arrays offer superior performance, improper setup—such as incorrect splay angles, misalignment, or inadequate rigging—can lead to poor sound quality, uneven coverage, or even safety hazards. Always follow manufacturer guidelines and use certified rigging hardware. System tuning should be performed by qualified audio engineers using measurement tools like real-time analyzers (RTAs) and delay synchronization to ensure optimal performance and audience experience.

Commercial Uses of Speaker Horn Line Array Systems

Speaker horn line array systems have become a cornerstone of modern commercial audio solutions, especially in large-scale environments where consistent sound coverage, clarity, and directional control are essential. These systems use vertically aligned speaker cabinets to project sound evenly over long distances with minimal volume drop-off, making them ideal for venues where audience experience is paramount. Below is a detailed overview of the most common commercial applications of line array speaker systems.

Live Events and Concerts

Line array systems are the preferred choice for concerts, music festivals, and large-scale live performances. Their ability to deliver high sound pressure levels (SPL) with uniform coverage ensures that every audience member—whether in the front row or at the back of a 20,000-seat stadium—receives a clear, balanced audio experience.

• Engineered for long-throw projection, minimizing sound distortion over distance
• Designed to reduce sound reflections and hotspots in open-air and indoor arenas
• Modular design allows for scalable configurations based on audience size
• Used with digital signal processing (DSP) to fine-tune frequency response and delay times

Key benefit: Consistent sound quality across all seating areas, enhancing audience engagement and satisfaction.

Theatres and Performing Arts Centers

In theatrical environments, clarity and intelligibility are critical. Line arrays are used to reinforce vocals, musical scores, and sound effects without overwhelming the natural acoustics of the space. Their directional precision ensures that sound reaches the audience without bleeding onto the stage.

• Supports dialogue clarity for spoken-word performances and musical theatre
• Integrates seamlessly with stage monitoring and wireless microphone systems
• Often flown above the proscenium to maintain sightlines and aesthetic design
• Configurable for stereo, surround, or immersive audio formats (e.g., Dolby Atmos)

Pro insight: Modern line arrays can be tuned to match the acoustic signature of historic theatres without compromising architectural integrity.

Public Speaking and Conference Venues

From convention centers to outdoor amphitheaters, line arrays ensure that speeches, panel discussions, and presentations are heard clearly by every attendee. Their focused dispersion pattern reduces echo and background noise interference, which is crucial in acoustically challenging spaces.

• Ideal for venues with high ceilings or reflective surfaces (e.g., glass, concrete)
• Supports multi-language interpretation systems via RF or infrared transmission
• Can be paired with delay towers for outdoor festivals or sprawling auditoriums
• Compatible with assistive listening devices for accessibility compliance

Critical advantage: High speech intelligibility (measured by STI – Speech Transmission Index) even in noisy or reverberant environments.

Corporate Events and Installations

For corporate gatherings such as product launches, shareholder meetings, and brand activations, professional audio is essential to convey authority and clarity. Line arrays provide clean, distortion-free sound that supports both live presentations and multimedia content.

• Used in ballrooms, exhibition halls, and multi-purpose event spaces
• Enables seamless integration with video walls, lighting, and livestreaming setups
• Compact and visually discreet when permanently installed
• Remote monitoring and control via networked audio platforms (e.g., Dante, AVB)

Business value: Enhances brand image by delivering polished, professional audio experiences.

Places of Worship

Churches, mosques, synagogues, and other religious institutions use line arrays to ensure that sermons, prayers, hymns, and readings are clearly heard by congregants, regardless of seating location. These systems are especially valuable in large sanctuaries or multi-campus broadcast setups.

• Provides even coverage without "dead zones" in pews or balconies
• Handles dynamic audio ranges—from whispered prayers to full choir performances
• Supports live streaming and recording for online congregations
• Can be customized for traditional or contemporary worship styles

Pastoral impact: Fosters greater spiritual connection by ensuring every word is heard with clarity and reverence.

Tourist Attractions and Audio Installations

Museums, historical sites, theme parks, and cultural landmarks use line arrays to deliver guided narratives, ambient soundscapes, and educational content. These systems enhance visitor engagement without requiring personal headphones or handheld devices.

• Used in open-air exhibits, galleries, and heritage trails
• Zoned audio allows different content to play in adjacent areas without interference
• Weather-resistant models available for outdoor installations
• Programmable scheduling for automated tours or timed events

Visitor experience: Creates an immersive, informative atmosphere that improves accessibility and retention of information.

Professional Recommendation: When selecting a line array system for commercial use, consider not only the size of the space but also the type of content (speech vs. music), audience mobility, and environmental acoustics. Partnering with an audio integrator for site-specific modeling (using software like EASE or Soundvision) ensures optimal speaker placement and coverage. For temporary events, modular, lightweight arrays offer flexibility, while permanent installations benefit from IP-rated, networked systems for long-term reliability.

Venue Type	Primary Audio Need	Recommended Line Array Feature	Typical Configuration
Concert Arenas	High SPL, wide coverage	High-power LF drivers, cardioid subwoofers	Large curved arrays with delay stacks
Theatres	Vocal clarity, low latency	Precision HF waveguides, compact form factor	Front-filled arrays above stage
Conference Centers	Speech intelligibility	DSP integration, feedback suppression	Center-hung arrays with fill speakers
Churches	Dynamic range, coverage uniformity	Bi-amp processing, remote monitoring	Flown arrays with stage monitors
Museums / Outdoor Sites	Directional zoning, weather resistance	IP65-rated enclosures, zoned amplification	Discreet wall-mounted or pole-mounted arrays

Additional Considerations for Commercial Deployments

• Acoustic Modeling: Use 3D simulation tools to predict coverage and avoid over-amplification in sensitive areas
• Regulatory Compliance: Ensure sound levels adhere to local noise ordinances, especially in urban or residential zones
• Accessibility: Integrate with hearing loop systems or infrared assistive listening for ADA compliance
• Maintenance: Schedule regular inspections for rigging hardware, cabling, and driver integrity
• Scalability: Choose systems that support future expansion or reconfiguration for evolving needs

How to Choose the Right Speaker Horn Line Array

Selecting the appropriate speaker horn line array is essential for delivering high-quality, evenly distributed sound across any venue. Whether you're setting up for a concert, corporate event, or permanent installation, the right line array ensures clarity, coverage, and reliability. This comprehensive guide explores the key factors to consider when choosing a line array system, including venue characteristics, dispersion patterns, power handling, and configuration options. By understanding these elements, you can make an informed decision that maximizes audio performance and audience experience.

Important Note: Always conduct a site survey and acoustic analysis before finalizing your line array selection. Environmental factors such as room acoustics, ambient noise, and audience layout significantly impact performance and should be considered alongside technical specifications.

Venue Size and Type

The physical dimensions and architectural design of the venue are among the most critical factors in selecting a line array. The size of the space directly influences how many speaker elements are needed and how they should be arranged to achieve uniform sound coverage.

• Small Venues (e.g., clubs, conference rooms, houses of worship): A compact line array with 4–8 speaker elements is typically sufficient. These arrays provide focused sound projection without overwhelming the space or causing feedback issues.
• Medium Venues (e.g., theaters, auditoriums, ballrooms): Mid-sized arrays with 8–12 elements offer balanced coverage and increased output, ideal for audiences ranging from 500 to 2,000 people.
• Large Venues (e.g., stadiums, outdoor festivals, arenas): Large-scale line arrays with 12+ elements are necessary to maintain sound clarity over long distances. These systems often include subwoofers and delay towers to ensure even low-frequency response and timing alignment.

Using an undersized array in a large space can lead to "hot spots" (areas with excessive volume) and "voids" (areas with weak or no sound), compromising audio quality and audience experience. Conversely, an oversized array in a small venue may cause sound distortion and listener discomfort due to excessive SPL (sound pressure level).

Horizontal and Vertical Dispersion

Dispersion refers to how sound spreads from the speaker array in both horizontal (side-to-side) and vertical (front-to-back) planes. Proper dispersion ensures that every audience member receives consistent sound quality regardless of seating position.

• Horizontal Dispersion: Typically ranges from 90° to 120° in standard line arrays. Wider dispersion is ideal for broad, shallow venues like banquet halls or low-ceilinged auditoriums, ensuring sound reaches the sides of the room without requiring additional side-fill speakers.
• Vertical Dispersion: Controlled by the curvature and angling of the array. Narrower vertical dispersion focuses sound toward the audience and minimizes reflections off ceilings and floors, making it ideal for tall or multi-tiered venues such as cathedrals or concert halls.
• Adjustable Arrays: Many modern line arrays feature motorized or manually adjustable splay angles between cabinets, allowing technicians to fine-tune vertical coverage based on audience depth and stage height.

For example, a line array with wide horizontal and narrow vertical dispersion works well in a long, narrow theater, while a more omnidirectional pattern suits a circular or open-air environment.

Power Handling and Sensitivity

Power handling refers to the maximum amount of electrical power (measured in watts) a speaker can safely handle without damage. This specification is crucial for maintaining sound integrity during high-volume events.

• Continuous vs. Peak Power: Look for both RMS (root mean square) and peak power ratings. RMS indicates sustained power capacity, while peak reflects short-term bursts. A higher RMS rating generally means better thermal endurance and reduced risk of distortion.
• Amplifier Matching: Ensure your amplifiers are compatible with the speaker’s impedance (typically 4–8 ohms) and power requirements. Underpowering can lead to clipping, while overpowering risks damaging the drivers.
• Sensitivity Rating: Measured in dB (decibels) at 1 watt/1 meter, sensitivity indicates how efficiently a speaker converts power into sound. Higher sensitivity (e.g., 98 dB or above) means louder output with less amplifier power—ideal for energy-efficient setups.

In large-scale events such as music festivals or outdoor concerts, line arrays with robust power handling (1,000+ watts RMS per cabinet) and high sensitivity are essential to deliver clean, distortion-free audio over extended periods.

Array Configuration and Coverage Patterns

The physical arrangement of speaker cabinets—known as array configuration—determines the direction and shape of sound projection. Choosing the right configuration ensures optimal coverage and minimizes acoustic issues like feedback and phase cancellation.

• Straight Array: Provides uniform vertical coverage and is ideal for medium-depth venues with even audience distribution. Commonly used in theaters and conference centers.
• J-Array (Downward Curved): Features a tighter angle at the top and wider angles at the bottom, focusing more sound energy toward the rear of the audience. Perfect for deep venues where front rows are close to the stage and rear seating extends far back.
• V-Array (Inverted V or Front-Focused): Angled inward to concentrate sound toward the front center of the audience. Best suited for intimate performances, small stages, or dynamic events where front-row engagement is key.
• Reverse J-Array: Curved upward at the top, directing sound higher and farther—useful for elevated audience areas or sloped seating.

Advanced digital modeling software (such as EASE, MAPP, or manufacturer-specific tools) can simulate array performance in a given space, helping technicians visualize coverage and optimize splay angles before installation.

Factor	Key Considerations	Recommended For	Common Mistakes to Avoid
Venue Size	Audience capacity, ceiling height, room length	Matching array size to space dimensions	Using a small array in a large venue or vice versa
Dispersion	Horizontal width and vertical focus	Wide dispersion for broad rooms; narrow vertical for tall spaces	Ignoring room reflections and audience layout
Power Handling	RMS/peak ratings, amplifier compatibility	High-wattage systems for loud, prolonged events	Mismatching amplifiers or exceeding power limits
Array Configuration	J, V, straight, or reverse J shapes	J-array for deep coverage; V-array for front focus	Poor splay angle selection leading to dead zones
Installation Method	Ground stacking vs. flown systems	Flown arrays for large venues; ground stacks for portability	Improper rigging or inadequate structural support

Expert Tip: Always perform a sound check with test tones and live audio after array setup. Use real-time analyzers (RTAs) and measurement microphones to verify frequency response and adjust EQ or array angles as needed for optimal clarity and coverage.

Additional Selection Tips

• Consider weather resistance for outdoor installations—look for IP-rated enclosures if exposure to moisture is expected.
• Evaluate portability and setup time, especially for touring or mobile applications.
• Check for built-in DSP (Digital Signal Processing) features such as crossover networks, delay settings, and protection limiting.
• Verify compatibility with existing audio systems, including cabling, amplifiers, and control software.
• Consult with an audio engineer or system integrator for complex installations to ensure safety and performance standards are met.

Choosing the right speaker horn line array is not just about technical specs—it's about matching the system to the environment and the event's unique demands. By carefully evaluating venue size, dispersion needs, power requirements, and configuration options, you can deliver professional-grade sound that enhances every performance and ensures an immersive experience for your audience.

Frequently Asked Questions About Line Array Speaker Systems

Q1: Can a line array be used outdoors?

Yes, modern line array systems are specifically engineered for both indoor and outdoor applications. Whether it's a large-scale concert, an outdoor festival, or an open-air worship service, line arrays deliver powerful, directional sound that performs reliably in diverse environmental conditions.

• Weather Resistance: Many professional line array models feature weather-resistant housings and protective coatings to withstand moisture, dust, and temperature fluctuations.
• Portability: Designed for touring and temporary setups, these systems are often modular and easy to transport and assemble on-site.
• Applications: Commonly used in stadiums, amphitheaters, public events, and religious gatherings—especially with organizations like בידאגם that host large outdoor services.

With proper rigging and protection from extreme weather, line arrays maintain consistent audio quality even in challenging outdoor environments.

Q2: Can one install a line array in their house?

No, line array speaker systems are not suitable for residential or personal home use. These systems are engineered for large venues and commercial installations, not domestic environments.

• Size & Power: Line arrays are physically large and produce extremely high sound pressure levels (SPL), which can be overwhelming and potentially damaging in small living spaces.
• Installation Requirements: They require professional rigging, structural support, and precise alignment—often involving cranes or lift equipment.
• Audience Coverage: Designed to project sound over long distances (100+ feet), they are overkill for typical room sizes found in homes.
• Cost & Complexity: High-end audio processing, amplification, and control systems are needed to operate them effectively, making them impractical for home entertainment.

For home audio, conventional bookshelf speakers, soundbars, or surround sound systems are far more appropriate and cost-effective.

Q3: What is a line array's main advantage over a normal speaker system?

The primary advantage of a line array is its ability to deliver uniform sound coverage across large audiences, minimizing acoustic inconsistencies and improving overall listening experience.

Feature	Traditional Speaker Systems	Line Array Systems
Sound Coverage	Uneven; prone to hot spots and dead zones	Consistent SPL over long distances with controlled dispersion
Directionality	Broad, uncontrolled spread leading to reflections and echo	Focused vertical projection reduces side-wall reflections and background noise
Efficiency	Requires multiple speakers and higher power for large areas	High efficiency with fewer units covering wide areas
Clarity	Can suffer from distortion at distance	Maintains clarity and intelligibility even in the back rows

This makes line arrays ideal for concerts, theaters, houses of worship, and sports arenas where even sound distribution and vocal clarity are critical.

Q4: Is there a limit to how many elements a line array can have?

Technically, there is no fixed upper limit to the number of speaker cabinets in a line array, but performance gains diminish beyond a certain point due to physical and acoustic constraints.

• Optimal Length: A typical array ranges from 6 to 24 cabinets, depending on venue size and throw distance. Too many elements can cause excessive weight, increased wind load, and beam narrowing.
• Diminishing Returns: Adding more elements increases output, but only up to the point where coupling efficiency and pattern control begin to degrade.
• Distortion & Clarity: While more elements boost volume, improper configuration can lead to phase cancellation, comb filtering, and reduced sound quality.
• Safety & Logistics: Longer arrays require stronger rigging, more labor, and advanced engineering to ensure safe suspension and stability.

Professional audio engineers use modeling software to determine the ideal number of elements based on audience layout, ceiling height, and acoustics—ensuring maximum impact without compromising safety or fidelity.

Q5: What kind of line array should a client choose for environments requiring clear, low-volume speech—like whispering or intimate dialogue?

For applications involving subtle audio content such as whispered speech, narration, or quiet vocal performances, a line array with narrow vertical dispersion and high-resolution drivers is recommended—but power must still match the space.

• Narrow Dispersion: A tight vertical coverage pattern (e.g., 10°–14° per cabinet) ensures sound is focused on the audience without spilling onto reflective surfaces, preserving clarity.
• High-Frequency Accuracy: Look for systems with precision tweeters or waveguides that reproduce delicate nuances in human voice.
• Digital Signal Processing (DSP): Advanced processing allows fine-tuning of volume, delay, and EQ to maintain natural tonality at lower SPLs.
• Array Size: Smaller arrays (6–12 boxes) are often sufficient for theaters or lecture halls where intimacy and articulation are key.

Even in low-volume scenarios, the system must still be powerful enough to cover the entire listening area without strain. A well-designed line array can deliver both subtlety and full-range performance when properly configured by an experienced audio technician.