Types of Spinning Simplex Machines
A spinning simplex machine plays a vital role in the textile manufacturing process by combining and twisting individual fibers into a continuous, stronger yarn. This intermediate step prepares the roving for final spinning into usable thread, making it essential in modern yarn production. Over centuries, spinning technology has evolved from hand-powered tools to fully automated industrial machines, each designed for specific fiber types, production scales, and quality requirements.
Spinning Wheel
One of the earliest mechanical spinning devices, the spinning wheel revolutionized textile production in the 13th century by significantly increasing efficiency over hand-spinning methods.
Advantages
- Historically significant and widely accessible
- Simple operation requiring minimal technical knowledge
- Allows for handcrafted, artisanal yarn with unique texture
- Pedal-powered models free up hands for fiber feeding
Limitations
- Low production speed and output
- Inconsistent yarn thickness without skilled operator
- Largely obsolete in commercial manufacturing
- Requires regular maintenance of wooden parts
Best for: Artisans, historical reenactments, educational purposes, small-batch handcrafting
Hand Spindle
The oldest known spinning tool, the hand spindle predates the spinning wheel and relies on gravity and rotational inertia to twist fibers into yarn.
Advantages
- Extremely portable and lightweight
- No external power source required
- Low cost and easy to make from natural materials
- Still used in remote and traditional communities worldwide
Limitations
- Very slow production rate
- Highly dependent on user skill and consistency
- Not suitable for large-scale textile manufacturing
- Fatiguing for extended use
Best for: Nomadic cultures, survivalists, fiber art enthusiasts, and beginner spinners
Fly Shuttle Spinning Frame
Invented by Richard Arkwright in the late 18th century, this water-powered machine was a cornerstone of the Industrial Revolution, enabling mass production of cotton yarn.
Advantages
- First major step toward industrialized textile production
- Capable of producing consistent, high-volume yarn
- Reduced reliance on manual labor
- Laid the foundation for modern automated spinning systems
Limitations
- Bulky and requires significant space
- High initial investment and maintenance
- Primarily historical; no longer in active industrial use
- Limited flexibility in fiber types and yarn counts
Best for: Historical study, museum displays, understanding the evolution of textile machinery
Woolen Spindle Holder
A specialized tool designed for processing wool fibers, which require a different spinning technique due to their crimped, elastic nature.
Advantages
- Tailored for wool’s unique characteristics
- Allows precise control over twist and thickness
- Produces soft, warm, and bulky yarn ideal for winter textiles
- Preserves the natural loft and insulation of wool
Limitations
- Niche application limited to wool processing
- Slower than high-speed industrial machines
- Requires specialized knowledge of wool spinning
- Not scalable for commercial production
Best for: Artisan wool spinners, hand-knitting yarn producers, heritage textile crafts
Simplex Spinning Machine
A modern industrial machine used in the roving stage, the simplex machine drafts and lightly twists fibers to prepare them for final spinning.
Advantages
- Essential for consistent roving preparation
- Improves fiber alignment and uniformity
- Enables high-speed downstream processing
- Integrates seamlessly with ring or rotor spinning systems
Limitations
- Requires skilled technicians for setup and maintenance
- High energy consumption
- Initial investment can be substantial
- Less flexible for small-batch or custom runs
Best for: Large-scale textile mills, industrial yarn production, pre-spinning preparation
Ring Spinning Machine
The most widely used spinning technology in the world, ring spinning produces high-quality yarn by twisting and winding fibers simultaneously using a rotating bobbin and stationary ring.
Advantages
- Produces strong, smooth, and uniform yarn
- Versatile across cotton, wool, synthetics, and blends
- High degree of control over yarn characteristics
- Industry standard for premium textile applications
Limitations
- Relatively slow compared to rotor or air-jet spinning
- Higher maintenance due to moving parts
- Energy-intensive operation
- Requires consistent roving input (often from simplex machines)
Best for: High-quality apparel, fine fabrics, mainstream textile manufacturing
| Machine Type | Era | Production Scale | Yarn Quality | Primary Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spinning Wheel | Medieval to 18th Century | Small-scale / Handcraft | Variable, artisanal | Home textile production |
| Hand Spindle | Ancient | Individual / Portable | Handcrafted, irregular | Traditional spinning |
| Fly Shuttle Spinning Frame | Industrial Revolution | Early Industrial | Moderate, consistent | Mass cotton production |
| Woolen Spindle Holder | Traditional / Artisanal | Small-batch | Soft, bulky wool | Wool-specific textiles |
| Simplex Spinning Machine | Modern Industrial | Large-scale | Precise roving prep | Pre-spinning processing |
| Ring Spinning Machine | Modern | Industrial / Global | High-quality, uniform | Commercial yarn production |
Expert Tip: In modern textile plants, the simplex machine is often paired with ring spinning systems to ensure optimal fiber alignment and twist consistency, resulting in stronger, more uniform final yarns. Regular maintenance of drafting rollers and flyers is crucial for sustained performance.
Specifications and Maintenance of Simplex Spinning Machines
Simplex spinning machines are essential in textile manufacturing, transforming raw fibers like cotton, wool, acrylic, polyester, and silk into high-quality yarns. Different fiber types require specific machine configurations to optimize output, quality, and efficiency. Understanding the key technical specifications and implementing a structured maintenance plan ensures consistent performance, reduced downtime, and extended equipment life.
Key Technical Specifications of Simplex Spinning Machines
The performance of a simplex spinning machine is determined by several critical specifications that influence yarn quality, production capacity, and operational efficiency. Selecting the right machine based on these parameters is vital for meeting production goals and maintaining product consistency across different fiber types.
Production Speed
Measured in meters per minute (m/min) or kilograms per spindle per hour (kg/spindle/hr), production speed defines how quickly the machine can process fibers into yarn. Higher speeds increase factory throughput and reduce labor costs per unit output.
However, excessively high speeds may compromise yarn quality, especially with delicate fibers like silk or fine cotton. Modern high-speed simplex machines often include automatic tension control and digital monitoring systems to maintain quality at elevated production rates.
Yarn Fineness (Yarn Count Range)
The yarn count range indicates the machine's ability to produce yarns of varying thickness, typically measured in tex, denier, or English cotton count (Ne). A wider count range allows flexibility in handling different end-use applications—from fine counts (60–100 Ne) for premium apparel to coarser counts (10–30 Ne) for industrial fabrics.
Machines designed for fine yarns require precision drafting systems, advanced roller settings, and optimized flyer designs to prevent breakage and ensure uniformity.
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength refers to the maximum stress a yarn can withstand before breaking. It is influenced by fiber type, twist level, draft ratio, and machine settings. Stronger yarns are essential for applications requiring durability, such as denim, canvas, or technical textiles.
Simplex machines achieve desired strength through controlled twist insertion, proper roller pressure, and consistent fiber alignment. Regular calibration ensures uniform strength across all spindles and batches.
Noise Level
Operating noise, measured in decibels (dB), is an important consideration for workplace safety and environmental compliance. Traditional simplex machines can generate noise levels between 80–90 dB, which may exceed occupational health limits over prolonged exposure.
Newer models incorporate noise-dampening materials, balanced rotating components, and enclosed drive systems to reduce sound emissions to 70–75 dB or lower, contributing to a safer and more comfortable working environment.
Energy Consumption
Energy efficiency is a major factor in reducing operational costs and environmental impact. Energy consumption varies based on machine type, motor efficiency, production speed, and yarn count. High-speed operations and fine yarn production generally consume more power.
Modern energy-saving simplex machines feature variable frequency drives (VFDs), regenerative braking, and optimized motor designs that can reduce energy usage by 20–30% compared to conventional models. Monitoring energy use per kilogram of yarn produced helps identify inefficiencies and benchmark performance.
Fiber Compatibility
While simplex machines are versatile, their design must be matched to the fiber being processed. Cotton and polyester require different drafting settings, roller pressures, and humidity controls compared to wool or acrylic.
Some advanced machines offer quick-change kits and programmable settings for rapid switching between fiber types, minimizing setup time and waste during product changeovers.
| Specification | Impact on Production | Optimization Tips |
|---|---|---|
| Production Speed | High | Balanced with yarn quality; use automated controls to maintain consistency at high speeds |
| Yarn Count Range | High | Select machine based on primary product range; ensure adjustable drafting system |
| Tensile Strength | High | Monitor twist multiplier and roller settings; conduct regular yarn testing |
| Noise Level | Medium | Install sound enclosures; maintain moving parts to prevent vibration noise |
| Energy Consumption | High | Use VFDs, optimize machine load, and schedule maintenance to prevent inefficiency |
Comprehensive Maintenance Checklist for Spinning Machines
Regular and proactive maintenance is crucial for maximizing uptime, ensuring yarn quality, and extending the lifespan of simplex spinning machines. A well-structured maintenance program prevents unexpected breakdowns and reduces long-term repair costs.
Important: Always consult the machine’s operation and service manual before performing maintenance. Using incorrect tools, lubricants, or replacement parts can lead to equipment damage, safety hazards, or voided warranties. Train operators and maintenance staff regularly to ensure compliance with best practices. Preventive maintenance not only protects your investment but also ensures consistent yarn quality and operational efficiency.
Key Textile Applications Across Industries
Textiles play a vital role in diverse sectors, from healthcare to fashion and functional apparel. The choice of fiber, manufacturing process, and end-use application significantly impacts performance, comfort, and sustainability. Below are three critical scenarios highlighting how specialized textile technologies meet specific needs in real-world contexts.
Woolen and Warm Fabrics
Wool is a natural, renewable fiber derived primarily from sheep, renowned for its exceptional thermal regulation, breathability, and moisture-wicking capabilities. Unlike synthetic insulators, wool absorbs moisture without feeling damp, making it ideal for maintaining comfort in cold and variable climates.
- Used extensively in winter clothing such as sweaters, socks, coats, and base layers due to its high warmth-to-weight ratio
- Wool blankets and pajamas help stabilize core body temperature during sleep, which is especially beneficial for elderly individuals, including those with dementia who may experience disrupted circadian rhythms
- Beyond apparel, wool is used in eco-friendly home insulation and soundproofing materials due to its natural flame resistance and acoustic dampening properties
- Carpet underlays made from wool offer improved durability, odor resistance, and indoor air quality compared to synthetic alternatives
Sustainability Note: Wool is biodegradable, compostable, and requires less frequent washing, reducing energy and water consumption over the garment’s lifecycle.
Healthcare Textiles
The medical sector relies heavily on high-performance textiles designed for hygiene, safety, and patient care. These fabrics must meet stringent regulatory standards for sterility, fluid resistance, and durability under repeated sterilization cycles.
- Surgical masks, gowns, caps, and drapes are typically made from spunbond or meltblown nonwoven fabrics that provide effective barriers against pathogens
- Hospital bed linens and patient gowns are often crafted from cotton-polyester blends that balance softness, strength, and ease of sanitization
- Simplex spinning machines produce consistent, fine yarns essential for manufacturing these critical textiles, ensuring uniformity and reliability
- Antimicrobial treatments and single-use disposable designs help minimize cross-contamination and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)
Critical Insight: Reusable medical textiles are increasingly treated with advanced finishes to resist bacterial growth while maintaining comfort and breathability.
Denim Production
Denim remains one of the most iconic and widely consumed fabrics globally, bridging casual wear and high fashion. Modern denim production combines traditional craftsmanship with innovative textile engineering to meet consumer demands for durability, comfort, and sustainability.
- Traditional denim is made from cotton yarns, but many contemporary versions incorporate polyester for enhanced strength and wrinkle resistance, and spandex (typically 1–3%) for stretch and improved fit
- The signature blue color comes from indigo dye, traditionally applied using an indigo dyepot where yarns are repeatedly dipped and oxidized to build depth of color
- An increasing number of eco-conscious brands are turning to natural plant-based dyes like Isatis tinctoria (woad) or Indigofera species to reduce chemical runoff and environmental impact
- High-speed ring spinning and compact spinning machines enable mass production while maintaining yarn strength and minimizing waste
Innovation Spotlight: Waterless dyeing technologies and closed-loop recycling systems are transforming denim manufacturing into a more sustainable industry.
Emerging Trends & Cross-Industry Impact
As technology advances, the boundaries between textile applications continue to blur, leading to smarter, more functional fabrics across domains.
- Smart Wool: Integration of conductive fibers into woolen textiles enables temperature monitoring and health tracking in wearable garments
- Medical-Grade Denim: Antimicrobial denim is being explored for use in scrubs and therapeutic garments for patients with skin sensitivities
- Sustainable Healthcare Linens: Hospitals are piloting compostable textile solutions made from plant-based fibers to reduce landfill waste
- Circular Fashion: Recycled wool and post-consumer denim are gaining traction in eco-label collections, supporting circular economy models
Future Outlook: The convergence of biotechnology, digital manufacturing, and sustainable design is shaping the next generation of multifunctional textiles.
Professional Insight: When advising clients or selecting materials, consider not only immediate performance needs but also long-term environmental impact, user comfort, and lifecycle costs. For instance, investing in high-quality wool products may have a higher upfront cost but offers longer service life and lower environmental footprint over time. Similarly, in healthcare settings, prioritizing certified, durable textiles can improve patient safety and reduce operational expenses related to infection control.
| Application | Primary Materials | Key Properties | Sustainability Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Woolen Fabrics | Sheep wool, merino, alpaca | Thermal regulation, moisture-wicking, odor-resistant | Biodegradable, renewable, low wash frequency |
| Healthcare Textiles | Cotton-polyester blends, nonwovens | Sterilizable, hypoallergenic, fluid-resistant | Reusable options, antimicrobial finishes |
| Denim Production | Cotton, polyester, spandex | Durable, abrasion-resistant, flexible | Recyclable fibers, natural dyes, water-saving processes |
Additional Considerations
- Regulatory Compliance: Healthcare textiles must adhere to standards such as ISO 13485 and ASTM F1671 for blood-borne pathogen resistance
- Consumer Preferences: Increasing demand for transparency in sourcing and production drives brands toward traceable, ethically produced textiles
- Innovation in Spinning: Advances in rotor and air-jet spinning improve efficiency and reduce energy use in yarn production
- Lifecycle Management: End-of-life strategies like take-back programs and mechanical recycling are becoming standard in sustainable textile planning
- Performance Testing: Rigorous testing for pilling, shrinkage, colorfastness, and tensile strength ensures product reliability across all applications
How to Choose Spinning Simplex Machines: A Comprehensive Buyer's Guide
Selecting the right spinning simplex machine is a critical decision for textile manufacturers aiming to optimize production efficiency, product quality, and long-term operational costs. The simplex machine plays a pivotal role in the spinning process by attenuating roving and imparting a slight twist before it enters the final spinning stage. This guide outlines the key factors to consider when choosing a simplex machine tailored to your specific production needs and fibre types.
Important Note: The performance of a spinning simplex machine directly impacts yarn uniformity, strength, and overall spinning efficiency. Choosing the wrong machine can lead to increased waste, higher energy consumption, and inconsistent product quality. Always consult technical specifications and conduct trials when possible before finalizing your purchase.
1. Fibre Type Compatibility
The type of fibre being processed is one of the most crucial considerations when selecting a simplex machine. While many modern machines are designed for versatility, specialized configurations often yield superior results.
- Cotton: Cotton fibres require precise drafting and controlled twist insertion. Machines optimized for cotton typically feature advanced drafting systems with precise roller settings and low draft variation to maintain fibre alignment and minimize irregularities.
- Synthetic Fibres (Polyester, Nylon): These fibres often require different tension control and roller pressure settings due to their smooth surface and higher strength. Look for machines with adjustable drafting zones and anti-static features.
- Blends and Specialty Fibres: For blends (e.g., cotton-polyester) or delicate fibres (e.g., wool, bamboo), ensure the machine offers fine-tuned control over draft ratio, roller speeds, and flyer design to prevent fibre damage and ensure consistent roving quality.
2. Production Capacity and Spindle Configuration
Capacity is typically measured in the number of spindles, which directly correlates to output volume. Choosing the right capacity ensures you meet production targets without over-investing in underutilized equipment.
- Standard configurations range from 120 to 500+ spindles per machine.
- High-capacity machines (400–500 spindles) are ideal for large-scale operations focused on volume production.
- Smaller configurations (120–240 spindles) offer greater flexibility for specialty yarns, frequent product changes, or pilot runs.
- Consider future scalability—modular designs allow for easier expansion as demand grows.
3. Level of Automation and Operator Interface
Automation significantly impacts productivity, labour costs, and consistency. However, it also affects maintenance complexity and training requirements.
- Automated Features to Look For:
- Auto-doffing systems for faster bobbin changes
- Drafting zone monitoring with real-time alerts
- Centralized control panels with intuitive HMI (Human-Machine Interface)
- Predictive maintenance indicators
- Maintenance Accessibility: Choose machines with open-frame designs, easy access to drafting rollers, flyers, and drive components to minimize downtime during servicing.
- Training and Support: Evaluate the availability of technical training, spare parts, and after-sales service from the manufacturer or supplier.
4. Integrated Quality Control Systems
Advanced quality control features help maintain consistent roving quality, reduce waste, and improve downstream spinning performance.
- Look for machines equipped with sensors that monitor:
- Roving tension and diameter consistency
- Drafting irregularities (e.g., thick/thin places)
- Twist level and flyer speed accuracy
- Real-time data logging and alarm systems enable quick intervention and process optimization.
- Integration with plant-wide quality management systems (QMS) enhances traceability and process control.
5. Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
Spinning is an energy-intensive process, and the simplex stage contributes significantly to overall power consumption. Energy-efficient machines reduce operating costs and environmental impact.
- Favor models with:
- Inverter-driven motors for variable speed control
- Regenerative braking systems
- Low-friction bearings and optimized drive trains
- Energy recovery systems where available
- Check energy consumption ratings (kWh/kg of roving) across different models for comparison.
- Consider machines with eco-mode settings for idle or low-load operations.
| Selection Criteria | Key Features to Evaluate | Impact on Production | Recommended Actions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fibre Compatibility | Drafting system design, roller configuration, twist control | Yarn uniformity, fibre breakage, waste levels | Test machine with your specific fibre blend |
| Capacity (Spindles) | Spindle count, machine width, doffing frequency | Output volume, labour efficiency, changeover time | Match to current demand + 20% growth buffer |
| Automation Level | Auto-doffing, HMI, remote diagnostics | Labour cost, uptime, consistency | Assess ROI based on labour savings |
| Quality Control | Sensors, monitoring software, alarm systems | Defect rate, customer complaints, rework | Request demo with live monitoring |
| Energy Efficiency | Motor type, power consumption data, idle mode | Operating cost, carbon footprint, utility bills | Compare kWh/kg across suppliers |
Expert Tip: Before making a final decision, request a trial run with your actual production parameters and fibre type at the manufacturer’s facility or a reference site. This hands-on evaluation provides invaluable insights into machine performance, ease of operation, and integration potential with your existing spinning line.
Additional Considerations
- Noise Levels: Modern facilities prioritize worker comfort—choose machines with noise-reduction features.
- Footprint and Layout: Ensure the machine fits within your existing floor plan and allows for safe operator movement and maintenance access.
- Supplier Reputation: Partner with manufacturers known for reliability, innovation, and responsive customer support.
- Warranty and Service Network: A comprehensive warranty and local service team can significantly reduce long-term risks.
Choosing the right spinning simplex machine is a strategic investment that affects every aspect of your spinning operation. By carefully evaluating fibre compatibility, capacity needs, automation level, quality control capabilities, and energy efficiency, you can select a machine that delivers optimal performance, consistent quality, and long-term cost savings. Always involve your technical team and consult with industry experts to make an informed decision aligned with your production goals.
Spinning Simplex Machine: Frequently Asked Questions
The evolution of simplex spinning machines is being driven by advancements in sustainability, automation, and digital integration. As the textile industry moves toward smarter manufacturing, several key trends are shaping the future of these machines:
- Smart & Connected Machines: Modern simplex spinning machines are increasingly equipped with IoT (Internet of Things) capabilities, allowing them to connect to industrial networks and cloud platforms. This enables real-time remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and centralized control across production lines.
- Data-Driven Optimization: By leveraging big data analytics and cloud computing, manufacturers can collect performance metrics such as spindle efficiency, energy consumption, and downtime. These insights help optimize operations, reduce waste, and improve yarn quality.
- Automation & Labor Reduction: Automation technologies are being integrated into feeding, drafting, and winding processes. This reduces reliance on manual labor, minimizes human error, and increases consistency and output speed.
- Energy and Resource Efficiency: Newer models are designed for lower power consumption and reduced water usage—critical for sustainable textile production. Features like variable frequency drives (VFDs) and closed-loop lubrication systems contribute to eco-friendly operation.
- Precision Engineering: Enhanced sensors and servo controls allow for tighter tolerance in yarn thickness and twist, resulting in higher-quality output suitable for technical textiles and premium fabrics.
Together, these innovations are transforming traditional spinning floors into intelligent, efficient, and environmentally responsible production environments.
A simplex spinning machine plays a crucial role in the preparatory stage of yarn manufacturing, particularly in short-staple spinning systems like cotton. It processes slivers (rope-like strands of loosely aligned fibers) into roving—a finer, more uniform strand ready for final spinning. Here's how the process works step by step:
- Fiber Preparation: Raw fibers such as cotton or wool first go through opening, cleaning, and carding stages. The breaker, intermediate, and finisher cards align the fibers and remove impurities, forming a continuous sliver.
- Drafting: In the simplex machine, the sliver is fed into drafting rollers that stretch it to reduce its thickness. This elongation helps align the fibers parallel to each other, improving strength and uniformity.
- Twisting (Roving): After drafting, the attenuated strand receives a slight twist via a spindle and flyer system. This twist—known as roving twist—adds enough cohesion to handle the next stage without breaking, but remains loose enough for further drawing in the ring frame.
- Winding: The twisted roving is then wound onto bobbins in a package suitable for the next machine. The shape and tension are carefully controlled to ensure smooth unwinding during subsequent processing.
The output—called roving—is essential for efficient ring spinning, where it will be further drafted and twisted into finished yarn. The precision of the simplex machine directly affects yarn evenness, strength, and overall spinning performance.
Spinning machines and weaving machines serve distinct roles in textile manufacturing, operating at different stages of fabric production:
| Aspect | Spinning Machine | Weaving Machine |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Function | Converts raw fibers (cotton, wool, synthetic) into continuous yarn through drafting and twisting. | Interlaces two sets of yarns—warp (lengthwise) and weft (crosswise)—at right angles to create fabric. |
| Input Material | Raw fibers or processed slivers/roving. | Yarn produced by spinning machines. |
| Output Product | Yarn used for knitting, weaving, sewing, embroidery, etc. | Woven fabrics such as denim, satin, tulle, canvas, and plaid materials. |
| Process Type | Mechanical elongation and twisting of fibers. | Shedding, picking, and beating-up motions to interlace yarns. |
| Key Machines | Carding machines, draw frames, simplex, ring spinning frames. | Shuttle looms, rapier looms, air-jet looms, projectile looms. |
| End-Use Applications | Sewing thread, embroidery thread, industrial yarns, base material for textiles. | Clothing, home textiles, upholstery, technical fabrics. |
In summary, spinning creates the building blocks (yarn), while weaving assembles those blocks into structured fabric. Both are essential, sequential stages in textile production.
Although both spinning and knitting contribute to fabric creation, they perform very different functions and operate at different stages of production:
- Function & Purpose: A spinning machine produces yarn by drawing out and twisting raw fibers. It is the foundational step in textile manufacturing. In contrast, a knitting machine uses pre-made yarn (often from spinning) to create fabric by forming loops that interlock row by row.
- Process Mechanism: Spinning relies on mechanical drafting and rotational twisting to bind fibers into a continuous strand. Knitting uses needles to form stitches in a variety of patterns—such as jersey, rib, or interlock—enabling elasticity and flexibility in the final fabric.
- Product Characteristics: Yarn from spinning machines can be used in weaving, knitting, or other applications. Knitted fabrics are typically stretchy, soft, and breathable, making them ideal for garments like T-shirts, sweaters, and sportswear.
- Machine Types: Common spinning systems include ring spinning, rotor spinning, and air-jet spinning. Knitting machines come in two main types: weft knitting (e.g., circular and flatbed machines) and warp knitting (used for technical and lace fabrics).
- Material Flow: The workflow typically follows this sequence: Fiber → Spinning → Yarn → Knitting → Fabric → Garment. Thus, spinning is upstream, while knitting is a downstream fabric-forming process.
Understanding this distinction helps clarify the textile value chain: spinning produces the input for knitting, which then transforms it into wearable or functional fabric with unique structural properties.
浙公网安备
33010002000092号
浙B2-20120091-4
Comments
No comments yet. Why don't you start the discussion?