Inside Tricycle Hong Kong: Standards, Structure, and How It Supports Industrial Applications

Types of Tricycles in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, a tricycle is commonly referred to as a pedicab—a human-powered or electric-assisted three-wheeled vehicle used primarily for transporting passengers in urban areas. Pedicabs are a popular eco-friendly transportation option, especially in tourist districts and congested city zones where motor vehicles face restrictions. Over time, various types of tricycles have evolved to meet different needs, from leisurely city tours to high-efficiency urban commuting.

Below is a comprehensive overview of the main types of tricycles used in Hong Kong, detailing their design, functionality, and ideal use cases.

Conventional Tricycle

The classic pedicab design, powered entirely by human pedaling. Commonly seen in older districts and tourist hotspots.

Advantages

• Environmentally friendly (zero emissions)
• Low operating and maintenance costs
• Quiet and smooth operation
• Supports local employment and tourism

Limitations

• Limited speed and range
• Physically demanding for drivers
• Not suitable for hilly terrain
• Weather-dependent usage

Best for: Short-distance city tours, scenic areas, eco-tourism, and heritage districts

Electric Tricycle

Equipped with an electric motor assist, this modern version reduces physical strain and increases efficiency.

Advantages

• Reduced driver fatigue
• Faster travel and extended range
• Better performance on inclines
• More reliable in varied weather

Limitations

• Higher initial investment
• Requires charging infrastructure
• Increased maintenance complexity
• Regulatory restrictions may apply

Best for: Urban commuting, commercial transport, longer passenger routes, and delivery services

Recumbent Tricycle

Features a reclined seating position for the rider, offering improved aerodynamics and comfort during long rides.

Advantages

• Superior comfort and reduced back strain
• Improved stability and lower center of gravity
• Greater aerodynamic efficiency
• Long-distance riding capability

Limitations

• Less common and harder to source
• Higher cost and limited spare parts
• Slower acceleration
• Less maneuverable in tight spaces

Best for: Leisure rides, fitness enthusiasts, long-distance touring, and riders with back issues

Racing Tricycle

High-performance tricycle designed for speed, agility, and competitive use, often used in sports or time trials.

Advantages

• Exceptional speed and responsiveness
• Lightweight and aerodynamic frame
• Advanced gear systems and braking
• Ideal for competitive events

Limitations

• Expensive and specialized
• Not practical for daily transport
• Requires skilled handling
• Limited passenger or cargo capacity

Best for: Sports events, triathlons, time trials, and performance enthusiasts

Type	Power Source	Comfort	Performance	Primary Use
Conventional Tricycle	Human-powered	Good	Fair	Tourism, short-distance transport
Electric Tricycle	Electric-assist	Very Good	Excellent	Urban commuting, delivery, transport
Recumbent Tricycle	Human-powered	Excellent	Good	Leisure, long-distance riding
Racing Tricycle	Human-powered	Fair	Exceptional	Sports, competitions, speed trials

Expert Tip: In Hong Kong, electric tricycles must comply with local transport regulations regarding motor power and speed limits. Always verify licensing and operational guidelines before commercial use to avoid legal issues.

Specification and Maintenance of Electric Tricycles in Hong Kong

Electric tricycles have become increasingly popular in Hong Kong due to their versatility, eco-friendliness, and ability to navigate narrow urban streets and hilly terrain. Designed for both personal and commercial use—such as delivery services, cargo transport, and senior mobility—these vehicles combine stability, power, and efficiency. Understanding their technical specifications and implementing a consistent maintenance routine is essential for maximizing performance, safety, and longevity.

Key Specifications of Electric Tricycles in Hong Kong

Specifications can vary significantly based on the model, intended use (passenger vs. cargo), and manufacturer. However, most electric tricycles in Hong Kong share common design features tailored to local conditions, including steep gradients, high humidity, and dense traffic. Below is a detailed breakdown of core components and performance metrics.

Frame Construction

Most electric tricycles feature a lightweight yet durable frame made from high-tensile steel or aircraft-grade aluminum alloy. Steel frames offer superior strength and shock absorption, ideal for heavy cargo loads, while aluminum frames reduce overall weight, improving energy efficiency and ease of handling.

The three-wheel design enhances stability, especially during stops and turns—critical for navigating Hong Kong’s busy sidewalks and sloped roads. Many models also include reinforced frames for commercial cargo use, capable of withstanding daily wear and tear.

Motor Power and Performance

Electric tricycles in Hong Kong typically come equipped with brushless DC motors ranging from 250W to 1000W. A 250W motor is sufficient for light urban commuting, while 500W to 1000W motors are preferred for cargo tricycles or hilly routes like those in the New Territories.

These motors deliver a top speed of 28–35 km/h, aligning with local traffic regulations for low-speed electric vehicles. Higher-powered models often include torque sensors and pedal-assist systems to optimize power delivery and extend battery life.

Battery and Range

The power system usually consists of a 24V to 48V lithium-ion battery with a capacity between 10Ah and 20Ah. These batteries provide a reliable range of 40–80 km on a single charge, depending on load, terrain, and riding mode (throttle vs. pedal-assist).

Lithium-ion batteries are favored for their fast charging (4–6 hours), long cycle life (500+ charges), and compact size. Many models feature removable batteries for convenient indoor charging—important for users without garage access.

Wheels and Tires

Equipped with three wheels measuring 20 to 26 inches in diameter, these tricycles balance maneuverability and ground clearance. Larger wheels (24”–26”) offer better shock absorption on uneven surfaces, while smaller wheels enhance agility in tight spaces.

Tires are typically puncture-resistant and designed for mixed terrain—ideal for transitioning from paved roads to construction sites or wet alleyways common in Hong Kong. Some models include tubeless tires for reduced maintenance and improved safety.

Gear and Drivetrain System

A 7-speed to 21-speed derailleur system allows riders to adjust gearing based on incline and load. This is especially beneficial in Hong Kong’s hilly urban environment, where climbing ability is crucial.

The chain-driven system is robust and easy to maintain, though regular cleaning and lubrication are necessary to prevent rust in the city’s humid climate. Some premium models feature internal gear hubs for cleaner aesthetics and reduced maintenance.

Braking and Suspension

Safety is enhanced with hydraulic disc brakes on both front and rear wheels, providing consistent stopping power even in rainy conditions. These brakes require less hand effort than mechanical systems, making them ideal for older riders or those carrying heavy loads.

The suspension system typically offers three adjustable levels—soft, medium, and firm—allowing customization based on load and road conditions. Front fork suspension and rear spring shocks absorb vibrations, improving comfort and control.

Component	Typical Specification	Functional Benefit
Motor Power	250W – 1000W	Balances speed, torque, and legal compliance for urban use
Battery	24V–48V, 10–20Ah Li-ion	40–80 km range; fast charging; lightweight and removable
Top Speed	28–35 km/h	Complies with local e-bike regulations; safe for city traffic
Load Capacity	150–300 kg	Suitable for cargo delivery, passengers, or heavy equipment
Wheels	20”–26” diameter	Stable handling and adaptability to varied terrain
Gear System	7–21 speed	Optimizes pedaling efficiency on hills and under load
Brakes	Hydraulic disc (front & rear)	Reliable stopping in wet or steep conditions
Suspension	Adjustable (3 levels)	Improves comfort and control on rough surfaces

Essential Maintenance Tips for Electric Tricycles in Hong Kong

Given Hong Kong’s humid subtropical climate and demanding urban environment, regular maintenance is crucial to prevent corrosion, electrical faults, and mechanical wear. Following a proactive care routine extends the lifespan of your tricycle and ensures safe, efficient operation.

Inspect the Electrical System Regularly: Check the battery terminals, wiring, connectors, and controller for signs of corrosion, fraying, or moisture damage. Ensure the battery charges properly and monitor for reduced range, which may indicate cell degradation.

Maintain Proper Tire Pressure: Under-inflated tires increase rolling resistance, reduce range, and are prone to blowouts. Check pressure weekly using a reliable gauge and inflate to the manufacturer’s recommended PSI (usually marked on the tire sidewall).

Clean and Lubricate Moving Parts: Wash the tricycle weekly with mild soap and water, avoiding high-pressure sprays near electrical components. After cleaning, lubricate the chain, derailleurs, and pivot points to prevent rust and ensure smooth operation.

Inspect the Brake System: Examine brake pads and discs for wear every month. Squeaking or reduced stopping power indicates the need for replacement. Test both front and rear brakes before each ride, especially important in hilly areas.

Check the Suspension System: Ensure suspension components are intact and functioning. Look for leaks in hydraulic units or sagging in springs. Adjust firmness based on load to maintain optimal ride quality.

Follow the Manufacturer’s Maintenance Schedule: Refer to the user manual for service intervals, such as battery health checks, motor diagnostics, and drivetrain adjustments. Adhering to the schedule helps maintain warranty coverage and prevents unexpected breakdowns.

Important: Always perform maintenance in a dry, well-ventilated area and disconnect the battery before servicing electrical components. Using non-OEM parts or ignoring maintenance can lead to performance issues, safety hazards, or regulatory non-compliance. In Hong Kong, improper modifications to speed or power may violate transport regulations. When in doubt, consult an authorized service center.

How to Choose a Tricycle in Hong Kong

Choosing the right tricycle in Hong Kong requires careful consideration of multiple factors, from intended use to local regulations and terrain. Whether you're looking for personal transportation, cargo delivery, or a unique tourism experience, selecting the appropriate tricycle can significantly enhance efficiency, comfort, and value. With Hong Kong’s dense urban environment, steep inclines, and strict vehicle regulations, making an informed decision is essential.

Purpose and Usage

Understanding your primary reason for purchasing a tricycle is the first and most critical step. Hong Kong’s diverse landscape and urban demands mean tricycles serve a wide range of functions.

• Transportation: Ideal for short commutes or last-mile travel in hilly or congested areas where cars are impractical.
• Tourism: Pedal-powered or electric-assist tricycles are increasingly popular for guided city tours, especially in heritage districts like Sheung Wan or Tai O.
• Cargo Delivery: Commercial tricycles with rear cargo boxes are used by small businesses for eco-friendly deliveries in pedestrian zones.
• Street Vending: Some vendors use modified tricycles as mobile stalls, compliant with local licensing rules.

Key consideration: Match the tricycle type to your daily route, load requirements, and legal usage zones.

Design and Type

Tricycles in Hong Kong come in various configurations, each suited to different needs and environments. The design impacts stability, maneuverability, and regulatory compliance.

• Cargo Tricycles: Feature a large flatbed or enclosed box at the rear; ideal for deliveries and often equipped with electric assist for hill climbing.
• Taxi Tricycles (Pedicabs): Passenger-focused with comfortable seating for 1–2 riders; commonly found in tourist areas.
• Electric Tricycles: Powered by rechargeable batteries; offer pedal-assist or throttle-only options, subject to speed and weight regulations.
• Folding/Compact Models: Designed for urban dwellers with limited storage space, such as apartment residents.

Pro tip: Check Hong Kong’s Transport Department guidelines—motorized tricycles may require registration or fall under specific vehicle classifications.

Budget and Value

Tricycle prices in Hong Kong vary widely based on power source, build quality, and features. Setting a realistic budget helps narrow options without sacrificing safety or durability.

• Entry-Level (HK$2,000–5,000): Basic pedal tricycles for light personal use or short-distance cargo.
• Mid-Range (HK$5,000–12,000): Electric-assist models with better range, braking, and comfort features.
• Premium (HK$12,000+): Commercial-grade tricycles with reinforced frames, larger batteries, and weather-resistant components.
• Consider long-term savings on fuel, parking, and maintenance when evaluating electric models.

Smart choice: Look for bundled packages that include locks, lights, and charging accessories to maximize value.

Quality and Durability

Given Hong Kong’s humid climate, frequent rain, and uneven terrain, investing in a high-quality tricycle ensures longevity and reduces repair costs.

• Choose frames made from rust-resistant materials like aluminum or galvanized steel.
• Look for sealed bearings and corrosion-proof chains to withstand moisture.
• Check tire quality—puncture-resistant or solid rubber tires are beneficial in urban environments.
• Reinforced welds and structural joints indicate better craftsmanship and load capacity.

Technical note: Higher-quality tricycles often include maintenance logs and service support from local dealers.

Features and Comfort

Modern tricycles offer a range of features that enhance usability, safety, and rider experience—especially important in Hong Kong’s busy streets.

• Ergonomic Seating: Adjustable seats and backrests reduce fatigue during long rides.
• Storage Options: Built-in baskets, lockable compartments, or modular cargo systems improve functionality.
• Safety Features: LED lights, reflectors, rearview mirrors, and responsive braking systems (disc or drum) are essential for night or rainy riding.
• Smart Integration: Some models include GPS tracking, USB charging ports, or smartphone mounts.

Critical factor: Test ride if possible—comfort and handling vary significantly between models.

Brand and Support

Selecting a reputable brand ensures access to reliable customer service, spare parts, and warranty coverage—crucial in a city where repair options may be limited.

• Look for brands with established service centers in Kowloon, Hong Kong Island, or New Territories.
• Locally adapted models from brands like Greenpedal, Trike Mobility HK, or EcoRider are designed for Hong Kong’s unique conditions.
• International brands such as Yadea or Giantelectric offer high-performance electric tricycles with strong local distributor networks.
• Check online reviews and user forums for real-world feedback on reliability and after-sales support.

Time-saving tip: Choose a brand that offers on-site maintenance or mobile repair services.

Professional Recommendation: For most users in Hong Kong, a mid-range electric-assist cargo or passenger tricycle offers the best balance of performance, compliance, and practicality. These models handle steep inclines (common in areas like The Peak or Lantau), reduce physical strain, and comply with local low-emission transport initiatives. Always verify that motorized tricycles meet Hong Kong’s speed (≤25 km/h) and power (≤250W) limits to avoid legal issues.

User Profile	Recommended Type	Key Features	Estimated Price Range (HKD)
Urban commuter (short distances)	Pedal or electric-assist tricycle	Lightweight frame, folding design, LED lights	HK$3,000–6,000
Tour guide or pedicab operator	Passenger tricycle (2-seater)	Comfortable seating, canopy, safety harness	HK$8,000–15,000
Small business delivery	Cargo tricycle with electric assist	Large storage box, 40+ km range, puncture-resistant tires	HK$10,000–18,000
Street vendor or mobile service	Customized utility tricycle	Modular setup, power supply, signage mount	HK$7,000–12,000

Additional Considerations

• Legal Compliance: Non-motorized tricycles are generally unrestricted, but motorized versions may be classified as "electrically assisted pedal cycles" and must meet safety standards under the Road Traffic Ordinance.
• Maintenance Access: Ensure spare parts (batteries, motors, brakes) are readily available locally to avoid long downtimes.
• Weather Resistance: Waterproof covers, sealed electronics, and rust-proof components are vital for year-round use.
• Theft Prevention: Invest in GPS trackers and heavy-duty U-locks—tricycles are attractive targets in high-traffic areas.
• Community & Licensing: Some districts require permits for commercial tricycle operations, especially for tourism or vending.

DIY Guide: Replacing Key Components on Electric Tricycles in Hong Kong

Electric tricycles are a popular and practical mode of transportation in Hong Kong, especially for seniors, delivery services, and short-distance commuting. While many parts of an e-trike can be replaced with basic tools and mechanical knowledge, it's highly recommended to consult or hire a professional bike mechanic—particularly for critical systems like brakes, frames, and electrical components—to ensure safety, reliability, and compliance with local usage standards.

This comprehensive guide walks you through the replacement of common tricycle components, offering clear steps, safety considerations, and best practices tailored to the urban environment of Hong Kong, where durability and performance under frequent use are essential.

Safety Warning: Always disconnect the battery before working on any electric tricycle. Work on a stable, level surface and use proper lifting supports. Wear protective gloves and eye protection to prevent injury from sharp edges or flying debris.

Step-by-Step Component Replacement Guide

• Replacing the Wheel Rims

  Inspect the wheel assembly to determine how the rim is secured—whether via bolts, clips, or adhesive. This assessment is crucial for safe removal and proper installation of the new rim.

  • Use a screwdriver or adjustable wrench to remove fasteners securing the rim to the hub or wheel well.
  • If the rim is bonded with adhesive, carefully insert a plastic or metal putty knife to separate it without damaging the tire or spokes.
  • Position the new rim into place, ensuring it aligns with the hub and brake system.
  • Reattach using appropriate fasteners or high-strength adhesive, and tighten evenly to prevent warping.
  • Spin the wheel to verify smooth rotation and check for wobbling or misalignment.
• Replacing the Axle

  The axle is a critical structural component that supports the wheels and transfers power. Handle with care to avoid imbalance or mechanical failure.

  • Secure the tricycle on a stand and remove the wheels using a wrench or socket set.
  • Slide the old axle out from its mounting brackets in the frame. Inspect brackets for wear or deformation.
  • Insert the new axle, ensuring it is the correct diameter and length for your model.
  • Reattach the wheels to both ends, aligning them properly with the frame and drivetrain.
  • Tighten all nuts securely using a torque wrench if available, following manufacturer specifications.
• Replacing the Tires

  Worn or damaged tires reduce traction and increase the risk of accidents, especially in Hong Kong’s humid and rainy conditions.

  • Deflate the tire completely by removing the valve core or pressing down the valve stem.
  • Use tire levers or a crowbar to gently pry one side of the tire off the rim.
  • Remove the old tire and inspect the rim for damage or debris.
  • Mount the new tire, starting at the valve stem, and work your way around both sides.
  • Inflate slowly and check that the tire beads are seated evenly on the rim.
  • Recheck inflation pressure according to the manufacturer’s recommendation (usually printed on the tire sidewall).
• Replacing the Brakes

  Brakes are vital for safety, especially on Hong Kong’s hilly terrain and busy streets. Whether your tricycle uses drum, disc, or rim brakes, proper installation and adjustment are essential.

  • Disconnect the brake cable or hydraulic line (if applicable) and remove mounting bolts using a wrench.
  • Carefully detach the old brake assembly from the fork or frame.
  • Install the new brake unit, aligning it precisely with the rotor or rim surface.
  • Reconnect cables or lines and secure all fasteners.
  • Adjust brake pads for even contact and minimal lever travel.
  • Test the brake lever action and perform a low-speed stop test before full use.
• Replacing the Frame

  Replacing the entire frame is a major job typically required after damage or corrosion. It involves transferring all components—including the motor, battery, wheels, and controls—to a new chassis.

  • Begin by disconnecting the battery and removing all detachable parts: wheels, seat, handlebars, motor, and electronics.
  • Unbolt the old frame and carefully disassemble it from the central structure.
  • Assemble the new frame and begin reattaching components in reverse order.
  • Ensure all wiring is properly routed and secured to avoid pinching or exposure.
  • Double-check alignment of wheels, steering, and drivetrain components.
  • Test all electrical systems and brakes thoroughly before riding.

Component	Tools Required	Estimated Time	Safety Notes
Wheel Rims	Screwdriver, wrench, putty knife	30–45 minutes	Avoid excessive force to prevent rim or hub damage
Axle	Wrench set, jack, torque wrench	45–60 minutes	Ensure proper alignment to avoid uneven wear
Tires	Tire levers, air pump, valve tool	20–30 minutes	Check for punctures and rim condition before installation
Brakes	Wrench, Allen keys, brake cleaner	30–50 minutes	Test brake function before riding; adjust for responsiveness
Frame	Full tool kit, socket set, wire cutters	3–5 hours	High complexity—professional help strongly advised

Expert Tip: In Hong Kong’s high-humidity environment, regularly inspect metal components for rust, especially around axles, bolts, and the frame. Apply anti-corrosion spray or grease to exposed threads and joints every 3–6 months to extend the life of your tricycle.

Maintenance and Safety Recommendations

• Keep a maintenance log to track part replacements and service dates.
• Use only compatible, high-quality replacement parts designed for electric tricycles.
• After any major repair, perform a test ride in a quiet area to check handling and braking.
• Regularly check tire pressure, brake pads, and chain tension (if applicable).
• Store your e-trike in a covered or indoor area to protect it from rain and salt air, which are common in coastal Hong Kong.
• Consider professional servicing at least once a year, especially before the rainy season.

While DIY repairs can save time and money, never compromise on safety—especially when it comes to braking, structural integrity, and electrical systems. If you're unsure about any step, reach out to a certified e-tricycle repair service in Hong Kong. Proper maintenance ensures your electric tricycle remains a reliable, efficient, and safe mode of transport across the city’s diverse neighborhoods and terrain.

Frequently Asked Questions About Electric Tricycles

Q1: Are electric tricycles suitable for hilly areas?

Yes, electric tricycles are well-suited for hilly terrain, provided they are equipped with the right specifications. The ability to handle inclines depends on several key factors:

• Motor Power: Look for motors rated at 500 watts or higher for better hill-climbing performance. High-torque motors (measured in Newton-meters) deliver stronger acceleration and uphill capability.
• Gear System: Mid-drive motors with multiple gears offer superior control on steep slopes compared to hub motors, as they utilize the bike’s existing drivetrain.
• Battery Placement: A low and centered battery improves stability on uneven or inclined roads, reducing the risk of tipping.
• Weight Capacity: Ensure the tricycle can support both rider and cargo weight without straining the motor, especially on long ascents.

Many modern electric tricycles are specifically designed for urban hills and rural landscapes, making them a reliable option for riders in mountainous or rolling regions.

Q2: Can electric tricycles be charged in a short period?

While full rapid charging is not yet standard across all models, significant progress has been made in reducing charge times:

• Rapid Charging (Available on Select Models): Some advanced electric tricycles support fast-charging technology that can replenish the battery to 80% capacity in approximately 60 minutes.
• Standard Charging: Most tricycles use chargers designed to preserve battery health, typically taking 4 to 8 hours for a full charge. These slower rates help extend the overall lifespan of lithium-ion batteries.
• Charger Types: Portable chargers allow flexibility, while smart chargers automatically adjust current to prevent overcharging and thermal stress.
• Battery Swapping: In certain commercial or delivery-focused models, removable batteries enable quick swaps, minimizing downtime.

For best results, charge your tricycle in a dry, temperate environment and avoid letting the battery drop to 0% regularly to maintain optimal performance and longevity.

Q3: Do electric tricycle batteries require much maintenance?

No, electric tricycle batteries are designed for low maintenance, but proper care is essential to maximize their efficiency and service life:

• Regular Charging: Keep the battery charged between 20% and 80% when possible. Avoid deep discharges and prolonged storage at full charge.
• Cleaning: Wipe the battery casing with a dry or slightly damp cloth. Avoid water exposure to terminals and connectors.
• Storage: If unused for extended periods, store the battery in a cool, dry place with a charge level around 50% to prevent degradation.
• Firmware Updates: Some smart batteries benefit from software updates that optimize charging cycles and performance monitoring.
• Inspection: Periodically check for signs of damage, swelling, or corrosion, and ensure connections are secure.

Following the manufacturer’s guidelines will help maintain consistent power output and extend the battery’s usable life—often up to 3–5 years or 800+ charge cycles.

Q4: Can electric tricycles for adults be customized?

Yes, adult electric tricycles are highly customizable, allowing riders to tailor their vehicles for comfort, utility, or performance:

• Cargo Enhancements: Add rear or front cargo racks, side bags, or trailers for increased hauling capacity—ideal for deliveries, shopping, or commuting.
• Comfort Features: Upgrade to ergonomic seats, suspension seats, padded handlebars, or adjustable stems for improved riding posture.
• Safety Add-ons: Install LED lighting kits, turn signals, mirrors, reflective strips, and advanced braking systems for enhanced visibility and control.
• Technology Integration: Many models support GPS trackers, smartphone mounts, Bluetooth speakers, or digital dashboards with speed and battery monitoring.
• Personalization: Choose from color wraps, decals, or custom frames to reflect personal style or brand identity.

Whether used for recreation, transportation, or business, customization options make electric tricycles adaptable to a wide range of lifestyles and needs.

Q5: Are there health benefits to riding an electric tricycle?

Absolutely—riding an electric tricycle offers meaningful health benefits, combining gentle physical activity with accessibility and fun:

• Cardiovascular Health: Even with pedal assist, riders engage in aerobic exercise that strengthens the heart, improves circulation, and helps manage blood pressure.
• Muscle Strength and Joint Support: Pedaling works the legs, glutes, and core muscles. The upright position reduces strain on knees and hips, making it ideal for older adults or those with joint concerns.
• Balanced Activity: E-tricycles encourage consistent movement without overexertion, helping users stay active who might otherwise avoid traditional cycling.
• Mental Well-being: Outdoor riding reduces stress, boosts mood through endorphin release, and enhances cognitive function through increased oxygen flow.
• Accessibility and Independence: For individuals with mobility challenges, electric tricycles provide a safe, stable way to stay mobile, fostering independence and social engagement.

Unlike sedentary transport options, electric tricycles promote an active lifestyle while still offering motorized support—making fitness achievable for people of all ages and fitness levels.