Types of USB C Hub PCBs
A USB C Hub PCB is the internal circuit board that powers multi-functional USB hubs, enabling devices to expand connectivity through a single USB-C port. These printed circuit boards are widely available on electronics marketplaces like Alibaba.com and are engineered based on the number of ports, data transfer speed, power delivery capabilities, and intended use case.
Whether for personal productivity, professional workstations, or mobile setups, selecting the right USB C Hub PCB is essential for seamless peripheral integration, fast charging, high-resolution video output, and stable data transfer.
Basic USB C Hub PCBs
Designed for essential connectivity, these PCBs support core functions like power input, data transfer, and minimal docking capabilities. They typically include 1–2 USB-C ports and may integrate an HDMI output for basic display needs.
Advantages
- Cost-effective and widely available
- Compact design for portability
- Supports plug-and-play functionality
- Ideal for light daily use
Limitations
- Limited port variety
- No advanced features like Ethernet or SD cards
- Lower power delivery (usually ≤60W)
Best for: Students, casual users, travel adapters, and simple laptop expansion
PD (Power Delivery) USB C Hub PCBs
Engineered to support USB Power Delivery (PD) protocols, these PCBs enable fast charging while maintaining data and video transmission. Capable of delivering up to 100W of power and supporting data speeds up to 10 Gbps (USB 3.2 Gen 2), they ensure your laptop stays charged during intensive tasks.
Advantages
- Simultaneous charging and data transfer
- Supports full laptop charging (up to 100W)
- High-speed data connectivity (up to 10 Gbps)
- Compatible with modern laptops and tablets
Limitations
- Higher cost than basic models
- May generate more heat under load
- Requires robust thermal design
Best for: Professionals, remote workers, and users with power-hungry devices like MacBook Pro or Dell XPS
Multi-port USB C Hub PCBs
These highly versatile PCBs combine multiple interface types into a single hub, including USB-A, HDMI, Gigabit Ethernet, SD/microSD card readers, and audio jacks. They are ideal for users who need to connect various peripherals without switching devices.
Advantages
- Extensive connectivity options
- Supports multiple simultaneous devices
- Often includes PD charging and 4K HDMI
- Great for hybrid work environments
Limitations
- Bulkier design due to multiple components
- Potential bandwidth sharing between ports
- Higher power consumption
Best for: Office setups, content creators, and users with diverse peripheral needs
Wireless USB C Hub PCBs
Incorporating Wi-Fi or Bluetooth modules, these innovative PCBs allow wireless peripheral connectivity. While still emerging, they offer cable-free convenience for keyboards, mice, displays, and file transfers, reducing clutter in professional and home environments.
Advantages
- Reduces cable clutter
- Enables flexible workspace design
- Supports wireless display (Miracast/AirPlay)
- Ideal for minimalist or shared workspaces
Limitations
- Latency compared to wired connections
- Lower data transfer speeds
- Limited availability and higher cost
Best for: Modern offices, presentation rooms, and tech-forward environments
USB C Docking Station PCBs
High-performance PCBs designed for full desktop replacement functionality. These boards support dual 4K displays, multiple USB ports, Ethernet, audio, and up to 100W PD charging—all through a single USB-C connection. They act as a central hub for laptops in office or home office setups.
Advantages
- Complete workstation integration
- Supports dual-monitor setups (up to 4K@60Hz)
- High-speed data, video, and audio over one cable
- Plug-and-play with most modern laptops
Limitations
- Expensive compared to standard hubs
- Larger physical footprint
- Requires compatible host device (DisplayPort Alt Mode)
Best for: Enterprise environments, developers, designers, and professionals using multiple monitors
| Type | Power Delivery | Max Data Speed | Key Features | Ideal Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic USB C Hub PCB | Up to 60W | 5 Gbps | USB-C, HDMI, minimal ports | Casual use, travel |
| PD USB C Hub PCB | Up to 100W | 10 Gbps | Fast charging, data transfer | Remote work, productivity |
| Multi-port USB C Hub PCB | Up to 100W | 10 Gbps | USB-A, HDMI, Ethernet, SD card | Hybrid office, creators |
| Wireless USB C Hub PCB | Up to 60W | Varies (Wi-Fi/Bluetooth) | Wireless peripherals, screen mirroring | Minimalist setups, presentations |
| USB C Docking Station PCB | Up to 100W | 10–20 Gbps (depending on spec) | Dual 4K, Ethernet, audio, multiple USB | Professional workstations |
Expert Tip: When sourcing USB C Hub PCBs from suppliers like Alibaba, verify compliance with USB-IF standards, check for proper E-marking chips (for PD support), and ensure the PCB includes over-voltage and over-temperature protection for long-term reliability.
Design of USB-C Hub PCB: Components, Functionality, and Optimization
The functionality and reliability of a USB-C hub are determined by the sophistication and integration of its printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB serves as the central nervous system of the device, enabling seamless communication between multiple peripherals and the host device. A well-designed USB-C hub PCB must balance compactness, power efficiency, signal integrity, and thermal management while supporting diverse functionalities such as video output, data transfer, charging, and network connectivity.
Core Components of a USB-C Hub PCB
Modern USB-C hubs integrate several advanced components on a single PCB to deliver multi-functionality in a small form factor. Each component plays a specific role in enhancing user experience and device compatibility.
HDMI Port & Video Processing
The HDMI port is one of the most sought-after features in USB-C hubs, allowing users to connect external monitors or TVs for extended or mirrored displays. The PCB includes dedicated circuitry and a video processing chip—often based on DisplayPort Alt Mode or a protocol converter (e.g., from USB-C DP to HDMI)—to ensure high-resolution output up to 4K at 60Hz.
Signal integrity is maintained through impedance-controlled traces and shielding to prevent electromagnetic interference (EMI), ensuring smooth video transmission without lag or distortion. This capability is essential for professionals in design, video editing, and presentations.
Ethernet Port & Networking Chip
For users requiring stable and high-speed internet access, many USB-C hubs include an RJ-45 Ethernet port. The PCB integrates a Gigabit Ethernet controller chip (such as those from Realtek or Microchip) that converts digital signals from the USB interface into network-compatible data packets.
This wired connection offers lower latency, higher reliability, and improved security compared to Wi-Fi, making it ideal for remote work, online gaming, or large file transfers. The design must account for proper grounding and signal isolation to avoid crosstalk between high-speed data lines.
Card Reader Module
Integrated SD or microSD card readers are common in multi-functional USB-C hubs, especially those targeted at photographers, videographers, and content creators. The PCB contains a dedicated card reader controller that supports various memory card formats and speeds (e.g., UHS-I, UHS-II).
Data is transferred via the USB interface using protocols like USB 3.0 or USB 3.1, enabling fast read/write operations. The physical layout ensures secure card insertion and ejection, while the electrical design prevents voltage spikes that could damage sensitive memory cards.
Power Delivery (PD) Controller
The Power Delivery chip is a critical component in modern USB-C hubs, enabling simultaneous data transfer and device charging. It negotiates power contracts with the host device (e.g., laptop or smartphone) using the USB PD protocol, supporting power outputs up to 100W (20V/5A).
This allows users to charge their devices while using peripherals connected to the hub. The PD controller manages voltage regulation, overcurrent protection, and thermal throttling to ensure safe operation. Proper PCB routing with wide power traces and thermal vias helps dissipate heat generated during high-power delivery.
Wireless Communication Module
Some advanced USB-C hubs incorporate Bluetooth or Wi-Fi modules directly onto the PCB for wireless peripheral support or network bridging. These modules use standard chipsets (e.g., Cypress, Intel, or Realtek) and require precise RF layout techniques, including controlled impedance lines, ground planes, and antenna placement.
Integration must comply with FCC and CE regulations for electromagnetic emissions. Shielding and filtering components are used to prevent interference with other high-speed signals on the board, ensuring reliable wireless performance.
USB Hub Controller
At the heart of the PCB lies the USB hub controller chip (e.g., from VL817, RTS5411, or TUSB8041), which manages data flow between the host device and multiple downstream ports. It supports USB 3.0, USB 3.1, or USB4 standards, offering data transfer speeds up to 10 Gbps.
The controller allocates bandwidth dynamically, prioritizes traffic, and handles device enumeration. Its integration requires careful attention to differential pair routing, termination resistors, and clock synchronization to maintain signal quality across all ports.
| Component | Function | Key Design Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| HDMI Port | Enables external display connectivity | Impedance matching, EMI shielding, DP Alt Mode support |
| Ethernet Controller | Provides wired internet access | Isolation, magnetics integration, Gigabit signal integrity |
| Card Reader IC | Reads SD/microSD cards | Support for UHS standards, ESD protection |
| Power Delivery Chip | Manages fast charging up to 100W | Thermal management, voltage negotiation, safety protocols |
| Wireless Module | Enables Bluetooth/Wi-Fi connectivity | RF layout, antenna design, regulatory compliance |
| USB Hub Controller | Routes data between devices | Differential signaling, bandwidth allocation, protocol support |
Design Principles for Optimal USB-C Hub PCBs
To ensure high performance, durability, and compatibility, the design of a USB-C hub PCB follows several engineering best practices:
Important: Poor PCB design can lead to data corruption, charging failures, video lag, or even hardware damage. Always use certified components, adhere to USB-IF specifications, and conduct thorough testing (e.g., eye diagram analysis, thermal imaging) before mass production. Investing in professional layout tools and simulation software significantly improves reliability and time-to-market.
The Scenarios for USB C Hub PCB
USB-C hub PCBs have become essential components in modern electronics, offering compact, high-speed connectivity solutions across a wide range of environments. Their versatility, combined with support for Power Delivery (PD), data transfer, video output, and peripheral connectivity, makes them indispensable in both professional and personal settings. Below are the most common and impactful applications where USB-C hub PCBs deliver significant value.
Office Workstations
In modern office environments, productivity hinges on seamless integration between devices. USB-C hub PCBs serve as the backbone of PC docking stations, enabling employees to connect laptops to multiple peripherals—including external monitors, keyboards, mice, Ethernet, and storage devices—with a single cable.
- Reduces cable clutter and streamlines desk organization
- Supports dual 4K display output for enhanced multitasking
- Enables fast data transfer between workstations and external drives
- Facilitates quick docking and undocking for hybrid work models
Key benefit: Improves workflow efficiency and supports hot-desking in flexible office layouts
Home Entertainment Systems
Modern smart homes rely on centralized connectivity. USB-C hub PCBs integrated into entertainment hubs allow users to connect streaming devices, gaming consoles, soundbars, and storage drives through a single access point.
- Enables seamless switching between media sources (e.g., laptop, tablet, phone)
- Supports high-resolution video streaming up to 4K HDR via HDMI or DisplayPort
- Allows simultaneous charging of connected devices during use
- Reduces the need for multiple adapters behind TVs or entertainment centers
Pro tip: Look for hubs with HDMI 2.0 and USB 3.2 Gen 1 support for optimal home theater performance
Creative Professionals
Photographers, graphic designers, and video editors require reliable, high-bandwidth connections to manage large files and multiple devices. USB-C hub PCBs with advanced I/O configurations streamline their workflows by consolidating essential tools into one compact solution.
- Connects cameras, SSDs, graphic tablets, and card readers simultaneously
- Supports fast data transfer (up to 10 Gbps with USB 3.2) for quick file imports
- Integrated SD/microSD card readers eliminate the need for separate accessories
- Dual-monitor support enhances color grading and timeline editing precision
Critical advantage: Reduces downtime between shoots and post-production sessions
Classroom/Instructional Settings
Educational institutions increasingly rely on digital tools, and USB-C hub PCBs empower teachers to manage technology-rich classrooms with ease. Whether presenting from a laptop or connecting student devices, these hubs ensure smooth, interactive learning experiences.
- Connects laptops, tablets, projectors, and interactive whiteboards effortlessly
- Supports screen mirroring and real-time collaboration tools
- Enables charging of student devices during lab activities
- Durable designs withstand frequent use in shared environments
Smart application: Ideal for STEM labs, computer classrooms, and remote teaching setups
Travel and Mobile Professionals
For freelancers, consultants, and remote workers, portability and reliability are paramount. Compact USB-C hub PCBs offer maximum functionality in minimal space, making them perfect companions for on-the-go productivity.
- Ultra-slim designs fit easily in laptop bags or pockets
- PD 3.0 support allows pass-through charging while using multiple ports
- Enables connection to hotel TVs, conference room projectors, or external drives
- Rugged builds with aluminum casing resist damage from frequent travel
Travel essential: Eliminates the need to carry multiple dongles and adapters
Emerging Applications
Beyond traditional uses, USB-C hub PCBs are finding new roles in innovative technologies and niche markets.
- Healthcare: Used in mobile diagnostic carts and telemedicine setups for connecting monitors and medical devices
- Automotive: Integrated into infotainment systems for passenger device connectivity
- IoT Hubs: Serve as central nodes in smart home controllers and industrial automation panels
- Content Creators: Power vlogging rigs with camera, mic, lighting, and live streaming gear
Future trend: Increasing integration with Thunderbolt 4 and USB4 for higher bandwidth and daisy-chaining capabilities
Expert Insight: When selecting or designing a USB-C hub PCB, consider the balance between port density, thermal management, and power delivery. High-performance hubs should include overcurrent protection, EMI shielding, and efficient PCB layout to prevent signal degradation. For commercial deployments, prioritize units with certified compliance (USB-IF, CE, FCC) to ensure reliability and safety.
| Use Case | Key Features Needed | Recommended Port Configuration | Power Delivery Support |
|---|---|---|---|
| Office Workstations | Dual video output, Gigabit Ethernet, USB-A ports | 2x HDMI, 3x USB 3.0, 1x RJ45, 1x USB-C PD | 60W–100W |
| Home Entertainment | HDMI 2.0, audio jack, high-speed data | 1x HDMI, 2x USB 3.0, 1x Audio, 1x USB-C In | 30W–60W |
| Creative Professionals | SD card reader, USB-C data, video output | 1x DisplayPort, 2x USB 3.2, 1x SD, 1x USB-C Data | 100W PD |
| Mobile/Travel | Compact size, essential ports, durability | 1x HDMI, 2x USB-A, 1x USB-C PD | 60W–100W |
Design and Selection Tips
- Thermal Management: Use thermal vias and copper pours in PCB design to dissipate heat from high-power components
- Signal Integrity: Implement proper impedance matching and shielding to maintain data speeds across all ports
- Modular Design: Consider stackable or customizable hub modules for scalable solutions
- Firmware Support: Advanced hubs benefit from firmware updates for compatibility with new devices
- Sustainability: Opt for recyclable materials and energy-efficient components to meet eco-standards
How To Choose The USB C Hub PCB: A Comprehensive Guide for Bulk Buyers
Selecting the right USB C hub PCB for bulk purchases is a strategic decision that impacts product performance, customer satisfaction, and long-term reliability. Whether you're sourcing for OEM integration, private-label products, or enterprise deployments, understanding the key technical and functional aspects of USB C hub PCBs is essential. This guide breaks down the most critical selection criteria to help you make informed, scalable decisions.
Procurement Warning: Inconsistent PCB quality can lead to high return rates, device incompatibility, and safety risks such as overheating or short circuits. Always request samples and verify certifications before large-scale orders.
Key Factors in USB C Hub PCB Selection
- Port Configuration & Functional Requirements
The number and type of ports directly determine the hub’s versatility and target market. Evaluate your end-users’ connectivity needs carefully:
- USB-A Ports: Ideal for legacy peripherals like keyboards, mice, and flash drives. Consider USB 3.0 or higher for faster data transfer.
- HDMI/DisplayPort: Essential for users needing dual-monitor setups or presentations. Ensure support for 4K@60Hz if targeting professionals.
- Ethernet (RJ45): Crucial for stable, high-speed internet in environments with poor Wi-Fi, such as offices or industrial settings.
- SD/microSD Card Readers: Valuable for photographers, content creators, and field workers who transfer media frequently.
- Additional Ports: Consider niche needs like audio jacks, charging-only USB-C, or even serial ports for specialized applications.
Tip: Modular PCB designs allow flexible port combinations, enabling customization across product lines.
- Power Delivery (PD) Support
Power Delivery is no longer optional for modern USB C hubs—especially those used with laptops and tablets. A PD-enabled PCB can deliver up to 100W (20V/5A), allowing users to charge their devices while using the hub.
- Look for PD 3.0 or PD 3.1 compliance for broader device compatibility.
- Ensure the PCB supports bidirectional power flow—charging the host device while powering peripherals.
- Verify whether the hub supports pass-through charging without performance degradation.
- Check if power management ICs (PMICs) are integrated to prevent overcurrent or thermal overload.
Example: A 65W PD hub can fully charge most ultrabooks while simultaneously running multiple peripherals.
- Data Transfer Speed & USB Version
Data throughput is determined by the USB standard implemented on the PCB. Choosing the right version ensures future-proofing and optimal performance.
- USB 3.2 Gen 1: Up to 5 Gbps – suitable for general use and HD video streaming.
- USB 3.2 Gen 2: Up to 10 Gbps – ideal for external SSDs and 4K video editing.
- USB4 / Thunderbolt 3/4: Up to 40 Gbps – for high-end workstations and professional workflows.
Ensure the PCB uses high-quality signal traces and shielding to minimize interference and maintain speed over extended use.
- Wireless Integration Capabilities
For users seeking a clutter-free workspace, wireless-enabled hubs offer enhanced convenience. While most hubs are wired, some advanced PCBs integrate wireless technologies:
- Wi-Fi 6/6E Modules: Enable network sharing through the hub, reducing the need for separate adapters.
- Bluetooth 5.0+: Supports wireless peripherals like keyboards, mice, and headsets directly through the hub.
- Wireless Display (Miracast/AirPlay): Allows screen mirroring without HDMI cables.
Note: Wireless integration increases PCB complexity and power requirements—ensure adequate heat dissipation and firmware support.
- Cross-Platform Compatibility
A high-quality USB C hub PCB must work seamlessly across operating systems and devices:
- Test compatibility with Windows, macOS, Linux, ChromeOS, and Android.
- Ensure plug-and-play functionality without requiring proprietary drivers.
- Verify support for M1/M2 MacBooks, Surface devices, Chromebooks, and Linux-based workstations.
- Check for DisplayPort Alt Mode and USB4 compatibility for newer devices.
Pro Tip: Request compatibility test reports from suppliers, especially for niche or enterprise devices.
- Build Quality & Thermal Management
Durability and heat dissipation are critical for sustained performance, especially in compact enclosures:
- PCB Material: Opt for 4-layer or 6-layer FR-4 boards with impedance control for signal integrity.
- Heat Dissipation: Look for aluminum heat sinks, thermal pads, or copper pours integrated into the PCB design.
- Enclosure Material: Metal housings (aluminum alloy) offer better heat conduction than plastic.
- Component Quality: Reputable ICs from brands like Texas Instruments, ASMedia, or Cypress ensure reliability.
- EMI Shielding: Important for reducing interference in high-density electronic environments.
Warning: Poor thermal design can lead to throttling, disconnections, or even fire hazards under prolonged load.
| Selection Factor | Recommended Standard | Risk of Poor Selection | Verification Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Power Delivery | PD 3.0+, 65W–100W | Device charging failure, overheating | Load testing with power meter |
| Data Speed | USB 3.2 Gen 2 or higher | Slow transfers, video lag | Speed test with SSD & synthetic benchmarks |
| Port Variety | 3+ ports including HDMI & Ethernet | Low user satisfaction, limited use cases | End-user scenario testing |
| Compatibility | Windows, Mac, Linux, ChromeOS | Driver issues, device rejection | Cross-OS testing on multiple devices |
| Thermal Performance | Temp rise < 20°C under load | Thermal throttling, shutdowns | Infrared thermal imaging |
Expert Tip: When sourcing in bulk, negotiate for firmware-upgradable PCBs. This allows you to fix bugs, improve compatibility, and extend product lifespan through software updates—reducing e-waste and support costs.
Final Recommendations for Bulk Procurement
- Always request physical samples and conduct independent lab testing before mass production.
- Verify compliance with international standards: USB-IF certification, CE, FCC, RoHS.
- Choose suppliers with strong technical support and documentation (schematics, BOM, firmware).
- Consider future scalability—can the same PCB be used across multiple product variants?
- Negotiate MOQs (Minimum Order Quantities) and lead times to align with your inventory strategy.
Selecting the right USB C hub PCB is not just about features—it's about balancing performance, reliability, and cost. By focusing on these key criteria, you can ensure your product delivers a seamless user experience, minimizes returns, and stands out in a competitive market. For mission-critical applications, consider partnering with a trusted engineering supplier who offers customization and long-term supply stability.
Frequently Asked Questions About USB-C Hub PCBs
Power Delivery (PD) is an advanced charging technology integrated into many USB-C hub PCBs that enables fast, intelligent, and safe charging of connected devices such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Unlike standard USB charging, PD dynamically negotiates the optimal voltage and current between the power source and the device—supporting power outputs typically ranging from 5V/1A up to 20V/5A (100W).
- Smart Charging: The hub detects the connected device’s power requirements and adjusts output accordingly, preventing overcharging and overheating.
- High-Speed Charging: Supports rapid charging for compatible devices, significantly reducing charge times compared to conventional USB ports.
- Dual Functionality: Allows simultaneous data transfer, video output, and device charging without performance loss.
- Universal Compatibility: Works with a wide range of USB-C PD-enabled devices, including MacBook, Dell XPS, iPad Pro, and many Android smartphones.
This makes PD-equipped USB-C hubs ideal for professionals and travelers who need reliable, high-power charging across multiple devices from a single compact hub.
Yes, most modern USB-C hub PCBs are designed for broad cross-platform compatibility and work seamlessly with major operating systems including Windows (10/11), macOS, Linux distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora), and Chrome OS. This universal support stems from adherence to standardized USB protocols and plug-and-play functionality.
- Driverless Operation: The majority of USB-C hubs use standard USB class drivers built into the OS, eliminating the need for additional software installation.
- Plug-and-Play Simplicity: Simply connect the hub to your device—it will automatically be recognized and configured for use.
- Video Output Support: DisplayPort Alt Mode over USB-C allows external monitor connections on supported platforms (check GPU and OS support for multi-display setups).
- Linux Notes: While basic functions work out of the box, advanced features like docking or multi-monitor setups may require kernel updates or configuration tweaks depending on the distribution.
For best results, always verify compatibility with your specific device model and operating system version before purchase, especially for high-performance tasks like 4K video streaming or gigabit Ethernet use.
While both USB-C and HDMI ports can transmit video signals to external displays, they differ significantly in functionality, design, and use cases:
| Feature | USB-C Port | HDMI Port |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Function | Multifunctional: supports data transfer, power delivery, audio/video output, and peripheral connectivity. | Dedicated: transmits only high-definition audio and video signals. |
| Video Support | Yes (via DisplayPort Alt Mode or Thunderbolt), often up to 4K@60Hz depending on spec. | Yes, native support for up to 4K@60Hz (HDMI 2.0) or higher with newer versions. |
| Power Delivery | Yes—can deliver up to 100W for charging laptops and devices. | No—HDMI does not provide power to the host device. |
| Data Transfer | Yes—supports USB 3.2 Gen 1/Gen 2 speeds (5–10 Gbps). | No—cannot transfer files or connect storage devices. |
| Reversibility | Yes—plug orientation doesn’t matter. | No—HDMI connectors have a fixed orientation. |
In summary, USB-C offers greater versatility, combining power, data, and display into one compact port, while HDMI provides a dedicated, widely supported connection for high-quality AV output—making them complementary rather than interchangeable.
A wireless USB-C hub PCB represents an innovative evolution in connectivity, enabling users to access peripheral functions without physical cables. These hubs use technologies like Bluetooth 5.0, Wi-Fi Direct, or proprietary wireless protocols to connect keyboards, mice, displays, and storage devices—offering several compelling advantages:
- Reduced Cable Clutter: Eliminates tangled cords on desks and workspaces, promoting a cleaner, more organized environment.
- Enhanced Mobility: Ideal for dynamic workspaces, presentations, or hot-desking setups where frequent device switching occurs.
- Flexible Placement: Peripherals can be placed at convenient distances without being limited by cable length.
- Quick Device Switching: Some models support seamless switching between multiple devices (e.g., laptop, tablet, phone) via app control or button press.
- Modern Aesthetics: Offers a sleek, futuristic look suited for minimalist offices or tech-forward environments.
However, it's important to note that true "wireless hubs" are still emerging. Most current solutions combine a wired USB-C hub with wireless peripheral support rather than transmitting all data wirelessly. Latency, bandwidth limitations, and security considerations mean critical tasks still benefit from wired connections. As wireless standards evolve (e.g., WiGig, 6 GHz Wi-Fi), fully wireless high-speed hubs may become more practical in the near future.








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