Why Is Circumcision Performed Reasons Benefits And Procedure

Circumcision—the surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis—is one of the most commonly performed procedures worldwide. While it has deep cultural, religious, and medical roots, modern medicine continues to evaluate its role in health and hygiene. Understanding why circumcision is performed, what benefits it may offer, and how the procedure works can help individuals and parents make informed decisions.

Historical and Cultural Context

Circumcision dates back thousands of years, with evidence found in ancient Egyptian art and religious texts. It holds significant meaning in several faiths, particularly Judaism and Islam. In Jewish tradition, brit milah is performed on the eighth day after birth as a covenant with God. Similarly, in many Muslim communities, circumcision—known as khitan—is considered a sunnah, or tradition of the Prophet Muhammad, typically carried out during childhood.

Beyond religion, circumcision has been widely adopted in certain regions for social or hygienic reasons. In the United States, routine neonatal circumcision became common in the 20th century due to perceived cleanliness and disease prevention benefits. Today, global rates vary significantly: while over 90% of males are circumcised in some Middle Eastern and African countries, rates in Europe remain relatively low.

Medical Reasons for Circumcision

Modern medicine recognizes several potential health benefits associated with circumcision. These have been supported by organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO).

• Reduced Risk of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Studies show that uncircumcised infants are up to 10 times more likely to develop UTIs in the first year of life. Though rare overall, UTIs in infancy can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.
• Lower Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Research, including randomized trials in Africa, indicates that circumcision reduces the risk of acquiring HIV through heterosexual intercourse by approximately 50–60%. It also lowers transmission rates of HPV and herpes simplex virus (HSV-2).
• Prevention of Penile Problems: Conditions like phimosis (inability to retract the foreskin), balanitis (inflammation of the glans), and paraphimosis (when retracted foreskin cannot return to normal position) are less common in circumcised males.
• Decreased Risk of Penile Cancer: Although rare, penile cancer is significantly less common in circumcised men, especially when circumcision is performed in infancy.

“Circumcision provides a clear net health benefit, particularly in reducing the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.” — Dr. Robert Bailey, Epidemiologist, University of Illinois at Chicago

The Circumcision Procedure: What to Expect

The method and timing of circumcision depend on age, medical necessity, and cultural practices. Most circumcisions are performed on newborns, but the procedure can be done at any age.

Newborn Circumcision

In hospitals, neonatal circumcision is typically performed within the first few days of life. The infant is placed on a restraining board to prevent movement. Local anesthesia, such as a dorsal penile nerve block or topical cream, is usually administered to minimize pain.

Three common devices used include:

• Plastibell: A plastic ring is placed over the glans, and the foreskin is tied off with a suture. The ring falls off naturally within 5–8 days.
• Gomco Clamp: Compresses the foreskin before removal, minimizing bleeding.
• Mogen Clamp: Often used in ritual circumcisions; allows rapid removal with minimal tissue damage.

The entire procedure takes about 10–15 minutes. Afterward, the area is cleaned and covered with petroleum jelly and gauze. Healing typically occurs within 7–10 days.

Adult Circumcision

Adult circumcision is more complex and requires general or regional anesthesia. It may be performed for medical reasons such as recurrent infections, phimosis, or as part of gender-affirming surgery. Recovery takes longer—usually 2 to 4 weeks—with restrictions on physical activity and sexual intercourse.

Tip: After circumcision, keep the area clean and dry. Follow your doctor’s instructions for dressing changes and pain management to avoid infection.

Risks and Considerations

While circumcision is generally safe, it carries some risks, especially when performed without proper sterile technique or by untrained providers. Possible complications include:

• Bleeding
• Infection
• Improper healing or scarring
• Removal of too much or too little foreskin
• Rarely, injury to the penis

The overall complication rate for neonatal circumcision is low—estimated at less than 0.5% in clinical settings—but higher in non-medical or traditional contexts. Parents should weigh the potential benefits against these risks and consider personal, cultural, and ethical factors.

Factor	Supports Circumcision	Arguments Against
Health Benefits	Reduces UTIs, STIs, penile cancer	Risks outweigh benefits for rare conditions
Pain & Ethics	Short-term discomfort; manageable with anesthesia	Infant cannot consent; bodily autonomy concern
Hygiene	Easier genital cleaning	Proper hygiene possible without surgery
Cultural/Religious	Strong tradition and identity significance	May conflict with secular or human rights views

Real-Life Scenario: A Parent’s Decision

Mark and Sarah, first-time parents in Ohio, debated whether to circumcise their newborn son. They consulted their pediatrician, reviewed AAP guidelines, and discussed family traditions. Mark’s family was Jewish, making circumcision a meaningful rite. Sarah had concerns about pain and long-term effects. After learning about anesthesia use and low complication rates, they decided to proceed with a hospital-based procedure using the Plastibell method. Their experience highlights how medical information, personal values, and professional guidance intersect in real-world decision-making.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is circumcision necessary?

No, circumcision is not medically necessary for all males. However, it offers measurable health benefits, particularly in reducing the risk of certain infections. The decision often depends on cultural, religious, and personal preferences.

Does circumcision affect sexual function?

Most studies, including a 2013 review by the CDC, indicate no significant difference in sexual satisfaction, sensitivity, or function between circumcised and uncircumcised men. Some report minor changes in sensation, but these do not typically impact overall sexual experience.

Can circumcision be reversed?

Surgical restoration is possible through skin grafting or stretching techniques, but results vary and it's not a perfect reversal. Non-surgical methods involve prolonged tissue expansion using devices, though outcomes are limited.

Actionable Checklist for Parents Considering Circumcision

1. Discuss the procedure with your pediatrician or obstetrician.
2. Review the potential health benefits and risks.
3. Understand pain management options available during the procedure.
4. Decide whether cultural or religious beliefs influence your choice.
5. If proceeding, choose a trained medical professional in a sterile environment.
6. Prepare post-care supplies: petroleum jelly, gentle wipes, loose diapers.
7. Monitor healing and contact your doctor if signs of infection appear (redness, swelling, discharge).

Conclusion

Circumcision remains a deeply personal decision shaped by health, culture, and individual values. While modern medicine supports its role in preventing certain diseases, especially in high-risk populations, it is not without controversy. Access to accurate information, skilled healthcare providers, and respectful dialogue is essential for making informed choices.

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