Piezoelectric Transducers (Base) | Water flow meters in industrial systems | Frequency: 1MHz (ISO 18431-6 compliant) Material: Ceramic (95% alumina) Certification: RoHS (EU Directive 2011/65/EU) | ▲ Cost-effective for standard flow measurements Chemical resistance (ASTM D543: withstands 50+ chemicals) | Limited to 1MHz frequency (not ideal for high-precision applications) Sensitivity: Lower in low-velocity flows |
Piezoelectric Transducers (Advanced) | High-precision medical/industrial fluid monitoring | Frequency: 2MHz (▲100% from Base) Material: Ceramic + PTFE coating (ISO 22853) Certification: RoHS + REACH | ▲ Higher resolution for micro-flow detection Temperature stability (-40°C to 125°C, IEC 60068-2-1) | Higher cost (30% markup vs Base) Bulkier design (less suited for compact systems) |
Electromagnetic Flow Sensors | Conductive fluid monitoring in pipelines | Principle: Faraday’s Law (IEC 60044-8) Flow Range: 0.5–10 m/s Power: 12–24V DC | No moving parts (low maintenance) Non-intrusive design | Ineffective for non-conductive fluids (e.g., oils) Sensitivity to electromagnetic interference |
Ultrasonic Sensors (Competitor) | Municipal water distribution systems | Frequency: 800kHz (ISO 18431-6) Material: PVC housing (ASTM D1784) | Low power consumption (0.5W) Easy installation | Accuracy drops in high-turbulence flows Susceptible to biofouling |
Thermal Mass Flow Sensors | Gas flow measurement in HVAC systems | Technology: Heat dissipation (ISO 11011) Range: 0.1–100 SLPM | Direct mass flow measurement No pressure dependency | Incompatible with liquids Higher calibration needs |
MEMS-Based Flow Sensors | Automotive coolant monitoring | Technology: Micro-electromechanical (ISO 16047) Size: 10mm² footprint Response Time: <50ms | ▲ Ultra-compact design Real-time data (ideal for IoT integration) | Limited flow range (0.1–5 L/min) Fragile in high-vibration environments |