Vanadium Redox Flow Battery | Grid storage, industrial backup, power tools (Advanced) | - Nominal Voltage: 48V (IEC 60038) - Capacity: 5kW-20kWh (Base) ▲ 10kW-40kWh (Advanced) - Customizable Weight (ISO 10210) | ▲ Long cycle life (20k+ cycles) - Non-flammable electrolyte - Scalable design | High upfront cost Requires space for electrolyte tanks Slow charge (4-6h) |
Lithium-ion Battery | EVs, consumer electronics, portable devices | - Energy Density: 250-300 Wh/kg (IEC 62660-2) - Fast Charge: 30min to 80% (IEC 62660-2) | Lightweight High efficiency (90-95%) Compact design | ▼ Limited cycle life (1000-2000 cycles) Risk of thermal runaway Material scarcity |
Lead-acid Battery | UPS systems, automotive, off-grid lighting | - Deep Discharge Tolerance: 80% DOD (IEC 60896) - Cost: $50-100/kWh | Low cost Reliable in harsh temperatures Well-established tech | ▼ Heavy (20-30 kg/kWh) Short lifespan (500 cycles) Environmental concerns |
Sodium-ion Battery | Stationary storage, EV buses, renewable integration | - Energy Density: 100-160 Wh/kg (IEC 62281) - Abundant materials (Na vs Li) | Cost-effective ($60-80/kWh) Sustainable resource use Fast charging (2C rate) | ▼ Lower energy density than Li-ion Emerging tech (limited scalability) Cathode degradation over time |
Zinc-air Battery | Medical devices, hearing aids, IoT sensors | - Energy Density: 200-300 Wh/kg (IEC 60086) - Air-breathing design (no electrolyte leakage) | High safety (non-toxic) Long shelf life (5+ years) Low self-discharge | ▼ Non-rechargeable Sensitive to humidity/temperature Not for high-power needs |
Supercapacitors | Regenerative braking, short-term power bursts | - Power Density: 10kW/kg (IEC 62391) - Rapid Charge/Discharge: <10sec (IEC 62391) | ▲ Infinite cycle life High efficiency (95%) No degradation over time | ▼ Low energy density (5-10 Wh/kg) Not for long-term storage Requires pairing with batteries for hybrid systems |