Engine Displacement | City commuting, light off-road | Industry Standard: 150cc (common in entry-level bikes) Our Base: 190cc (Zs190) Our Advanced: 250cc ▲ (33% ↑ power potential) | Balanced power/fuel efficiency (Zs190); 250cc offers superior acceleration. | Higher displacement increases cost and weight. |
Cooling System | Budget bikes, high-performance touring | Industry Standard: Air-cooled (simple design) Our Base: Air-cooled (Zs190) Our Advanced: Liquid-cooled ▲ (15% ↑ efficiency at high RPMs) | Air-cooled reduces maintenance; liquid-cooled handles sustained high RPMs. | Liquid systems require coolant maintenance; air may overheat in extreme use. |
Valve Configuration | Entry-level vs performance-oriented | Industry Standard: 2-valve (cost-effective) Our Base: 2-valve (Zs190) Our Advanced: 4-valve ▲ (20% ↑ airflow) | 2-valve simplifies design; 4-valve improves high-RPM performance. | 4-valve adds complexity and cost. |
Engine Cycle | Emission-compliant vs lightweight | Industry Standard: 4-stroke (emission-friendly) Our Base: 4-stroke (Zs190) Our Advanced: 4-stroke w/ advanced tech ▲ (10% ↑ efficiency) | 4-stroke meets emissions standards; advanced tech reduces fuel consumption. | 2-stroke (not shown) is lighter but dirtier. |
Torque Output | Off-road vs highway riding | Industry Standard: 12 Nm @ 5000 RPM Our Base: 15 Nm @ 4500 RPM ▲ (25% ↑) Our Advanced: 18 Nm @ 5500 RPM ▲ (50% ↑ from base) | Zs190 delivers strong low-end torque; advanced version excels in load handling. | Higher torque may strain smaller frames. |
Engine Weight | Agility vs durability | Industry Standard: 80 kg (typical 190cc) Our Base: 78 kg (aluminum frame) Our Advanced: 82 kg ▲ (steel construction for durability) | Lighter base improves handling; advanced version enhances longevity. | Heavier engines reduce fuel efficiency. |