Electronic power steering

Types of electronic power steering

There are three main types of electronic power steering systems, which include:

• Column-mounted EPS

  This power steering option has an electric motor mounted on the steering column. The motor generates torque that assists the driver while steering the vehicle. The torque is usually derived from a torque sensor that measures the driver's steering efforts. Some vehicles with this EPS system may also include a fixed ratio or variable ratio. However, it's good to note that column-mounted EPS do not need a hydraulic pump, making them a popular choice for hybrid and electric vehicles.

• Rack-mounted EPS

  In this type of electronic power steering system, the electric motor is mounted directly on the rack. The motor on the steering rack provides assistance directly at the point where the steering input is translated into the vehicle's motion direction. This arrangement helps in reducing the system's overall size and weight. As a result, the rack-mounted EPS is more responsive and offers a more precise feel when steering. This electronic power steering is mainly found in modern sports cars and luxury vehicles.

• Integrated EPS

  The integrated EPS system combines all the components required for electronic power steering. These components are usually integrated into a single unit. For instance, the torque sensor, controller, and assist motor are all housed within the steering column or steering rack. This integration helps in reducing the overall system size and also minimizes the number of parts required for electronic power steering. As a result, the integrated EPS is often utilized in applications where space and weight are critical factors, such as in small city cars.

Specification & Maintenance of Electronic Power Steering

Specification

There are several requirements for a proper understanding of the specifications of electronic power steering.

• 1. Vehicle Size and Weight

  The size and weight of the car should be considered. Larger and heavier cars require more powerful EPS motors to provide enough steering support.

• 2. Driving Style

  Aggressive driving styles may need a more responsive EPS system, while a smoother, more relaxed driving style may prefer a more gentle feel.

• 3. Road and Driving Conditions

  The type of roads and driving conditions should be taken into account. Cars driving on highways and good roads may need less power assistance than vehicles driving on busy city roads or off-road conditions.

• 4. Tire Size and Type

  The size and type of tires can affect the steering effort required. Bigger tires or those designed for off-road use may need a more powerful EPS system.

• 5. Personal Preference

  Ultimately, personal preference plays a role. Some drivers prefer a steering feel that is more connected to the road, while others want more assistance to make steering easier.

Maintenance

Maintenance tips for electronic power steering are as follows.

• 1. Regular Fluid Check

  For electronic power steering systems that use fluid, conduct a regular check of the fluid level and quality. If there is a need, top up with the suggested power steering fluid. Make sure to change the fluid at the recommended intervals to maintain the EPS system's good health.

• 2. Inspect Electrical Connections

  Check all electrical connections and wiring in the EPS system. Tighten any loose connectors and fix any damaged wires. A reliable electrical system is essential for the proper functioning of power steering assistance.

• 3. Monitor Steering Performance

  Be aware of any changes in steering performance. If the steering becomes heavy or unresponsive, it could indicate a problem with the EPS system. Address any issues promptly to avoid further damage and ensure safe driving.

• 4. Keep the Steering Gear Clean

  Keep the steering gear and associated components clean and free from dirt and debris. Accumulation of contaminants can affect the performance and longevity of the electronic power steering system.

• 5. Gentle Handling

  Avoid overextending the steering wheel when the vehicle is stationary. This can put additional strain on the EPS system. Handle the steering wheel with care to ensure its durability.

How to Choose Electronic Power Steering

Choosing a suitable EPS system for a vehicle requires considering several factors to ensure optimal performance and reliability. Here are the key factors to consider when selecting an electronic power steering system:

• Vehicle Size and Weight:

  The vehicle's size and weight influence the steering system's requirements. Larger and heavier vehicles necessitate a more robust EPS system to manage the increased rolling resistance. On the other hand, smaller and lighter vehicles require a less powerful system.

• Driving Habits:

  Consider the driving habits and preferences. An adjustable EPS system that allows for the steering effort level and response to be tailored is beneficial for those who drive in different settings, such as city traffic and highway cruising.

• Vehicle Type:

  The kind of vehicle being considered is a determining factor in the EPS selection. Sporty vehicles benefit from a high-performance EPS system that offers precise control and feedback, while luxury vehicles emphasize comfort and smooth steering.

• Terrain and Conditions:

  For vehicles frequently utilized in off-road conditions or challenging terrain, a robust EPS system that can handle the extra stress and load is crucial. Similarly, for areas with extreme weather conditions, an EPS system with sufficient heating and cooling capabilities is vital.

• Power Requirements:

  Consider the power requirements of the EPS system. Ensure the vehicle's electrical system can support the chosen steering system, mainly if other electrical components or accessories are present.

• Integration with Safety Systems:

  Modern EPS systems can integrate with advanced safety features such as lane-keeping assist, adaptive cruise control, and collision avoidance systems. If selecting a steering system that can communicate with these safety components is necessary, consider equipping the vehicle.

• Brand and Quality:

  Selecting a reputable and trusted EPS system manufacturer is crucial. Look for brands known for their quality, reliability, and excellent customer service. Reading reviews and seeking recommendations can help find the right supplier.

How to DIY and replace electronic power steering

When it comes to DIY and replacing electronic power steering, an understanding of the system is vital. A repair manual or guide specific to the vehicle being worked on is essential. This provides detailed instructions and torque specifications for reassembly. Here are some general steps to consider:

Gather the necessary tools for the job. This may include sockets, wrenches, pliers, a torque wrench, and more. A repair manual for the specific vehicle is also needed. Disconnect the vehicle's battery, especially the negative terminal, to prevent any electrical short circuits or damage while working on the steering system. Depending on the vehicle, locate the EPS unit, which is usually integrated into the steering column or mounted on the steering rack. Accessing it may require removing panels or other components. Follow the steps provided in the repair manual to remove the EPS unit safely. This may involve disconnecting the steering shaft, electrical connectors, and high-pressure power steering fluid lines (if applicable).

Once the old unit is removed, install the new power steering assist module by reversing the steps in the manual. Reconnect all electrical connections, ensuring they are secure and free from corrosion or damage. Refill the power steering fluid if the system uses fluid and bleed the system to remove any air bubbles. Reassemble any panels or components removed to access the EPS unit. Reconnect the vehicle's battery. Start the vehicle and test the steering system to ensure it functions correctly. Take the car for a test drive to ensure that everything is working properly and that there are no warning lights on the dashboard.

It's important to note that working on a vehicle's steering system can be complex and requires a good understanding of automotive systems. If unsure or unfamiliar with the process, it's always best to consult a professional mechanic to avoid safety risks and potential damage to the vehicle.

Q and A

Q1: How long does an EPS last?

A1: Electronic power steering generally last between 100,000 and 200,000 miles. It can last longer with proper maintenance.

Q2: What is the maintenance schedule for EPS?

A2: Maintaining the electronic power steering is simple. Users are advised to check the steering fluid level once a month. The fluid should be clean and at the recommended level. Have the system checked by a professional once a year. The belts and hoses should be inspected for wear and tear every six months. If the car is used for towing or driving in extreme temperatures, the power steering fluid should be changed every 50,000 miles.

Q3: Can EPS be upgraded?

A3: Yes, it can be upgraded. Upgrading the electronic power steering can give a vehicle better handling and a more responsive feel on the road. Before upgrading, consult the vehicle's manual to see if it can be upgraded.

Q4: What causes EPS failure?

A4: EPS can fail due to various reasons. The most common ones are mechanical wear, overheating, electrical problems, and contamination.

Q5: How serious is EPS fault?

A5: An EPS fault can make it hard to steer the vehicle. This can increase the risk of accidents. It is important to get an EPS fault fixed as soon as possible.