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The fixed center pivot irrigation systems can be classified into three types depending on the topography of the land.
Level land
These are suitable for flat lands with less than 2 percent slope. The irrigation system rotates around a fixed central point, with the pivot arms and sprinklers extending outwards in all directions. This system is the most commonly used in large, flat areas such as corn and wheat fields. It ensures even water distribution across the entire irrigated circle.
Rolling land
This system is suitable for lands with 2 to 8 percent slope. The fixed center pivot irrigation system is designed to accommodate gentle hills and small ridges. The central pivot rotates around a fixed point, but the height of the pivot arms and sprinklers may be adjusted to account for the terrain's topography. This prevents water from running off or pooling in low spots, which can damage crops.
Hilly land
This is suitable for lands with more than 8 percent slope. These systems are designed to work on steeper terrain and are typically equipped with larger wheels and more durable components. The fixed center pivot irrigation system is designed to prevent water from running off or eroding the slopes, which can damage the land and reduce crop yields. The height of the pivot arms and sprinklers is also adjusted to account for the topography.
Fixed center pivot irrigation systems
A fixed center pivot irrigation system is a type of irrigation system designed to water crops in circular patterns around a central point. The system is dubbed "fixed center" because the pivot point, which is usually the location of a pump or motor, does not move. As the irrigation system rotates, the surrounding crops are watered by pipes and sprinklers mounted on wheeled towers.
Linear fixed irrigation system
The linear fixed irrigation system, also known as the lateral move irrigation system, irrigates crops in a straight line rather than a circular pattern. The system consists of several irrigating machines lined up in a row and moves from one end to another and back. The fixed center remains the same, and crops are watered by pipes and sprinklers mounted on wheeled towers.
Tire irrigation system
The tire irrigation system is a type of linear fixed irrigation system designed specifically for orchards and vineyards. It consists of a series of large tires connected to a water source. The tires are filled with water, which then seeps out and irrigates the plants. The system can be easily moved from one location to another, making it convenient for orchards and vineyards.
Sprinkler irrigation system
The sprinkler irrigation system is a widely used irrigation system that waters crops through a series of pipes, pumps, and sprinklers. Water is pumped through the pipes and sprayed out of the sprinklers, resembling natural rainfall. The system is designed to be fixed in one position, with the sprinklers irrigating crops in a designated area.
Drip irrigation system
The drip irrigation system is a water-efficient irrigation system that delivers water directly to the roots of plants. The system consists of a network of tubing, valves, and drippers that release water slowly and steadily. The fixed drip irrigation system is designed to be stationary, with water delivered to plants in a designated area.
Agricultural irrigation
Fixed center pivot irrigation systems are mostly used in agricultural irrigation. Farmers can irrigate large fields of crops such as corn, wheat, and soybeans. These crops need enough water to grow well, and the pivot system gives them a steady water supply. It is very useful for farming in dry areas or places where water is not readily available. The automated system helps farmers save water by using only what is needed for irrigation.
Large-scale irrigation
Farmers with large fields find fixed center pivot irrigation systems very helpful. The pivot systems cover a big area in a short time, so they are good for large-scale irrigation. Instead of moving hoses or ditches manually, the pivot system rotates around a center point to irrigate all crops efficiently. This saves farmers a lot of time and labor. For large farms, it is an effective irrigation solution.
Irrigating hilly or uneven terrain
Another advantage of fixed center pivot irrigation systems is that they work well in hilly or uneven land. Moving water on a slope can be difficult, but the pivot system travels smoothly over hills and valleys. This ensures that all crops receive equal amounts of water, even those planted on less flat ground. Farmers do not have to worry about water running away or pooling in low spots with this system.
Short on water supply
During times when water sources are limited, center pivots come in handy. Since these systems distribute water evenly and efficiently, they help conserve water resources during droughts or dry seasons. Farmers can continue irrigating their fields without wasting water. This makes center pivots an eco-friendly choice for irrigation.
Greenhouses and nurseries
Besides large farms, fixed center pivot irrigation systems are also useful in greenhouses and plant nurseries. These places grow many young plants and flowers that need constant watering to stay healthy. With a center pivot, all plants receive equal amounts of water even if some are taller than others. This promotes fast growth rates for both crops on farms and plants in greenhouses.
Research and education
Furthermore, research institutions use fixed center pivot irrigation systems to study different irrigation methods. Agricultural colleges teach students about the benefits of using center pivots versus other types too. This supports knowledge development related to irrigation technologies.
Field Size and Shape:
The field size and its shape are key factors in choosing a fixed center pivot irrigation system. These systems work best on circular or square fields because they rotate around a central point. If the field is oddly shaped or rectangular, it may require a more customized system or supplementary irrigation methods. Therefore, when selecting a system, one should consider the field size to ensure full coverage and efficiency.
Soil Type and Crop Requirements:
Different soils have distinct water retention capabilities, which influence the irrigation system choice. Sandy soils, for instance, drain water quickly and may need more frequent watering. Clay soils hold water and require less frequent irrigation. Additionally, the crops' water needs throughout the growing season are vital. Some crops can adapt to various irrigation methods, while others perform optimally under specific ones, like flood or drip irrigation. Therefore, understanding the soil and crop requirements is crucial for selecting an efficient irrigation system.
Water Source and Quality:
The available water source significantly impacts the irrigation system choice. If groundwater is the source, its depth and quality are assessed. Surface water sources, like rivers or ponds, are evaluated for their reliability and cleanliness. Water quality also matters, especially if it contains salts or pollutants that could harm crops or soil health. Thus, the irrigation system must match the water source's characteristics to ensure sustainable water use for farming.
Energy Efficiency and Operating Costs:
Energy efficiency and operating costs are crucial factors in selecting an irrigation system. Center pivot systems use energy to rotate and move across the field. If the energy costs are high, it can significantly raise the system's operating costs. Therefore, choosing an energy-efficient system that minimizes water pumping and saves electricity is vital. It lowers long-term operational expenses and benefits the environment.
Maintenance and Durability:
The system's maintenance needs and durability are crucial for its long-term performance. Systems that are easy to maintain and have durable parts last longer and need fewer repairs, which can be costly. Therefore, when choosing an irrigation system, one should consider the maintenance requirements and the lifespan of its components to ensure reliable and sustainable operation.
Weather Considerations:
Weather significantly affects irrigation system performance. In areas with little rainfall or drought-prone regions, efficient irrigation systems like drip or sprinkler systems are crucial to conserve water and prevent crop failure. Conversely, in regions with heavy rainfall, flood control and drainage systems are more critical to managing excess water and preventing soil erosion. Therefore, the local climate and weather patterns must be considered when selecting an irrigation system to ensure its reliability and sustainability.
Q1. How does a fixed center pivot irrigation system reduce water wastage?
A1. By using drip irrigation technology, the system delivers water directly to the roots of plants, thereby minimizing evaporation and runoff.
Q2. What are the energy-saving features of a fixed center pivot irrigation system?
A2. These features include high-efficiency motors, automatic shut-off valves, and solar-powered options that reduce electricity costs and carbon footprint.
Q3. Can the irrigation system be used for all types of crops?
A3. It is versatile and can be used for various crops, including fruits, vegetables, and grains, regardless of their growth pattern.
Q4. What is the lifespan of a fixed center pivot irrigation system?
A4. With regular maintenance, the lifespan can last 20 years or more, making it a long-term investment for farmers.
Q5. How does the system improve crop yield?
A5. It ensures uniform water distribution, reduces stress on plants, and optimizes growth, leading to higher harvests.
