Digital Temperature Control Water Faucet Overview: Composition, Grades, and How It Supports Industry

Types of Digital Temperature Control Water Faucets

A digital temperature control water faucet is a modern plumbing innovation that combines advanced technology with user convenience. These faucets feature an integrated digital display that shows real-time water temperature, enabling precise control and enhancing safety, comfort, and efficiency in both residential and commercial settings. Whether you're looking for hygiene, smart integration, or water conservation, there’s a digital faucet to suit your needs.

Digital Temperature Control Faucet

Equipped with an intuitive digital panel on the faucet body, this model allows manual control of hot and cold water flow via dedicated buttons.

Advantages

• Precise temperature selection with digital display
• Simple installation and user-friendly interface
• Water-saving mode reduces consumption
• Temperature memory function for consistent settings
• Prevents scalding with temperature limits

Limitations

• Limited smart features
• Requires manual input for every use
• May need battery or power source

Best for: Home bathrooms, family showers, users seeking reliability and simplicity

Touchless Digital Faucet

Combines touchless sensor technology with digital temperature control for a hygienic and modern experience.

Advantages

• Touchless activation reduces germ transmission
• Sensor detects hand movement for automatic flow
• Digital display shows real-time temperature
• Manual touch panel as backup option
• Ideal for public restrooms and healthcare settings

Limitations

• Sensors may malfunction in low-light or humid environments
• Higher maintenance requirements
• Potential for false triggers

Best for: Public washrooms, hospitals, modern homes prioritizing hygiene

Bluetooth-Enabled Faucet

Connects wirelessly to smartphones via Bluetooth, allowing full control through a dedicated mobile app.

Advantages

• Remote control of temperature and flow rate
• Pre-set water temperature before showering
• Switch between shower modes (e.g., handheld, rain) via app
• Usage statistics help track and reduce water consumption
• Customizable user profiles

Limitations

• Requires compatible smartphone and app
• Bluetooth range limits remote access
• Potential connectivity issues

Best for: Tech-savvy homeowners, energy-conscious users, smart bathrooms

Smart Home Integrated Faucet

Designed for seamless integration with smart home ecosystems, enabling voice and app-based control.

Advantages

• Control via voice assistants (e.g., Alexa, Google Assistant)
• Remote activation from anywhere in the home
• Temperature presets and scheduling (e.g., morning shower routine)
• Integration with other smart devices (lights, thermostats)
• Enhanced accessibility for elderly or disabled users

Limitations

• Higher initial cost
• Dependent on stable Wi-Fi and smart home setup
• Steeper learning curve for non-tech users

Best for: Smart homes, luxury bathrooms, users seeking ultimate convenience

Type	Control Method	Smart Features	Hygiene Level	Best Use Case
Digital Temperature Control	Manual (Digital Panel)	Basic (Memory, Water-Saving)	Moderate	Home bathrooms, everyday use
Touchless Digital	Sensor + Manual Panel	Temperature Display	High	Public restrooms, healthcare
Bluetooth-Enabled	Mobile App + Manual	Usage Stats, Pre-sets	Moderate	Smart homes, eco-conscious users
Smart Home Integrated	Voice, App, Manual	Full Automation, Scheduling	High	Luxury homes, accessibility needs

Expert Tip: For optimal performance and longevity, ensure your digital faucet is installed with a water pressure regulator and a sediment filter. This prevents mineral buildup and protects sensitive electronic components from damage.

Functions and Features of Digital Temperature Control Water Faucets

Digital temperature control water faucets represent a modern evolution in kitchen and bathroom fixtures, combining advanced technology with practical functionality. These smart faucets offer precise control, enhanced safety, and improved hygiene, making them ideal for homes, commercial kitchens, and healthcare environments. Below is a detailed breakdown of their core features and benefits.

Core Features and Their Benefits

Digital Display

Equipped with an integrated LED or LCD screen, digital faucets display the real-time water temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. This visual feedback allows users to precisely set and monitor the temperature before contact, eliminating guesswork.

Whether preparing baby bottles, rinsing delicate produce, or washing hands, the display ensures the water is at the ideal level—neither too hot nor too cold. Many models feature backlit displays for visibility in low-light conditions, enhancing usability at night or in dimly lit spaces.

Accurate Temperature Control

Utilizing high-precision thermal sensors and microprocessor-based mixing valves, digital faucets maintain consistent water temperature within ±1°C. This accuracy prevents sudden fluctuations caused by changes in water pressure or supply temperature.

The system automatically adjusts the hot and cold water ratio to maintain the selected setting, offering superior comfort and safety. This is especially beneficial for households with children or elderly individuals who are more sensitive to extreme temperatures.

Temperature Memory Settings

Most digital faucets come with programmable memory that stores up to four preferred temperature presets. Users can save common settings such as 37°C for handwashing, 45°C for dishwashing, or 90°C for sterilization.

With a single button press, the faucet recalls the exact temperature, saving time and improving convenience—especially in busy kitchens or commercial environments. Some models allow personalized profiles for different users, adding a layer of customization.

Touchless (Sensor) Operation

Advanced models feature infrared sensors that activate water flow when hands are detected beneath the spout. This hands-free operation minimizes cross-contamination, making it ideal for maintaining hygiene in kitchens and restrooms.

The touchless function also promotes water conservation by ensuring the tap only runs when needed. It’s particularly useful when hands are dirty or full, allowing effortless control without physical contact.

Built-in Water Filtration System

Many digital faucets integrate a replaceable inline filter that removes chlorine, sediment, heavy metals, and other impurities. This results in cleaner, better-tasting drinking water directly from the tap—reducing reliance on bottled water.

The digital display often includes filter life monitoring, alerting users when it’s time to replace the cartridge. This proactive maintenance ensures consistent water quality and extends the lifespan of internal components.

Adjustable Flow Rate

Users can customize the water flow intensity based on the task at hand. A gentle stream is perfect for filling glasses or rinsing fruits, while a high-flow mode speeds up pot filling or cleaning large cookware.

Flow rates are typically adjustable via buttons or a dial, with options ranging from 1.5 to 5.5 liters per minute. This flexibility supports water efficiency without sacrificing performance, aligning with eco-friendly household goals.

Auto Shut-Off Function

To prevent accidental water waste, digital faucets are equipped with an automatic shut-off timer—usually set to 3 minutes. If the faucet is left running, the system will cut off the water supply automatically.

This feature is especially valuable in homes with children or in public restrooms, where taps are often forgotten. It also reduces the risk of scalding from prolonged exposure to hot water and lowers utility bills over time.

Battery-Powered Operation

Most digital faucets run on standard AA or AAA batteries (typically 4–6), eliminating the need for hardwiring. This makes installation easier and safer, especially in wet environments where electrical outlets pose a hazard.

Battery life usually lasts 12–18 months under normal use, and low-battery indicators on the display alert users in advance. Some premium models offer USB rechargeable options or hybrid power systems for added convenience.

Feature	Primary Benefit	Best For
Digital Display	Real-time temperature monitoring	Safe water use, precision tasks
Temperature Memory	Quick access to preferred settings	Families, commercial kitchens
Touchless Operation	Improved hygiene and water savings	Bathrooms, healthcare settings
Built-in Filter	Cleaner, better-tasting drinking water	Households without filtration systems
Auto Shut-Off	Prevents water waste and accidents	Child-friendly homes, public spaces

Additional Advantages

• Energy Efficiency: By maintaining precise temperatures and reducing hot water waste, digital faucets lower energy consumption from water heaters.
• Modern Aesthetics: Sleek designs with minimalist controls enhance the look of contemporary kitchens and bathrooms.
• Easy Installation: Most models are designed for standard sink configurations and come with detailed instructions for DIY setup.
• Smart Integration: High-end models can connect to home automation systems, allowing voice control via assistants like Alexa or Google Assistant.

Important: While digital faucets offer numerous benefits, regular maintenance is essential. Clean sensors periodically to ensure touchless functionality, replace filters as recommended, and check battery levels to avoid unexpected shutdowns. Always follow manufacturer guidelines to preserve warranty coverage and ensure long-term reliability.

Scenarios of Digital Temperature Control Water Faucets

Digital temperature control water faucets represent a significant advancement in water management technology, combining precision, safety, and efficiency. These smart faucets use electronic sensors and microprocessors to deliver water at exact, pre-set temperatures—eliminating guesswork and reducing risks associated with manual temperature adjustment. Their applications span across industries where water temperature consistency, hygiene, and operational efficiency are critical.

Key Advantage: Digital faucets reduce scalding risks, minimize water and energy waste, and ensure repeatable performance—making them ideal for environments with strict safety and compliance standards.

Industrial and Manufacturing Facilities

In industrial environments, maintaining precise water temperatures is essential for process integrity, equipment cleaning, and worker safety. Digital temperature control faucets are integrated into production lines for tasks such as precision rinsing of components, chemical mixing, and decontamination procedures.

• Prevents thermal shock to sensitive machinery during cleaning cycles
• Ensures consistent water temperature for manufacturing processes (e.g., plating, coating, or curing)
• Reduces water waste by eliminating the need to manually adjust taps
• Supports compliance with OSHA and environmental safety regulations

Pro Insight: In high-volume manufacturing, automated temperature settings can be programmed to match shift requirements, improving operational efficiency.

Food and Beverage Industry

Restaurants, commercial kitchens, food processing plants, and beverage production facilities rely on digital faucets to maintain food safety standards. The ability to dispense water at exact temperatures is crucial for sanitation, cooking, and cleaning protocols.

• Enables precise water temperatures for pasteurization, blanching, and sanitizing food contact surfaces
• Ensures compliance with HACCP and FDA food safety guidelines
• Reduces cross-contamination risks with touchless or programmable activation
• Improves consistency in beverage preparation (e.g., coffee, tea, or brewing)

Critical for Health Inspections: Digital logs of temperature settings can be used for audit trails and regulatory documentation.

Healthcare Facilities

Hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, and surgical centers use digital faucets to support infection control, patient care, and staff hygiene. Water temperature accuracy is vital to prevent burns in vulnerable populations and ensure proper sterilization.

• Provides safe, anti-scald water delivery in patient bathrooms and handwashing stations
• Supplies consistent hot water for instrument cleaning and wound irrigation
• Integrates with hospital water management systems to prevent Legionella growth
• Touchless models reduce microbial transmission in high-risk areas

Patient Safety First: Many healthcare-grade digital faucets include temperature lockout features to prevent accidental adjustments.

Laboratories and Research Centers

In scientific environments, even minor temperature variations can compromise experimental results. Digital faucets provide laboratory-grade precision for rinsing glassware, preparing reagents, and cleaning sensitive equipment.

• Delivers water at exact temperatures required for chemical reactions or biological assays
• Minimizes contamination risk with sealed electronic controls and antimicrobial surfaces
• Supports reproducibility in experiments by eliminating human error in temperature setting
• Compatible with purified or deionized water systems

Technical Benefit: Some models offer data output for integration with lab information management systems (LIMS).

Hospitality and Catering

Hotels, resorts, banquet halls, and catering kitchens use digital faucets to enhance food preparation efficiency and elevate guest experiences. The convenience and consistency of temperature-controlled water streamline high-volume operations.

• Speeds up cooking and baking processes with instant access to precise water temperatures
• Improves beverage service quality (e.g., ideal water temp for espresso or tea)
• Reduces staff training time with intuitive digital interfaces
• Enhances guest perception of modernity and hygiene in restrooms and kitchens

Guest Experience: In luxury hotels, digital faucets in suites offer customizable settings, adding a premium touch.

Commercial and Office Spaces

Modern office buildings, coworking spaces, and corporate campuses are adopting digital faucets in break rooms, pantries, and restrooms to promote sustainability and user comfort.

• Reduces water and energy consumption through precise temperature control
• Minimizes maintenance issues caused by inconsistent water heating
• Provides a sleek, modern aesthetic that aligns with contemporary office design
• Touchless models support workplace hygiene policies

Sustainability Advantage: Can be integrated with building management systems to monitor and optimize water usage.

Educational Institutions

Schools, colleges, and universities install digital faucets in science labs, culinary classrooms, and campus kitchens to support hands-on learning and ensure student safety.

• Teaches students about precision and process control in STEM and culinary programs
• Prevents accidents in labs and kitchens with temperature limits and safety locks
• Supports large-scale meal preparation in dining halls with consistent water delivery
• Reduces maintenance costs in high-traffic student facilities

Educational Value: Digital displays can be used to teach thermodynamics and water conservation principles.

Public Facilities and Gyms

Community centers, fitness clubs, public restrooms, and sports complexes benefit from the durability and hygiene features of digital faucets in high-traffic environments.

• Withstands heavy usage with robust, vandal-resistant designs
• Reduces water waste in facilities with constant user turnover
• Touchless or foot-pedal activation options improve hygiene in shared spaces
• Maintains consistent water temperature despite fluctuating supply pressure

Operational Efficiency: Fewer service calls due to leaks or temperature inconsistencies reduce facility management costs.

Application Sector	Primary Use Case	Temperature Range	Key Benefit
Industrial Manufacturing	Equipment rinsing & cleaning	60°C – 85°C (140°F – 185°F)	Process consistency and safety compliance
Food & Beverage	Sanitization and cooking	71°C – 82°C (160°F – 180°F)	HACCP compliance and food safety
Healthcare	Hand hygiene and sterilization	38°C – 43°C (100°F – 110°F)	Patient safety and infection control
Laboratories	Instrument cleaning & experiments	20°C – 70°C (68°F – 158°F)	Experimental accuracy and repeatability
Hospitality	Cooking and beverage prep	Variable (user-programmable)	Operational efficiency and guest satisfaction
Public Gyms	Handwashing and cleaning	38°C – 46°C (100°F – 115°F)	Hygiene and water conservation

Additional Considerations for Implementation

• Integration Capability: Many digital faucets support IoT connectivity for remote monitoring and predictive maintenance
• Energy Efficiency: Advanced models include eco-modes that reduce standby power and optimize heating cycles
• User Interface: Backlit displays and intuitive controls improve accessibility in low-light or high-stress environments
• Installation Requirements: May require professional setup with access to power and water temperature sensors
• Compliance: Look for certifications such as NSF, CE, or WRAS depending on regional and industry requirements

Professional Recommendation: When selecting digital temperature control faucets, prioritize models with programmable presets, anti-scald protection, and durable construction. For multi-site deployments, consider centralized management systems that allow uniform settings across locations. Always verify compatibility with existing plumbing and water heating systems to ensure optimal performance.

How to Choose a Digital Temperature Control Water Faucet

Selecting the right digital temperature control faucet is essential for comfort, safety, and efficiency in your kitchen or bathroom. With a wide range of models available—featuring smart technology, precise temperature regulation, and sleek designs—it's important to evaluate your specific needs. Whether you're upgrading for convenience, energy savings, or family-friendly functionality, this guide breaks down the key factors to consider when choosing a high-performance digital faucet.

Safety Note: Improper installation or incompatible water systems can lead to scalding risks or system damage. Always verify compatibility with your home’s plumbing and water heating system before purchase. For households with children or elderly individuals, precise temperature control is especially critical for preventing accidental burns.

Key Factors to Consider When Choosing a Digital Temperature Control Faucet

• Size and Flow Rate

  Choosing the correct size and flow rate ensures optimal performance and integration with your existing plumbing. The faucet must be compatible with your sink’s mounting configuration (single-hole, widespread, or wall-mounted) and pipe diameter. Most digital faucets operate with standard 1/2-inch or 3/4-inch connections, but always confirm specifications before purchasing.

  The flow rate—measured in gallons per minute (GPM) or liters per minute (LPM)—determines how quickly water dispenses. A flow rate that’s too low may result in long wait times, while an excessively high rate can waste water and increase utility costs. Look for faucets with adjustable flow settings or eco-modes that balance performance with conservation. Typical flow rates range from 1.5 to 2.2 GPM, depending on regional water regulations and efficiency standards.

• Water Heater Compatibility

  Digital temperature control faucets require a stable supply of both hot and cold water to function correctly. It’s crucial to ensure compatibility with your existing water heating system—whether it's a traditional tank-style heater, tankless (on-demand) system, or solar-powered unit.

  Tankless water heaters, in particular, may have minimum flow requirements to activate. Some digital faucets with low-flow settings might not meet this threshold, causing inconsistent hot water delivery. Check the manufacturer’s guidelines for minimum inlet pressure and flow compatibility. Additionally, consider thermostatic mixing valves that help regulate temperature fluctuations, especially in homes with variable water pressure.

• Build Quality and Material Durability

  Since digital faucets combine electronic components with constant water exposure, build quality is paramount. Opt for models constructed from high-grade materials such as solid brass, stainless steel, or premium engineered polymers with corrosion-resistant finishes like brushed nickel, chrome, or matte black.

  Look for IP (Ingress Protection) ratings indicating water and dust resistance—especially for touchless or sensor-operated models. Sealed electronics and anti-leak designs enhance longevity. Reputable brands often offer warranties of 5–10 years, reflecting confidence in durability. Avoid plastic-bodied units for long-term installations, as they may degrade under heat and pressure over time.

• Ease of Installation and Maintenance

  While digital faucets offer advanced functionality, installation complexity varies. Some models are designed for DIY installation with clear instructions, pre-assembled components, and universal fittings. Others may require professional help, especially if electrical wiring (for power or batteries), water line modifications, or under-sink control boxes are involved.

  Consider maintenance needs such as battery replacement (typically every 6–12 months), filter cleaning, and software updates (for smart faucets). Models with self-cleaning nozzles or anti-clog aerators reduce long-term upkeep. Choose systems with accessible service points and user-replaceable parts to avoid costly technician visits.

• Additional Smart Features and User Benefits

  Modern digital faucets come equipped with innovative features that enhance usability, hygiene, and precision:

  • Real-Time LED Temperature Display: Shows current water temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit, helping prevent scalding and allowing precise control for tasks like baby bottle preparation or delicate dishwashing.
  • Touchless or Motion-Sensor Activation: Enables hands-free operation, improving hygiene—ideal for busy kitchens or households focused on cleanliness.
  • Preset Temperature Settings: Allows users to save preferred temperatures (e.g., 95°F for handwashing, 120°F for dish cleaning) with a single button press.
  • Memory Function: Remembers your last used settings even after power cycles or shutdowns.
  • Smart Home Integration: High-end models connect via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to apps, enabling remote monitoring, usage tracking, and voice control through Alexa or Google Assistant.
  • Child Lock Safety Mode: Prevents accidental changes to temperature settings, adding an extra layer of protection in family homes.

  While these features improve convenience and safety, they also increase cost and complexity. Evaluate which features align with your lifestyle and budget.

Selection Criteria	Recommended Features	What to Avoid	Ideal For
Size & Flow Rate	Adjustable flow (1.5–2.2 GPM), standard 1/2" connections	Non-adjustable flow, mismatched mounting style	All households, especially water-conscious users
Water Heater Compatibility	Works with tankless systems, includes flow stabilizer	Requires high minimum flow, lacks pressure balance	Homes with tankless or solar water heaters
Build Quality	Brass body, IP67-rated electronics, corrosion-resistant finish	Plastic construction, poor sealing, no warranty	High-traffic kitchens and commercial use
Installation & Maintenance	DIY-friendly, battery-powered, easy filter access	Requires hardwiring, complex calibration	Renters, DIYers, small renovations
Smart Features	LED display, preset temps, touchless mode, child lock	Overly complex interface, frequent firmware issues	Families, tech-savvy users, accessibility needs

Expert Tip: Before purchasing, test the faucet’s response time and temperature accuracy in person if possible. A high-quality digital faucet should adjust temperature within 2–3 seconds and maintain ±2°F accuracy under normal water pressure variations.

Final Recommendations

• Budget-Friendly Pick: Choose a model with basic digital temperature control and LED display—ideal for renters or secondary bathrooms.
• Family Homes: Prioritize safety features like child locks, preset temperatures, and touchless operation.
• Energy Efficiency: Look for WaterSense® certified models that reduce water usage without sacrificing performance.
• Smart Homes: Invest in Wi-Fi-enabled faucets with app integration and voice control compatibility.
• Professional Advice: Consult a licensed plumber if you're unsure about compatibility with your water system or electrical requirements.

Choosing the right digital temperature control faucet enhances daily convenience, promotes water conservation, and adds a modern touch to your space. By carefully evaluating size, compatibility, build quality, ease of use, and smart features, you can select a model that delivers reliable performance for years to come. Always prioritize safety and long-term value over short-term savings when investing in a critical fixture like your faucet.

Digital Temperature Control Water Faucet: Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: How accurate is the temperature control in digital faucets?

Digital temperature control faucets are engineered for precision and user comfort. Most high-quality models offer temperature accuracy within ±1°C (±1.8°F), ensuring consistent and reliable water output. This level of precision is particularly beneficial for:

• Bathing safety: Prevents scalding by maintaining a stable, safe temperature, especially important for children and elderly users.
• Culinary applications: Allows precise water temperature for tasks like activating yeast, making tea, or preparing baby formula.
• Energy efficiency: Reduces the need for constant adjustments, minimizing hot water waste and lowering utility bills.

Advanced models use integrated thermal sensors and microprocessors to monitor and adjust water flow in real time, compensating for fluctuations in water pressure or supply temperature.

Q2: What happens if the digital display stops working?

If the digital display fails, the faucet may still deliver water, but you will lose the ability to monitor or set the exact temperature—posing potential safety and comfort risks. Here’s what to consider:

• Functionality: Mechanical water flow may continue, but without temperature feedback, there's a risk of accidental scalding or uncomfortable cold bursts.
• Common causes: Power supply issues, moisture damage, sensor failure, or electronic component degradation over time.
• Solution: While minor issues (like dead batteries in battery-powered models) can be resolved easily, persistent display failure typically requires professional diagnosis or replacement of the control module.
• Recommendation: For safety and full functionality, it’s advisable to repair or replace the digital control unit promptly. Some manufacturers offer modular replacements without replacing the entire faucet.

Regular inspection and avoiding water exposure to the control panel can help extend the display’s lifespan.

Q3: Can digital temperature control faucets be used with tankless water heaters?

Yes, digital temperature control faucets are not only compatible with tankless (on-demand) water heaters—they are often an excellent match. Here’s why:

• Consistent output: Tankless heaters can sometimes experience minor temperature fluctuations during use. Digital faucets compensate in real time, delivering a steady, pre-set temperature.
• Enhanced control: Users can set exact temperatures (e.g., 38°C for handwashing), eliminating the need for manual mixing and reducing the risk of overheating.
• Multi-point usage: In homes with multiple bathrooms, digital faucets help maintain stable temperatures even when other fixtures are in use, thanks to integrated flow regulation.
• Installation synergy: Both systems are modern, space-saving, and energy-efficient, making them ideal for contemporary plumbing upgrades.

Ensure compatibility by checking voltage requirements and water pressure specifications between the faucet and heater. Some systems may require a buffer tank or tempering valve for optimal performance.

Q4: Are there any maintenance requirements for digital faucets?

Digital temperature control faucets are designed for low maintenance but benefit from periodic care to ensure longevity and performance:

• Visual inspections: Check for leaks around the base, handle, or connections every 3–6 months.
• Display and sensor cleaning: Wipe the digital panel with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid abrasive cleaners that could damage the screen or seals.
• Filter maintenance: Clean or replace inlet filters (if equipped) annually to prevent mineral buildup that can affect flow and sensor accuracy.
• Software updates: Smart faucets with Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connectivity may require firmware updates for improved functionality and security.
• Hard water areas: In regions with high mineral content, descale the internal components every 6–12 months using a manufacturer-approved solution to prevent limescale from impairing sensors or valves.

Unlike traditional faucets, digital models have electronic components that can be sensitive to moisture ingress, so avoid high-pressure sprays directly at control units.

Q5: What is the installation process like for digital faucets?

Installation complexity varies based on the model and your existing plumbing setup. While some basic models resemble traditional faucet installations, digital faucets often require additional considerations:

• Power supply: Most digital faucets need power—either through household electricity (110V/220V), batteries, or USB. This may require access to an outlet or professional electrical work.
• Plumbing compatibility: Ensure the faucet matches your sink configuration (single-hole, widespread, etc.) and water line types (compression, PEX, copper).
• Sensor alignment: Touchless or smart models need proper positioning to avoid false triggers or dead zones.
• Smart integration: Faucets with app control or voice assistant compatibility may need network setup and mobile app configuration.

Professional installation is strongly recommended, especially for electric or smart models. A licensed plumber can ensure:

• Proper water and electrical connections
• Leak-free seals and correct pressure regulation
• Compliance with local plumbing and electrical codes
• Warranty validation (some manufacturers require professional installation)

DIY installation is possible for experienced individuals with the right tools, but incorrect setup can lead to malfunctions, water damage, or safety hazards.