Types of Float Type Level Gauges
A float type level gauge is a widely used instrument in industrial, commercial, and residential applications for measuring liquid levels in tanks, reservoirs, and vessels. These gauges operate based on the principle of buoyancy, where a float rises and falls with the liquid surface, providing accurate and reliable level indication. Depending on the application requirements—such as precision, environmental conditions, and output needs—different types of float level gauges are employed.
Below is a comprehensive overview of the four primary types of float type level gauges, including their working principles, advantages, limitations, and ideal use cases.
Mechanical Float Type Gauges
These gauges use a buoyant float—typically made of stainless steel, plastic, or other corrosion-resistant materials—that moves with the liquid level. The float's motion is transferred via a mechanical linkage, such as a lever, pulley, or gear system, to a visual indicator or dial. No external power is required, making them ideal for basic level monitoring.
Advantages
- Simple, reliable mechanical design
- No power supply required
- Low maintenance and long service life
- Cost-effective for basic applications
Limitations
- Limited precision compared to electronic types
- Not suitable for remote monitoring
- Potential mechanical wear over time
- Sensitive to turbulence or foam
Best for: Water tanks, fuel storage, HVAC systems, and non-critical industrial tanks
Magnetic Float Level Gauges
These gauges utilize a float equipped with internal magnets that move with the liquid level. Outside the chamber, a magnetic follower or indicator strip aligns with the float’s position, displaying the level visually. Many models also include reed switches for alarm or control functions, enabling point-level detection at preset thresholds.
Advantages
- High reliability in harsh environments
- Hermetically sealed design prevents leaks
- Supports both continuous and point-level detection
- Compatible with high pressure and temperature applications
Limitations
- Higher cost than mechanical types
- Requires proper alignment for accuracy
- Magnetic interference can affect performance
- Reed switches may wear over time
Best for: Chemical processing, oil & gas, boiler systems, and sanitary applications
Electrical Float Level Gauges
These gauges integrate a float with an electrical sensor system to convert liquid level changes into electrical signals (e.g., 4–20 mA, 0–10 V, or digital outputs). The float’s movement alters resistance, voltage, or switch states, enabling real-time telemetry and integration with control systems for automation and monitoring.
Advantages
- Provides real-time, continuous level data
- Easy integration with SCADA and PLC systems
- High accuracy and repeatability
- Ideal for automated process control
Limitations
- Requires external power supply
- More complex installation and wiring
- Potential for electrical faults in wet environments
- Higher initial and maintenance costs
Best for: Water treatment plants, food & beverage production, petrochemicals, and industrial automation
Capacitive Float Level Gauges
While often categorized separately, some advanced float systems incorporate capacitive sensing technology. The float’s position alters the dielectric constant between capacitor plates, producing a measurable change in capacitance. This signal is processed to determine the liquid level with high precision, especially in applications requiring fine resolution.
Advantages
- Exceptional accuracy and sensitivity
- Effective for low-conductivity and non-conductive fluids
- No moving parts in sensing element (increased reliability)
- Suitable for continuous level monitoring
Limitations
- Calibration sensitive to fluid properties
- Can be affected by coating or buildup
- Higher cost and complexity
- Requires stable power and signal conditioning
Best for: Pharmaceutical, semiconductor, and precision chemical processing applications
| Type | Power Required | Accuracy | Durability | Best Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanical Float | No | Medium | High | Basic storage tanks, fuel, water |
| Magnetic Float | Optional (for switches) | High | Very High | Harsh environments, high-pressure systems |
| Electrical Float | Yes | High | Medium | Automated processes, telemetry |
| Capacitive Float | Yes | Very High | High | Precision measurement, clean fluids |
Expert Tip: When selecting a float type level gauge, consider the fluid’s chemical compatibility, temperature, pressure, and viscosity. For corrosive or high-temperature environments, magnetic or sealed capacitive types are often preferred due to their robust construction and minimal exposure to process media.
Function, Features, and Design of Float-Type Level Gauges
Float-type level gauges are essential instruments in industrial environments for accurately measuring and monitoring liquid levels within tanks, vessels, and process systems. Their reliability, simplicity, and adaptability make them a preferred choice across sectors such as chemical processing, water treatment, oil & gas, food and beverage, and power generation. This guide explores the core functions, key features, and critical design elements that define the performance and application of float-type level gauges.
Core Functions of Float-Type Level Gauges
The primary purpose of a float-type level gauge is to provide continuous, real-time monitoring of liquid levels in storage or process containers. These devices play a vital role in ensuring operational safety, optimizing inventory management, and enabling automated control. Below are the main functional applications:
Liquid Level Measurement
The fundamental function of a float-type level gauge is to detect and indicate the position of a liquid surface within a container. As the liquid level rises or falls, the buoyant float moves accordingly, translating this motion into a readable measurement—either locally via a mechanical indicator or remotely through electronic signals.
This capability is crucial in process control systems where precise level data ensures consistent product quality, prevents equipment damage, and supports regulatory compliance.
Inventory and Stock Control
In large-scale storage operations—such as fuel depots, chemical tanks, or water reservoirs—maintaining accurate stock levels is essential. Float gauges help prevent overfilling, which can lead to spills and environmental hazards, as well as avoid running tanks dry, which may damage pumps and disrupt production.
By providing reliable level feedback, these gauges enable efficient inventory tracking and reduce the risk of costly downtime or material loss.
Real-Time Monitoring and Safety
Float-type gauges offer continuous monitoring, making them ideal for applications involving hazardous or volatile liquids such as acids, solvents, or liquefied gases. Real-time visibility into tank levels allows operators to respond quickly to abnormal conditions, enhancing workplace safety and preventing accidents.
In automated facilities, this data integrates with alarm systems to trigger alerts when levels approach critical thresholds, enabling proactive intervention.
Integration with Control Systems
Modern float-type level gauges often include transmitters that convert float position into standardized electrical signals (e.g., 4–20 mA or digital outputs). These signals are sent to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or SCADA systems, allowing automatic regulation of inlet valves, pumps, or discharge mechanisms.
This seamless integration supports closed-loop control strategies, minimizing manual oversight and improving process efficiency and consistency.
Key Features That Enhance Performance
Float-type level gauges are valued not only for their functionality but also for their robust design and adaptability. The following features contribute to their widespread use across diverse industrial environments:
Design Components and Engineering Considerations
The effectiveness of a float-type level gauge depends on its mechanical design and component integration. Each element plays a critical role in ensuring accuracy, durability, and safe operation:
Float Element
The float is the sensing component that rides on the surface of the liquid. It is typically constructed from buoyant, chemically resistant materials such as polypropylene, PVDF, stainless steel (316 SS), or aluminum, depending on the fluid properties.
For corrosive or high-temperature environments, specialized coatings or alloy floats are used to prevent degradation. The float's density must be lower than the measured liquid to ensure proper buoyancy, while its shape (spherical, cylindrical, or sleeve-type) is optimized for stability and minimal friction.
Guidance System
To ensure accurate and smooth vertical movement, the float is guided along a rigid rod, cable, or tube. This prevents lateral drift or tilting, which could lead to measurement errors or binding.
In sealed or pressurized systems, magnetic coupling systems are often employed—where the float contains a magnet that interacts with an external indicator—eliminating the need for physical linkages and preventing leaks. This design is especially useful in handling toxic or volatile substances.
Linkage and Transmission Mechanism
The motion of the float is transferred to a local indicator or transmitter via a mechanical linkage system, which may include levers, gears, pulleys, or cables. In direct-reading gauges, this mechanism drives a pointer across a calibrated scale mounted on the tank.
For remote transmission, the linkage connects to a potentiometer, encoder, or magnetic sensor that converts displacement into an electrical signal. Precision engineering of these components ensures minimal hysteresis and long-term repeatability.
Tank Integration and Mounting
Proper installation is critical for reliable performance. Float gauges are typically mounted vertically through a top or side nozzle, aligned with the tank’s internal dimensions. The length of the gauge must match the required measurement span—from minimum to maximum liquid level.
Some designs support horizontal mounting for cylindrical tanks or sumps. Flanged, threaded, or sanitary connections are available to suit different vessel types and industry standards (e.g., ANSI, DIN, or SMS). Sealing elements like O-rings or gaskets ensure leak-tight performance under pressure.
| Component | Material Options | Application Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Float | Plastic (PP, PVDF), Stainless Steel, Aluminum | Select based on chemical compatibility, temperature, and specific gravity of the liquid |
| Guide Rod/Cable | Stainless Steel, Coated Alloy, PTFE-Lined | Ensure smooth movement; use non-corrosive materials in aggressive environments |
| Linkage Mechanism | Stainless Steel, Brass, Engineering Plastics | Minimize friction; suitable for indoor or outdoor use with protective coatings |
| Transmitter/Sensor | Electromechanical, Magnetic, Hall Effect | Choose based on required output signal and environmental protection (IP/NEMA rating) |
Important: When selecting or installing a float-type level gauge, always consider the fluid characteristics (viscosity, density, corrosiveness), operating pressure and temperature, tank geometry, and required accuracy. Improper selection or installation can result in inaccurate readings, mechanical failure, or safety risks. Consult manufacturer specifications and industry standards to ensure optimal performance and compliance.
Scenarios of Float-Type Level Gauges
Float-type level gauges are among the most reliable and widely used instruments for measuring liquid levels in tanks, vessels, and storage containers across a broad range of industrial and commercial applications. Utilizing the principle of buoyancy, these gauges offer continuous, accurate, and maintenance-friendly monitoring of fluid levels. Their mechanical simplicity, durability, and compatibility with various liquids make them ideal for critical operations where consistent level control is essential for safety, efficiency, and process integrity.
Water and Wastewater Treatment
Float-type level gauges play a vital role in municipal and industrial water treatment systems, where precise monitoring of liquid levels ensures the smooth operation of key processes such as filtration, sedimentation, disinfection, and sludge management.
- Used in raw water intake basins, clarifiers, and equalization tanks to prevent overflow and maintain steady flow rates
- Enable automatic pump control in lift stations by signaling high or low water levels
- Support aeration systems by maintaining optimal water levels for oxygen transfer efficiency
- Facilitate chemical dosing automation by linking level data to feed pumps for coagulants, pH adjusters, and disinfectants
Key benefit: Resistant to fouling and effective in turbid or debris-laden water common in wastewater environments
Petrochemical Industry
In oil refineries, chemical processing plants, and LNG terminals, float-type gauges are trusted for monitoring liquid levels in storage tanks containing crude oil, refined fuels, solvents, and liquefied gases.
- Ideal for pressurized and high-temperature applications when constructed with stainless steel or alloy materials
- Commonly used in separator vessels to monitor oil-water-gas interfaces
- Support inventory management and custody transfer operations with consistent, repeatable readings
- Available in explosion-proof and intrinsically safe configurations for hazardous zones (Class I, Div 1/2)
Safety note: Magnetic float gauges eliminate direct contact with volatile substances, enhancing operator safety
Food and Beverage Sector
Hygienic design and accuracy are paramount in food processing, where float-type level gauges help maintain product consistency, prevent waste, and comply with strict sanitation standards.
- Used in fermentation tanks, mixing silos, and pasteurization systems for dairy, beer, wine, and juices
- Fabricated with 316L stainless steel and FDA-compliant seals for easy cleaning (CIP/SIP systems)
- Ensure precise batching and filling operations to maintain recipe integrity
- Support inventory tracking and reduce overfilling risks in storage silos for syrups, oils, and liquid ingredients
Critical advantage: No electrical components in contact with product, minimizing contamination risk
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
In pharmaceutical production, where precision and regulatory compliance are non-negotiable, float-type gauges provide dependable level monitoring in bioreactors, buffer tanks, and solvent storage.
- Ensure exact fluid volumes during drug synthesis and cell culture processes
- Support GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) requirements with cleanable, non-reactive materials
- Used in solvent recovery systems and purification units for consistent process control
- Often integrated with PLCs for automated batch control and data logging
Quality assurance: Repeatable performance reduces batch variability and supports validation protocols
Power Generation
Reliable water level monitoring is critical in power plants to prevent equipment damage and ensure operational efficiency. Float-type gauges are employed in multiple systems to safeguard vital processes.
- Monitor boiler drum levels to prevent dry-firing or carryover, which can lead to catastrophic failure
- Track condensate return tank levels to maintain steam cycle efficiency
- Control cooling tower sump levels to ensure adequate water supply for heat dissipation
- Used in demineralized water storage tanks to support continuous plant operation
Operational impact: Real-time level feedback helps prevent unplanned shutdowns and extends equipment life
Additional Industrial Applications
Beyond the core sectors, float-type level gauges are also deployed in diverse environments where liquid monitoring is essential.
- Marine & Shipping: Monitor fuel, ballast, and freshwater tanks on vessels
- Agriculture: Control irrigation reservoirs and chemical mixing tanks
- HVAC Systems: Manage chiller and expansion tank levels in commercial buildings
- Mining: Monitor reagent and tailings pond levels in processing facilities
Versatility: Available in top-mounted, side-mounted, and guided-cable configurations for retrofitting existing tanks
Best Practice Tip: For optimal performance, select float-type gauges with corrosion-resistant materials (e.g., SS316, PVDF) and verify compatibility with the specific liquid’s density, viscosity, and chemical properties. In applications with foam or turbulence, consider using stilling wells or guided floats to stabilize readings and reduce false signals.
| Industry | Typical Fluids Monitored | Common Gauge Type | Key Performance Requirement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water & Wastewater | Raw water, sludge, effluent | Top-mounted mechanical or magnetic float | Fouling resistance, durability |
| Petrochemical | Crude oil, gasoline, liquefied gas | Side-mounted magnetic float with chamber | Explosion-proof, high-pressure rating |
| Food & Beverage | Milk, beer, syrups, edible oils | Hygienic stainless steel float switch | CIP compatibility, FDA approval |
| Pharmaceutical | Buffers, solvents, cell cultures | Sanitary magnetic float gauge | High accuracy, cleanroom compatibility |
| Power Generation | Boiler water, condensate, cooling water | Dual-chamber magnetic or displacer type | High reliability, fail-safe operation |
Selection and Installation Considerations
- Liquid Density: Ensure the float is calibrated for the specific gravity of the fluid to maintain buoyancy accuracy
- Tank Geometry: Tall, narrow tanks may require guided cable floats; wide tanks suit magnetic or displacer types
- Temperature & Pressure: Choose materials and seals rated for operating conditions to prevent deformation or leakage
- Output Signal: Mechanical gauges offer local indication; models with reed switches or transmitters enable remote monitoring
- Maintenance Access: Design installations to allow for periodic inspection, cleaning, and float replacement without system shutdown
Specification & Maintenance of Float Type Level Gauge
Float type level gauges are widely used in industrial applications to monitor liquid levels in tanks, vessels, and pipelines. Their simple mechanical design, reliability, and cost-effectiveness make them ideal for continuous level measurement in various environments—from chemical processing and water treatment to food and pharmaceutical manufacturing. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of key specifications to consider when selecting a float level gauge, along with essential maintenance practices to ensure long-term accuracy and operational integrity.
Safety Note: Always isolate the process system and depressurize the vessel before performing inspection, maintenance, or calibration on a float level gauge. Follow lockout/tagout (LOTO) procedures and wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling hazardous fluids or operating in high-temperature or high-pressure environments.
Key Specifications for Float Type Level Gauges
Selecting the right float type level gauge requires careful evaluation of several technical and environmental factors. Below are the most critical specifications to consider during selection and installation.
- Measurement Range
The measurement range defines the vertical span over which the float gauge can accurately detect liquid levels. It typically extends from the lowest to the highest measurable point within the vessel. While a broader range offers flexibility across multiple applications, it's best practice to select a gauge with a range precisely matched to your process requirements. An oversized range may reduce resolution and measurement sensitivity, while an undersized one risks overflow or dry-run conditions.
- Gauge Material
Material compatibility is crucial for both performance and safety. The wetted parts—especially the float, stem, and housing—must resist corrosion, erosion, and chemical attack from the measured medium. Common materials include:
- Stainless Steel (304, 316): Ideal for water, oils, mild chemicals, and high-pressure systems.
- Polypropylene or PVDF: Used in corrosive environments such as acid tanks or wastewater treatment.
- Hastelloy or Titanium: Reserved for highly aggressive chemicals and marine applications.
Ensure the selected materials can withstand maximum operating temperature and pressure conditions specified by the process.
- Float Size and Type
The float’s geometry and size directly impact buoyancy, stability, and response time. Selection depends on liquid density, surface tension, and tank configuration. Common types include:
- Spherical (Ball) Floats: Provide omnidirectional movement; suitable for small-diameter pipes and turbulent surfaces.
- Cylindrical Floats: Offer greater buoyant force and stability in larger tanks with steady liquid surfaces.
- Ring or Donut Floats: Slide over a stilling well or guide rod, minimizing tilt and binding.
The float must be specifically designed for the specific gravity of the liquid—typically between 0.3 and 1.5—to ensure reliable buoyancy and accurate tracking.
- Precision and Accuracy
Accuracy refers to how closely the gauge reading matches the true liquid level, usually expressed as a percentage of full scale (e.g., ±1%). Precision, or repeatability, indicates the consistency of measurements under identical conditions. High-precision gauges often feature fine-resolution indicators or digital outputs. Regular verification using calibrated reference points (such as sight glasses or ultrasonic testers) is recommended during commissioning and routine maintenance to maintain measurement integrity.
- Installation Options
Float level gauges can be installed in various configurations depending on vessel design and accessibility:
- Top Mount (Vertical): Most common; allows easy access for maintenance but may be affected by splashing or foam.
- Side Mount (Through Nozzle): Installed via flanged or threaded connections; ideal for pressurized or sealed tanks.
- Bottom Mount: Less common due to sediment buildup risks but useful in certain bypass chamber designs.
Proper installation avoids turbulence, vortex formation, or obstructions that could impede float movement. Use stilling wells in agitated tanks to stabilize float motion and improve accuracy.
Maintenance Best Practices for Long-Term Reliability
Regular maintenance ensures consistent performance and extends the service life of float level gauges. Neglecting upkeep can lead to inaccurate readings, mechanical failure, or unplanned downtime. Follow these guidelines to keep your system operating efficiently.
- Regular Inspections
Conduct visual and functional checks at scheduled intervals (e.g., monthly or quarterly). Examine the float, linkage, guide rod, and housing for signs of wear, corrosion, pitting, or deformation. Ensure the float moves freely without binding or sticking. In abrasive or scaling environments, inspect more frequently. Replace damaged components promptly to prevent cascading failures.
- Calibration Confirmations
Periodic calibration verifies that the gauge output corresponds to actual liquid levels. Compare readings against a known standard—such as a calibrated sight glass, dip tape, or guided radar sensor—and adjust the indicator or transmitter accordingly. Calibration frequency depends on application criticality, typically ranging from every 3 to 12 months. Always follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedure and document results for traceability and compliance.
- Cleaning
Accumulation of sludge, scale, biofilm, or crystallized residues can impair float movement and buoyancy. Cleaning should be performed during scheduled shutdowns or preventive maintenance cycles. For sensitive industries like food, beverage, or pharmaceuticals, adhere to CIP (Clean-in-Place) protocols. Use non-abrasive cleaners compatible with the gauge materials. Rinse thoroughly and dry before reassembly to prevent internal contamination.
- Lubrication of Moving Parts
If the gauge includes pivots, hinges, or sliding mechanisms, apply a thin film of manufacturer-recommended lubricant to reduce friction and prevent galling. Avoid over-lubrication, which can attract dust and debris. Use food-grade lubricants in sanitary applications. Never use general-purpose oils that may degrade seals or contaminate the process fluid.
- Environment Monitoring
External conditions such as extreme temperatures, pressure fluctuations, and mechanical vibration can affect gauge performance. Ensure ambient and process conditions remain within the device’s specified operating limits. Install vibration dampeners if the gauge is near pumps or compressors. In cryogenic or high-temperature services, verify thermal expansion does not distort the housing or restrict float travel.
| Maintenance Task | Recommended Frequency | Tools/Equipment Needed | Key Performance Indicators |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visual Inspection | Monthly | Flashlight, inspection mirror | Free float movement, no corrosion or debris |
| Functional Test | Quarterly | Calibrated reference gauge, test weights (if applicable) | Accurate alignment with actual level |
| Calibration Check | Every 6–12 months | Sight glass, dip tape, digital level reader | ±1% of full scale or per manufacturer spec |
| Deep Cleaning | As needed or annually | Soft brushes, approved solvents, lint-free cloths | No residue on float or guide rod |
| Lubrication | Annually or per OEM guidelines | Food-grade or industrial lubricant, applicator | Smooth operation without drag |
Expert Tip: For critical applications, consider installing redundant or dual float systems with independent readouts to enhance reliability and enable cross-verification. Additionally, integrating the float gauge with a remote monitoring system allows real-time alerts for drift, jamming, or calibration deviation.
Additional Recommendations
- Keep spare floats and seals on hand for quick replacement during emergencies.
- Train maintenance personnel on proper disassembly and reassembly techniques to avoid damaging delicate components.
- Maintain a logbook recording all inspections, calibrations, repairs, and part replacements for audit and predictive maintenance purposes.
- Consider upgrading to magnetic or sealed linkage systems in hazardous or hygienic environments to minimize leakage risks.
- Review gauge performance during annual plant audits to identify recurring issues and optimize maintenance schedules.
Float type level gauges remain a trusted solution for liquid level monitoring due to their simplicity and durability. By carefully selecting the appropriate specifications and adhering to a structured maintenance program, operators can ensure accurate, safe, and uninterrupted process control. When in doubt about compatibility, calibration, or repair procedures, always consult the manufacturer’s technical documentation or a qualified instrumentation specialist.
Frequently Asked Questions About Float Type Level Gauges
A1: No, float type level gauges are not universally suitable for all liquids. Their performance depends significantly on the physical and chemical properties of the fluid being measured. Here’s a breakdown of compatibility:
- Clean Liquids: Ideal for water, oils, fuels, and other non-corrosive, low-viscosity fluids where the float can move freely without obstruction.
- Slurries and Suspensions: Not recommended due to the risk of particulate buildup around the float mechanism, which can cause sticking, inaccurate readings, or complete failure.
- Viscous Fluids: High-viscosity substances like heavy oils or syrups may impede float movement, leading to sluggish response or measurement drift.
- Corrosive Chemicals: Only suitable if the float and housing materials (e.g., stainless steel, PTFE, or plastic) are chemically compatible with the substance.
- Sticky or Coating Substances: Materials that leave residues (e.g., adhesives, molasses) can coat the float, altering its buoyancy and causing long-term inaccuracies.
For challenging media, alternative level measurement technologies such as ultrasonic, radar, or capacitive sensors may be more appropriate and reliable.
A2: The service life of a float type level gauge can vary widely based on operating conditions and maintenance practices, but with proper care, these devices typically last several years—often between 5 to 10 years in well-maintained systems.
- Environmental Factors: Exposure to extreme temperatures, UV radiation, or corrosive atmospheres can degrade seals, hinges, and float materials over time.
- Maintenance Impact: Regular inspection and cleaning of the float, guide rails, and chamber help prevent jamming and extend lifespan. Lubrication of moving parts (where applicable) also improves longevity.
- Usage Frequency: Systems with constant level fluctuations experience more mechanical wear than those in stable conditions.
- Build Quality: Industrial-grade gauges made from durable materials (e.g., 316 stainless steel, reinforced polymers) outlast economy models in demanding applications.
To maximize durability, follow manufacturer-recommended maintenance schedules and replace worn components promptly. Monitoring for signs of wear—such as inconsistent readings or restricted float movement—can prevent unexpected failures.
A3: Yes, many float type level gauges are specifically engineered for high-pressure applications, but suitability depends on the design and materials used.
| Design Feature | Standard Gauge | High-Pressure Gauge |
|---|---|---|
| Pressure Rating | Up to 10 bar (145 psi) | Up to 400+ bar (5,800+ psi) with reinforced construction |
| Material | Plastic, brass, or mild steel | Stainless steel (304/316), alloy steel |
| Sealing Mechanism | Rubber O-rings, basic gaskets | Double seals, metal-seated joints, welded enclosures |
| Typical Applications | Tanks, reservoirs, low-pressure vessels | Boilers, hydraulic systems, chemical reactors, offshore platforms |
It is crucial to consult the manufacturer's specifications before installation to ensure the gauge meets the required pressure and temperature ratings for your system. Using a gauge beyond its rated limits can lead to leaks, mechanical failure, or safety hazards. Additionally, consider integrating pressure relief protections and routine integrity testing in high-pressure setups.








浙公网安备
33010002000092号
浙B2-20120091-4
Comments
No comments yet. Why don't you start the discussion?