Comprehensive Guide to Itx Cpu Fan: Standards, Properties, and Industrial Applications

Types of ITX CPU Fans: A Comprehensive Guide

An ITX CPU fan is a crucial component in compact Mini-ITX builds, where space is limited and thermal management is challenging. Despite the misconception of "over a thousand types," ITX CPU coolers are categorized based on their cooling technology, design, and compatibility with small form factor cases. Understanding the differences helps in selecting the optimal solution for performance, noise, and size constraints.

Air Cooling Fans

Traditional and widely used, air cooling fans dissipate CPU heat through direct airflow over a heatsink. In ITX systems, these are often low-profile designs to fit tight clearances.

Advantages

• Reliable and maintenance-free operation
• Quiet performance with modern PWM control
• No risk of leaks or pump failure
• Cost-effective and widely available

Limitations

• Limited cooling capacity for high-TDP CPUs
• Size constraints in small ITX cases
• Performance affected by case airflow

Best for: Budget builds, office PCs, HTPCs, and systems using low-to-mid power CPUs

Liquid Cooling Fans

Liquid cooling systems use a closed-loop (AIO) setup with a pump, tubing, radiator, and fans. In ITX builds, 120mm or 240mm radiators are common due to space limits.

Advantages

• Superior thermal performance for overclocking
• Efficient heat transfer via coolant
• Radiator can be mounted remotely for better airflow
• Cleaner aesthetic in compact builds

Limitations

• Higher cost compared to air coolers
• Potential for pump failure or leaks
• Limited radiator size options in ITX cases
• Requires careful case compatibility check

Best for: High-performance gaming rigs, compact workstations, and users seeking maximum cooling in small spaces

Blower Fans

Blower-style fans pull air in axially and expel it radially through a shroud, creating high static pressure. Common in some low-profile coolers and GPU designs adapted for CPU use in niche ITX builds.

Advantages

• Excellent for confined spaces with high resistance
• Directed airflow improves heatsink efficiency
• Compact and self-contained design

Limitations

• Typically noisier under load
• Lower airflow volume compared to standard fans
• Less common as dedicated CPU coolers

Best for: Ultra-compact cases, industrial PCs, and specialized builds with restricted airflow

Heatsink Fans

These combine a passive heatsink with an integrated fan, commonly used in low-power ITX systems. The fan activates only when needed, improving noise efficiency.

Advantages

• Compact and optimized for tight spaces
• Energy-efficient with variable fan control
• Ideal for fanless or near-silent operation at idle
• Perfect for embedded and portable systems

Limitations

• Not suitable for high-heat CPUs
• Limited upgrade path
• Cooling headroom is minimal

Best for: Fanless builds, NAS systems, media centers, and ultra-quiet computing environments

Type	Cooling Efficiency	Noise Level	Space Requirements	Ideal Use Case
Air Cooling Fans	Good	Low to Moderate	Low Profile	General purpose ITX builds
Liquid Cooling Fans	Excellent	Moderate	Medium (radiator space needed)	High-performance compact systems
Blower Fans	Fair to Good	Moderate to High	Very Compact	Niche, space-constrained builds
Heatsink Fans	Fair	Very Low (when idle)	Minimal	Low-power, silent systems

Expert Tip: When choosing an ITX CPU fan, always verify clearance with your case, RAM height, and motherboard VRM heatsinks. Even a 5mm mismatch can prevent installation. Measure twice, buy once!

Industrial Applications of ITX CPU Fan

The ITX CPU fan plays a vital role in modern computing across a wide range of industries. As compact yet powerful computing systems become more prevalent, efficient thermal management is essential to ensure reliability, performance, and longevity. The small form factor of ITX (Intel Tiny eXtended) systems makes integrated cooling solutions like the ITX CPU fan critical for preventing overheating in space-constrained environments.

These fans are engineered to deliver optimal airflow while maintaining low noise levels and energy efficiency—key requirements in industrial and consumer applications alike. Below is a detailed exploration of the major sectors leveraging ITX CPU fans to maintain stable and efficient computing operations.

Key Industrial and Commercial Applications

Gaming and Consumer Electronics

In the gaming and consumer electronics industry, high-performance CPUs generate significant heat during intensive tasks such as 3D rendering, video streaming, and real-time gameplay. ITX CPU fans are widely used in compact gaming PCs, mini-desktops, and all-in-one systems where space is limited but cooling performance cannot be compromised.

These fans ensure consistent thermal regulation, preventing thermal throttling and system crashes during extended use. They are also integrated into handheld gaming devices, portable workstations, and premium laptops that utilize mini-ITX or similar compact architectures, balancing power and portability without sacrificing stability.

Automated and Robotic Systems

In automation and robotics, embedded computing systems often operate under continuous load in demanding environments. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs), robotic arms, automated assembly tools, and smart manufacturing units rely on compact onboard computers that require reliable cooling.

ITX CPU fans are deployed in these systems to manage heat generated by constant processing, especially in enclosed or high-temperature settings. Their compact size allows integration into tight control cabinets, while their durability ensures long-term operation in industrial conditions with minimal maintenance.

Networking and Telecommunications Equipment

Telecom infrastructure—including routers, switches, firewalls, and edge servers—depends on stable, high-performance computing to handle massive data throughput. Many of these devices use mini-ITX motherboards due to their balance of performance, size, and expandability.

ITX CPU fans provide essential active cooling in network equipment racks and data centers, particularly in edge computing nodes where traditional large cooling systems are impractical. By maintaining optimal operating temperatures, these fans help prevent latency, packet loss, and hardware failure in mission-critical communication systems.

Industrial Computing Systems

Industrial environments such as factories, power plants, and transportation hubs expose computing hardware to extreme conditions—including dust, moisture, vibration, and elevated temperatures. Industrial PCs and embedded servers often use ruggedized ITX platforms equipped with specialized cooling fans.

ITX CPU fans in these systems are designed with protective coatings, sealed bearings, and dust filters to withstand harsh conditions. They are commonly found in SCADA systems, HMI terminals, railway control units, and oil rig monitoring stations, where uninterrupted operation is crucial for safety and productivity.

Smart Consumer Products and IoT Devices

Beyond traditional computing, ITX CPU fans are increasingly used in intelligent consumer appliances and Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems. Devices such as smart refrigerators, digital signage, interactive kiosks, smart ovens, and AI-powered home assistants often incorporate mini-computers with embedded CPUs.

While many IoT devices use passive cooling, higher-end models with advanced processing capabilities (e.g., facial recognition, real-time analytics) require active cooling. ITX CPU fans offer a compact, quiet, and energy-efficient solution for managing heat in these always-on, connected devices.

Digital Signage and Media Systems

Fanless media PCs and digital signage players often incorporate low-profile ITX CPU fans when operating in high-temperature environments or running graphics-intensive content. These fans allow systems to run 24/7 without overheating, even in direct sunlight or poorly ventilated enclosures.

With features like PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) speed control, ITX fans adjust cooling output based on thermal load, reducing noise and power consumption during idle periods. This makes them ideal for retail displays, airport information boards, and outdoor advertising systems.

Application Sector	Cooling Challenge	Role of ITX CPU Fan
Gaming & Consumer Electronics	High thermal load in compact enclosures	Prevents overheating during sustained performance; enables silent, efficient operation
Automation & Robotics	Continuous CPU usage in confined spaces	Ensures stable operation of control systems; resists dust and vibration
Networking & Telecom	Heat buildup in dense server racks	Provides targeted cooling for edge devices and routers
Industrial Computing	Extreme environmental conditions	Delivers durable, reliable cooling in ruggedized systems
Smart Consumer Devices	Thermal management in always-on appliances	Supports advanced processing in compact, user-facing products

Benefits of ITX CPU Fans Across Industries

Compact Design: Ideal for space-limited applications without sacrificing cooling efficiency.

Energy Efficiency: Low power consumption makes them suitable for battery-powered or eco-conscious systems.

Quiet Operation: Engineered for minimal noise, critical in consumer-facing and office environments.

Durability: Many models feature IP-rated enclosures and sealed bearings for long service life.

Smart Control: Support for PWM and temperature-based speed regulation enhances adaptability.

Important: While ITX CPU fans are highly versatile, selecting the right model depends on specific thermal, spatial, and environmental requirements. Using an underpowered or incompatible fan can lead to system instability or premature hardware failure. Always match the fan specifications—such as airflow (CFM), noise level (dBA), and bearing type—to the intended application for optimal performance and reliability.

Product Specifications and Features of ITX CPU Fans

ITX CPU fans are essential components in compact computing systems, especially in mini-ITX builds where space, thermal efficiency, and noise control are critical. These fans are engineered to deliver reliable cooling performance while fitting within tight chassis constraints. Understanding their key specifications and features helps users make informed decisions for optimal system performance, longevity, and acoustics.

Size and Form Factor

Due to the limited space in mini-ITX cases, CPU fans must be compact yet effective. Most ITX-compatible fans come in standardized sizes to ensure compatibility with common heatsinks and case designs.

• 92mm fans are ideal for ultra-compact builds, offering a balance between airflow and physical footprint
• 120mm fans are the most common, providing superior airflow and lower noise levels due to slower rotational speeds
• 140mm fans offer maximum airflow and quiet operation but may not fit all ITX cases due to size constraints
• Some designs integrate the fan directly into low-profile heatsinks, featuring square or elongated profiles optimized for small chassis airflow dynamics

Pro tip: Always verify clearance between the fan, RAM modules, and case side panels before installation.

Cooling Performance

The primary role of an ITX CPU fan is to maintain safe operating temperatures under various workloads. Cooling efficiency depends on multiple design factors, including size, blade design, and static pressure.

• Larger fans move more air at lower RPMs, improving thermal performance while reducing noise
• Fans with optimized blade curvature and pitch enhance airflow efficiency and static pressure, crucial for pushing air through dense heatsink fins
• Static pressure is especially important in restricted airflow environments typical of small ITX cases
• High-performance ITX builds may use dual-fan configurations or push-pull setups for enhanced heat dissipation

Key insight: A well-designed 120mm fan often outperforms a smaller 92mm fan, even at lower RPMs, due to greater air volume displacement.

Bearing Types

The bearing system is a critical determinant of a fan’s lifespan, noise level, and reliability. Different bearing technologies offer distinct trade-offs.

• Sleeve bearings: Cost-effective and quiet at low speeds but may wear faster under continuous operation or high temperatures
• Ball bearings: Durable and suitable for high-temperature environments; slightly noisier but offer longer lifespans (typically 50,000–60,000 hours)
• Fluid Dynamic (FDB) bearings: Combine smooth operation with excellent longevity and quiet performance; ideal for 24/7 systems and silent builds
• Advanced bearings often include sealed designs to resist dust and moisture, extending service life in non-ideal environments

Technical note: FDB and ball bearings are recommended for long-term reliability in enthusiast or server-grade ITX systems.

Fan Speed and Control

Fan speed, measured in RPM (Revolutions Per Minute), directly impacts both cooling performance and acoustic output. Modern ITX fans support dynamic speed control for optimal balance.

• Speed ranges typically vary from 800 RPM (silent idle) to over 2,500 RPM (maximum cooling)
• Higher RPM increases airflow but also generates more noise and vibration
• Most fans feature automatic speed regulation via motherboard sensors, adjusting based on CPU temperature
• Custom fan curves can be set in BIOS or software to prioritize silence or performance as needed

Smart feature: Look for fans with start-stop functionality that completely halts rotation at low loads for zero noise.

Connector Types and PWM Control

The type of power connector determines how precisely the fan speed can be controlled, which is vital for balancing cooling and noise in compact systems.

• 3-pin connectors (DC control): Adjust speed by varying voltage (typically 5–12V); less precise and limited in low-speed control
• 4-pin connectors (PWM control): Use Pulse Width Modulation for fine-grained speed adjustments, allowing consistent voltage with variable on/off pulses
• PWM fans maintain better low-speed stability and are ideal for silent builds or systems requiring precise thermal management
• Most modern motherboards support both types, but 4-pin PWM is preferred for advanced control and efficiency

Compatibility tip: 4-pin fans are backward compatible with 3-pin headers, but will lose PWM functionality.

Noise Levels and Additional Features

In small ITX enclosures, fan noise is more noticeable due to proximity and reduced sound dampening. Many modern fans include features to minimize acoustics.

• Noise levels typically range from 15 dBA (near silent) to 35 dBA (moderate hum), depending on speed and design
• Rubber dampeners or anti-vibration mounts reduce chassis resonance and operational noise
• Some models offer RGB lighting or addressable LEDs for aesthetic customization in visible builds
• Dust-resistant blade coatings and IP-rated designs enhance longevity in dusty environments

Design consideration: Prioritize low-noise fans with PWM support for home theater PCs or office environments.

Expert Recommendation: For most mini-ITX builds, a high-quality 120mm fan with FDB bearing and 4-pin PWM support offers the best balance of cooling, noise, and durability. Avoid overspending on ultra-high-RPM fans unless used in a high-TDP CPU setup; instead, focus on airflow efficiency and quiet operation tailored to the case’s thermal constraints.

Fan Size	Typical RPM Range	Noise Level (dBA)	Connector Type	Bearing Type	Best Use Case
92mm	1,500–3,000 RPM	20–32 dBA	3-pin or 4-pin	Sleeve / FDB	Ultra-compact builds with space constraints
120mm	800–2,200 RPM	15–28 dBA	4-pin (PWM) preferred	FDB / Ball	General-purpose ITX systems, HTPCs, silent builds
140mm	600–1,800 RPM	12–24 dBA	4-pin PWM	FDB	High-airflow, low-noise configurations (if space allows)

Additional Selection Criteria

• Airflow (CFM): Measured in cubic feet per minute; higher values indicate better cooling capacity
• Static Pressure (mmH₂O): Critical for pushing air through heatsinks; higher is better for restricted airflow scenarios
• Lifespan: Rated in hours (e.g., 60,000–160,000 hours); FDB and ball bearings typically last longer
• Warranty: Premium brands often offer 3–5 year warranties, reflecting confidence in durability
• Compatibility: Ensure fan thickness (usually 15–25mm) fits within case and doesn’t interfere with components

How to Choose the Best ITX CPU Fan: A Comprehensive Buyer’s Guide

Selecting the right CPU fan for your mini-ITX build is crucial for balancing performance, noise, and thermal efficiency. Due to the compact nature of ITX cases, airflow is restricted, making fan selection even more critical. This guide dives deep into the key factors to consider when choosing an ITX-compatible CPU fan, helping you make an informed decision based on your cooling needs, noise tolerance, and system compatibility.

Important Note: In mini-ITX builds, thermal management is more challenging due to limited space and reduced airflow. Always verify physical clearance between the CPU cooler, RAM modules, case roof, and other components before purchasing a fan or cooler.

Key Factors When Choosing an ITX CPU Fan

• Size and Physical Compatibility

  Mini-ITX systems demand compact components, and CPU fans are no exception. Most ITX-compatible CPU coolers use 60mm, 70mm, 92mm, or 120mm fans. While larger fans (e.g., 120mm) move more air and are generally quieter, they may not fit in smaller ITX cases. Smaller fans (60–92mm) are space-efficient but often require higher RPMs to achieve sufficient airflow, which can increase noise. Always measure your case's CPU cooler clearance (height and width) and compare it with the cooler’s specifications to ensure a proper fit.

  Pro Tip: Some low-profile coolers use dual 92mm fans or slim 120mm variants specifically designed for tight ITX enclosures.

• Airflow (CFM) and Fan Speed (RPM)

  Airflow is measured in CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute) and indicates how much air the fan can move. Higher CFM values mean better cooling potential. Fan speed, measured in RPM (Revolutions Per Minute), directly impacts airflow and noise. For ITX builds, aim for a balance—typically between 30–60 CFM and 800–2000 RPM. Extremely high RPM fans (above 2500) may cool effectively but can be loud in quiet environments.

  For silent builds, consider fanless coolers or passive cooling solutions (like large heatsinks without fans), which are ideal for low-TDP processors (e.g., Intel T-series or AMD G-series APUs). These eliminate fan noise entirely but require adequate case ventilation and are not suitable for high-performance CPUs under sustained load.

• Fan Bearing Types and Longevity

  The type of bearing in a fan affects its noise level, durability, and performance over time. Common types include:

  • Ball Bearings: Durable and long-lasting (up to 65,000+ hours), perform well at high temperatures, and are relatively quiet. Ideal for 24/7 operation.
  • Fluid Dynamic (FDB) Bearings: Offer excellent noise control and smooth operation. Slightly less durable than ball bearings (around 50,000 hours) but quieter and suitable for most desktop applications.
  • Sleeve Bearings: Cost-effective and quiet at low speeds but have a shorter lifespan (20,000–30,000 hours) and are sensitive to orientation and heat. Best for light-duty or short-term use.

  For ITX systems where replacement access may be limited, choosing a fan with FDB or ball bearings ensures better long-term reliability.

• Electrical and Mounting Compatibility

  Ensure the fan has the correct connector type—3-pin (PWM) or 4-pin (DC control)—to match your motherboard’s CPU fan header. Most modern motherboards support both, but 4-pin PWM fans allow for finer speed control and quieter operation under low loads.

  Additionally, verify that the fan is compatible with your CPU cooler or heatsink design. Some low-profile coolers come with proprietary fan mounts, while others support standard clips. If replacing a stock fan, ensure the new one fits the cooler’s mounting points and doesn’t obstruct RAM or VRM heatsinks.

• Noise Levels (dBA)

  Noise is a critical factor in small ITX builds, especially for home theater PCs (HTPCs) or office systems. Fan noise is measured in decibels (dBA). Look for fans rated below 25 dBA for near-silent operation. Fans with rubber dampeners or anti-vibration mounts help reduce resonance and noise transmission.

  Many ITX-friendly fans feature optimized blade designs (e.g., curved or hydrodynamic blades) to maximize airflow while minimizing turbulence and noise. Software-controlled PWM regulation also helps maintain low noise during idle and light usage.

• Monitor CPU Thermals and Workload Requirements

  Before selecting a fan, assess your CPU’s thermal output and typical usage patterns. High-performance CPUs (e.g., Intel i7/i9 or AMD Ryzen 7/9) generate significant heat, especially in compact ITX cases with limited airflow. Monitor your CPU temperatures using tools like HWMonitor, Core Temp, or Ryzen Master to determine if your current cooling is sufficient.

  Factors contributing to high thermals include:

  • High voltage and current draw under load
  • Extended gaming, rendering, or encoding sessions
  • Inadequate case ventilation or dust buildup

  If temperatures consistently exceed 85°C under load, consider upgrading to a larger low-profile air cooler or a compact AIO liquid cooler designed for ITX cases.

Fan Size	Airflow (CFM)	Noise Level (dBA)	Best For	Recommended Use Case
60–70mm	10–20	20–30	Ultra-compact builds	Low-power APUs, embedded systems
92mm	25–40	18–28	Balanced ITX builds	Ryzen 5, Intel i5, moderate workloads
120mm (slim)	40–60	20–32	High-performance ITX	Gaming, streaming, content creation
Fanless (passive)	0	0	Silent HTPCs	Sub-65W CPUs, light usage

Expert Tip: Pair your ITX CPU fan with quality thermal paste (e.g., Arctic MX-4, Noctua NT-H1) and ensure even application for optimal heat transfer. Also, keep your case vents clean and consider adding one or two case fans to improve overall airflow in tight enclosures.

Final Recommendations

• Measure your case’s CPU cooler clearance before purchasing any fan or cooler.
• Prioritize FDB or ball bearing fans for longer lifespan and quieter operation.
• Use PWM-controlled 4-pin fans for dynamic, temperature-based speed regulation.
• For silent builds, explore fanless coolers or low-RPM, high-efficiency models.
• Monitor CPU temperatures regularly to assess cooling effectiveness and prevent thermal throttling.
• Consider compact AIO liquid coolers (120mm or 240mm) if air cooling proves insufficient.

Choosing the right ITX CPU fan is about finding the perfect balance between cooling performance, noise, and physical fit. By understanding your system’s thermal demands and space constraints, you can select a fan that keeps your CPU running cool and quiet—without compromising your compact build’s sleek design.

Frequently Asked Questions About ITX CPU Fans and Cooling Performance

Q1: What is the ideal CPU temperature range for an ITX fan?

The ideal CPU temperature range varies slightly depending on the processor model, manufacturer (Intel vs. AMD), and workload intensity. However, as a general rule of thumb:

• Idle temperatures: Should ideally remain between 30°C and 45°C when the system is not under load.
• Under load (gaming, rendering, etc.): A safe operating range is typically between 60°C and 80°C.
• Thermal throttling threshold: Most modern CPUs begin reducing performance (throttling) around 90°C–100°C to prevent damage.

In compact ITX builds, airflow is more restricted than in larger cases, so maintaining temperatures on the lower end of this range (closer to 60–70°C under load) is recommended for long-term reliability and sustained performance.

Q2: Can an ITX CPU fan be used for other applications, such as in gaming or video editing?

Absolutely—ITX CPU fans are not limited to small-form-factor office PCs. They can be effectively used in high-performance applications like gaming, video editing, 3D rendering, and software development, provided that:

• Thermal design power (TDP) match: The cooler must be rated to handle the heat output of your CPU. For example, a high-TDP processor like the AMD Ryzen 7 7800X or Intel Core i7-13700K requires a robust ITX-compatible cooler with sufficient cooling capacity.
• Case airflow optimization: In ITX enclosures, case fans and ventilation play a critical role. Pairing the CPU fan with well-placed intake and exhaust fans improves overall thermal performance.
• Cooler type: High-end ITX coolers include low-profile air coolers (e.g., Noctua NH-L9i) or compact AIO liquid coolers (e.g., 120mm or 240mm radiators), which are excellent for intensive workloads.

Many enthusiasts build powerful ITX gaming rigs or compact workstations using premium cooling solutions designed specifically for tight spaces.

Q3: How does the number of fan blades affect CPU fan performance?

The number of fan blades plays a significant role in determining airflow, static pressure, noise levels, and efficiency. Here's how:

• Airflow vs. Static Pressure: Fans with fewer blades (5–7) tend to move more air (high airflow), making them ideal for open radiators or heatsinks. Fans with more blades (9–11) generate higher static pressure, which is better for pushing air through tight spaces like dense radiator fins or restricted ITX case vents.
• Noise and Turbulence: More blades can reduce turbulence and distribute airflow more evenly, potentially lowering noise at higher RPMs. However, too many blades may increase drag and motor load if not properly balanced.
• Efficiency: Blade count, shape, pitch, and curvature (often called "swept" or "curved" blades) are engineered together to optimize performance. For example, Noctua and be quiet! use aerodynamically shaped multi-blade designs to maximize cooling with minimal noise.

In ITX systems, where space and airflow are limited, choosing a fan optimized for static pressure (often with 9+ blades) can significantly improve cooling effectiveness.

Q4: Are there any specific maintenance requirements for an ITX CPU fan?

Yes, regular maintenance is crucial—especially in small ITX cases where dust buildup can quickly impact performance due to limited airflow. Key maintenance practices include:

• Dust cleaning every 3–6 months: Use compressed air or a soft brush to clean fan blades, heatsink fins, and surrounding areas. Dust acts as an insulator, reducing heat dissipation efficiency.
• Check for obstructions: Ensure cables or components aren’t blocking airflow near the fan. In tight ITX builds, cable management is essential.
• Monitor fan speed and noise: Sudden changes in sound (grinding, rattling) may indicate bearing wear or imbalance. Most motherboards allow fan speed monitoring via BIOS or software (e.g., HWMonitor, SpeedFan).
• Lubrication or replacement: Sleeve or ball bearing fans may degrade over time. Fluid dynamic bearings (FDB) typically last longer (60,000+ hours). Replace fans showing signs of failure to avoid overheating.
• Thermal paste reapplication: Every 2–3 years, consider reapplying high-quality thermal paste between the CPU and cooler to maintain optimal heat transfer.

Proper upkeep ensures consistent cooling, quieter operation, and extended component lifespan—especially important in sealed or compact ITX environments.

Q5: Can an ITX CPU fan be too powerful, causing it to be noisy while using it?

Yes, an ITX CPU fan can become excessively loud if it’s overpowered or improperly configured for the system’s thermal needs. This often happens when:

• Fan curves are too aggressive: Many motherboards default to high-speed fan curves. Adjusting these in the BIOS or software can reduce noise while maintaining safe temperatures.
• Poor case acoustics: Small ITX cases can amplify fan noise due to proximity to panels and lack of sound-dampening materials.
• High-RPM fans in confined spaces: Some compact fans spin at very high speeds (3000+ RPM) to compensate for size limitations, which increases noise output. Look for models with noise ratings below 25 dBA for quieter builds.
• Vibration transmission: Mounting the fan directly to metal without rubber grommets can transfer vibrations, increasing perceived noise.

For quiet operation, consider:

• Using PWM-controlled fans with smart fan curves.
• Choosing low-noise fan models (e.g., Noctua, be quiet!, Arctic P12).
• Adding sound-dampening foam inside the case (if compatible).
• Opting for larger 92mm or 120mm fans where space allows—they move more air at lower RPMs, reducing noise.

Balancing cooling performance and acoustic comfort is key in ITX builds, where both thermal and noise management are more challenging.