Tubular Microfiltration Membranes | Industrial wastewater treatment | - Material: UPVC (Base) ▲ PVDF (Advanced) (ASTM D790) - Filtration: 0.5µm (Base) ▲ 0.1µm (Advanced) (ISO 4793) - Pressure: 50 psi (ASME B16.34) - Warranty: 2 years (▲ 1-year industry standard) | - PVDF Advanced resists harsh chemicals (ASTM D543) - 2-year warranty covers industrial wear | - Higher upfront cost vs sand filters - Requires pretreatment for optimal use |
Hollow-Fiber Membranes | Residential water purification | - Material: Polyethersulfone (PES) (ISO 10993) - Filtration: 0.01–0.1µm (ISO 4793) - Pressure: 30 psi (ASME B16.34) | - Compact design for small-scale use - Removes bacteria/viruses (NSF/ANSI 58) | - Susceptible to clogging by particulates - Lower pressure tolerance limits industrial use |
Sand Filters | Pre-treatment in water plants | - Media: Quartz sand (ASTM C33) - Filtration: 20–50µm (ISO 3308) - Flow rate: 5–10 m³/h (ISO 9001) | - Low cost and maintenance - Effective for large volumes of suspended solids | - Requires frequent backwashing - Ineffective against dissolved contaminants |
Activated Carbon Filters | Odor/chemical removal in municipal water | - Media: Coconut shell carbon (NSF/ANSI 42) - Filtration: 5µm (ISO 4793) - Adsorption capacity: 200 mg/g (ASTM D3810) | - Improves taste and removes chlorine - Lightweight and easy to replace | - Limited lifespan (6–12 months) - No pathogen removal capability |
Reverse Osmosis Systems | Desalination, high-purity water | - Membrane: Thin-film composite (ISO 14040) - Filtration: 0.0001µm (ISO 4793) - Pressure: 60 psi (ASME B16.34) | - Removes 99% of contaminants (including salts) - Meets WHO drinking water standards | - High energy consumption - Slow flow rate (1–3 L/min) |
Ultrafiltration Membranes | Industrial effluent treatment | - Material: PVDF (ISO 9001) - Filtration: 0.01–0.1µm (ISO 4793) - Flux rate: 50–100 L/m²h (ASTM F739) | - High flux rates enable scalability - Retains proteins/lipids in food processing | - Requires pretreatment to prevent clogging - Higher cost than sand filters |