6 axis cnc control board

Types of 6-axis CNC control boards

A CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine draws its instructions from the NC (Numerical Control) code. An NC code includes instructions on which axis a particular work movement or part should be located. As mentioned earlier, a CNC machine can have different axes, each comprising a specific sequence of linear and circular movements. The 6-axis CNC control board is programmed using a set of instructions to perform six simultaneous movements or cutting operations. The board usually contains six critical motors: one for the moving base, one for the shoulder, one for the elbow, one for the wrist, one for the robotic gripper, and one for the rotating platform. The primary elements or motors may need to be further accommodated or added to another list to include additional specifications.

To manage this complexity, a 6-axis CNC control board is utilized, which interfaces with the motors and sensors to carry out the components' commands. These control boards vary in type but usually comprise the following:

• Arduino-based control boards

  Arduino is a hardware and software platform that manufacturers use to build their devices. It's flexible and open-source, allowing for rapid development because of its simplistic interface. CNCs that use Arduino include the Mega, which is often used for 3D printers and basic CNC routers. These CNCs are sometimes referred to as GRBL control boards, which is software uploaded to the Arduino to help it control CNC machines. One downside of using Arduino as a control board is that it is not powerful enough to control more than three axes. For this limitation to be rectified, an external driver would have to be provided.

• Raspberry Pi-based CNC control boards

  The Raspberry Pi is also an open-source hardware and software platform, but it has far more processing power than Arduino. This allows it to control up to six or even more axes. The Raspberry Pi is a small computer used to learn how to program when creating code. A new model comes with improved processing power and speed. The machine control code runs on Linux, an operating system that can handle multiple tasks simultaneously. One downside is that the machine has no internal EEPROM for storing G-code, so something external will be needed to store G-code.

• LCD controller CNC 6-axis motherboard with USB

  A 6-axis CNC controller usually has an LCD user interface that allows the CNC machine to be controlled in a simple human-readable format. These 6-axis CNC controllers typically have USB interconnection options.

• Mach3/4-based control boards

  Mach3 and Mach4 are control software used in various CNC machines. They allow the computer to control the CNC machine, including its direction, speed, and other functions. Drivers, usually included with the software, interface with the stepper and servo motors, enabling them to turn the necessary steps to move the axes of the CNC machine. The control software can be expanded to include more axes as necessary. A virtual front panel is used to set up the machine. This feature is not available in Mach3.

Specification and maintenance of 6-axis CNC control boards

Specifications for 6-axis CNC control boards vary based on the type and model. Here are some common features to expect.

• SupportedAxis

  This refers to the number of axes a CNC machine can rotate or move. CNC machines come with no standard number of axes. The machines can have anywhere from two to ten axes. The most common configurations include 3-axis, 4-axis, 5-axis, and 6-axis CNC machines. 6-axis CNC control boards support six axes or more.

• Microstepping

  A CNC machine with microstepping divides a stepper motor's single step into smaller movement increments. This allows for smoother motion and greater precision with control. 6-axis CNC control boards provide different types of microstepping. Higher microstepping numbers give more precision and smoother movement. However, it can use more processing power.

• Interface

  A 6-axis CNC control board's interface defines how easily it connects to other devices. It also talks of how simple it is to integrate with design software. These boards typically have USB or Ethernet connections for easy linking and integration.

• Compatibility with Driver

  The control board has to drive the stepper motors effectively. This is done by ensuring it works well with the selected motor drivers. The voltage and current ratings of the board and the motor drivers should match for effective performance.

Maintenance

6-axis CNC control boards don't need a lot of maintenance to work well. However, some routine checks ensure the boards maintain stability and reliability over time. Here are a few things to do regularly to maintain a 6-axis CNC control board:

• Clean the Board: Wipe dust or debris off the board with a soft cloth. Focus on the connectors and mounts.
• Check Connections: Examine all connections and wiring for loose connections or signs of wear. Make the necessary adjustments or repairs.
• Update Firmware: A CNC machine's performance can improve with new updates. Find out if there are updates available for the control board and install them.

Use scenarios of 6 axis CNC control boards

6 axis CNC control boards with interfaces like USB, U-discharge, and offline communication provide various application scenarios. Here are some examples.

• Upgrading existing CNC machines:

  6 axis CNC control boards can serve as a replacement for outdated or malfunctioning controllers in CNC milling machines, lathes, or routers. This is useful for enhancing the accuracy, features, and performance of the existing CNC machine. Users can integrate the 6-axis board into their older CNC setup after making new mounting holes or connections. This allows them to benefit from modern capabilities like improved programming options and precision.

• Affordable hobby CNC projects:

  Hobbyists benefiting from the low cost of 6 axis CNC controller boards can use them to create their own CNC machines. These include CNC routers, laser cutters, and engravers. They can also install 6 axis CNC machines with Arduino, which is inexpensive but powerful, for less than the price of commercial machines.

• Flexible custom CNC machines:

  These boards come with open-source firmware and configurable software options like GRBL, Mach3, and LinuxCNC. This allows a custom CNC machine builder to choose from a wide variety of features to meet specific needs. Unconventional CNC machines using the 6 axis CNC control board are, for example, CNC weaving machines, pick and place CNC assembling machines, and flyboard control planes.

• Low-volume production and prototyping:

  CNC machines with a 6 axis CNC control are good for low-volume part production. This is because the 6 axis CNC control boards are affordable compared to their 5 axis and 7 axis counterparts. The machine uses the 6 axis CNC control board to make parts with good accuracy and consistency, saving more than using another method.

How to choose a 6-axis CNC control board

When choosing a 6-axis CNC control board, the first thing to consider is the maximum current that is supported. The requirement for this parameter is determined primarily by the output spindle and driving motors. If the selected controlling board does not support high current output, it may result in reduced spindle rotation speed or driving motor torque.

Another factor to keep in mind is: do the intended machines and devices work with the chosen control board? Different CNC machines require different types of control boards that are compatible with their firmware, wiring, and mechanical setup. For example, a standard 6-axis CNC board works well with a standard 6-axis CNC machine. Choose a control board that is designed to work with the specific type of CNC machine. Consider the support for peripherals such as sensors, feedback devices, tool changers, and other add-ons that may be used to enhance the CNC machine's capabilities.

Consider the programming and customization abilities of the firmware. Some boards may have locked firmware that cannot be changed. Depending on the user’s needs and preferences, this may or may not be an issue. Additionally, it is essential to decide between an integrated or separate driver board. Integrated driver boards are generally more cost-effective and simpler to set up, while separate driver boards offer more flexibility in choosing the drivers that best suit the particular application.

If a user is new to CNC machining, one may prioritize user-friendly features such as plug-and-play connectivity, clear documentation, and a supportive community. It is also wise to read reviews and ratings from other users before making a decision. If possible, one should also test the controlling board to see if it fits the requirement and is suitable for intended applications.

6 axis CNC control board Q&A

Q1. What is the main function of the 6 axis CNC controller?

A1. The primary function of a CNC controller is to convert the design file's digital data into electrical signals that instruct the CNC machine to move its cutting tool or workpiece in the desired path. The controller also plays a crucial role in determining the direction of the CNC router machine.

Q2. Do 6 axis CNC controllers have firmware?

A2. These controllers precede the software, meaning they will not need any applications to operate. They will, however, need specific firmware to upload into the control board to facilitate communication between the computer and the CNC machine.

Q3. What are the key features of 6 axis CNC controllers?

A3. Users can expect to find the following key features in most 6 axis CNC controllers:

• Cutting Tool Control: This controller would enable the CNC machine to move its cutting tool or workpiece along the programmed path. Once it receives the relevant commands and coordinates from the computer, the controller would interpret these commands and generate the necessary signals to direct the movement of the cutting tool.
• Axis Control: A CNC controller manages and controls the movement of multiple axes. It interprets the programmed commands and sends control signals to the motors or actuators responsible for driving each axis. The controller ensures that the axes move in a coordinated manner, following the desired path and trajectory.
• Speed and Acceleration Control: CNC controllers manage the speed and acceleration of each axis. They achieve this by sending control signals to the motors or drives controlling the axes. The controller may adjust the speed of each axis based on the programmed commands, allowing for precise control of the CNC machine's movement.
• Interface and Communication: A CNC controller provides an interface for communication with the CNC machine. This interface may include standard communication protocols such as RS-232 or USB, allowing the controller to receive commands and send feedback to the controlling device (e.g., computer or handheld controller).