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Coccidiostatic is an anti-infection medication for coccidia that is found in the intestines of various animals. It is mostly given to poultry, pigs, and calves. The medicine is taken through feed or drinking water, mixed Clostridium bolte and coccidia. Coccidiostatics come in different types depending on the organism in the host. They include the following.
Ionophores
Coccidiosis treatment requires drugs that will not kill bacteria. It helps eliminate some coccidia without harming bacteria's necessary nesting and reproduction. Ionophore drugs include monensin (Cattlie), salinomycin (Avi), and semduromycin. Ionophore coccidiostats decrease feed efficiency and promote growth in poultry or animals with few food requirements. Ionophores are cheap and include drugs with additives in feeds.
Triazine Anticoccidials
These include clopidol, a coccidiostat with little effect on the Eimeria species. It has minimal effects on the bacteria and therefore does not interfere with gut health. These drugs limit coccidia reproduction, which lowers oocyst production. This reduces the chances of infected animals passing infected oo-cysts and spreading the disease. It is available as a powder that can be mixed with water or feed.
Cyclic Hydrazine
These are drugs such as nitazoxanide and tazinazide that treat giardia and Eimeria. Tazinazide is a prodrug of nitazoxanide that is effective against different species of Eimeria. Nitazoxanide has wide usage due to its effectiveness. Available in oral forms, include tablets and suspensions, often taking with food to increase absorption. It can be combined with other anticoccidial drugs like bencidazole for synergistic effects.
Benzimidazole derivatives
Cocci-kill and Bencidazol are benzimidazole coccidiostatics that prevent oocyst transmission. They inhibit egg formation by binding beta-tubulin. This action disrupt cellular functions, causing coccidia death. These drugs remain effective against other strains with typical mechanisms of resistance. They include powder formulations that can be mixed with feed or water and are stable at room temperature.
Species specific
Selecting coccidiostats means considering the species effect. Coccidiostatic is specific, affecting only particular coccidia types. Ionophores have a decocidial effect on poultry but not on other animals. Other anticoccidials are effective against specific Eimeria species in cattle, pigs, or other poultry. Choose the one that targets the coccidia present in a particular flock or herd.
Local regulations
Some countries restrict or allow only specific coccidiostats in poultry production. Some coccidiostats banned elsewhere, like in Europe, may be widely used in Africa. When selecting coccidiostats, consider the legal requirements in that particular country. This information will prevent future enforcement problems.
Sourcing reputable
Small and cheap products can be sourced from Alibaba.com. However, do not buy coccidiostatic from a small vendor. Look at the medical vendor's reviews and consider the number of times the item was bought to ensure steady supplies. Quality coccidiostats ensure they meet safety and quality requirements.
Resistance history
How the birds have previously been treated with anticoccidial medicines will also be a factor in the selection. Some coccidiostats work better when used with other medicines. Others, however, have developed resistance after previous use. There are cases where feed manufacturers incorporate coccidiostats into feeds. That means the existing strains have developed resistance, making older drugs ineffective. Newer drugs and those effective against lesser-targeted coccidia should be preferred.
Formulation and ease of administration
Consider the formulation and how easy it is to give the medicine. Most coccidiostatic, such as ionophores and triazine, are available in feeds. These medicines require less labor to mix with feeds. Some are added in drinking water, which is also easy to administer. Ensure the formulation chosen is compatible with the existing feeding or watering systems.
Prevent and treat coccidia infections
Coccidiostatic is used in poultry to manage the ongoing coccidia problem. It helps reduce the cases and severity of coccidia infections and the associated damage caused by the parasite. It protects the gut and liver from the parasite and reduces the possibility of mortality due to the disease. By controlling pathogens, coccidiostasts limit the disease and the associated costs of drugs, death, and reduced production.
Improved production performance
Coccidia causes diarrhea, poor nutrient absorption, and reduced feed conversion. All these affect production parameters such as weight gain, egg production, meat, or milk. Coccidiostats reduce the disease's impact and improve production performance. They help promote better weight gain and improved feed conversion rates. Birds that don't suffer from coccidia grow at the required rates and produce more eggs.
Lower stress and better animal welfare
Coccidia infections cause stress to the affected animals. It causes fear, discomfort, and some time space loss due to disease. Coccidiostats reduce the stress caused by the infection. This leads to better general welfare in animals. Stress affects productivity, and staes can lead to aggression and cannibalism in poultry. Reduced stress also reduces veterinarian and management intervention.
Reduced risk of zoonotic disease
Some strains of coccidia can be transmitted between animals and humans. Controlling coccidia in poultry reduces the risk of potential zoonotic transmission. This is especially important in regions where poultry and humans have close contact. It helps prevent food safety problems associated with coccidia infection in meat. Coccidiostats help make poultry a safer meal.
Improves economic outcomes
Controlling coccidia infections reduces the cost associated with disease management. It means that lower mortality and less need for medical treatment increase production yields. This all leads to improved financial returns for farmers and producers. It helps reduce the need for expensive vaccines or other interventions.
Powdered drugs
These drugs contain coccidiostatic that must be mixed with food to ensure even distribution. The feed should be in a form the animals can ingest, such as mash, pellets, or crumbles. Use a feed mixer to combine the drug and feed thoroughly. Prepare the medicated feed in small quantities that will be consumed within that day. Do not prepare in large quantities, as the medicine will degrade.
Water-soluble drugs
Drugs that need to be added to drinking water should be dissolved in clean, fresh water. To ensure it dissolves completely, add the water-soluble drug to a small amount of water and stir well until all the powder is dissolved. When mixing, wear gloves and a mask to avoid contamination. The water amount should be enough so that the poultry will finish it. Provide the medicated water to the animals and ensure they drink it all.
Oral drenching
Orally administered drugs are usually given individually using a drenching gun or syringe. Use the appropriate dosage measuring equipment, like a syringe or drenching gun. Restrain the animal gently to prevent injury to it or oneself. Administer the drug slowly in the side of the mouth to avoid aspiration. Ensure the animal swallow all the medicine before restraining or moving on to the next animal.
Inhalants
While not common for coccidiostats, any inhalant drugs should be administered using an inhaler. The inhaler should be powered and have a steady airflow. Invalidate the inhaler and place it in front of the animal's nose.
Yes, coccidiostatic can be combined with other drugs. Some are used together, while others are used sequentially to allow the animals to develop tolerance gradually. Combining two coccidiostats with other mechanisms of action can enhance efficacy. However, always consult a professional before combining them.
Overdosing coccidiostats can lead to toxicity. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and confusion. Animals might show increased thirst, urination, or electrolyte imbalance. Seek veterinary advice immediately. Provide supportive care by ensuring adequate hydration and monitoring vital signs.
Coccidiostats should not be consumed after expiry. The effectiveness may be reduced, making them less effective in managing infections. They could also be dangerous as they might have degraded to harmful substances.
Yes, prolonged exposure to coccidiostats can lead to reduced susceptibility. This is similar to antibiotic resistance, where pathogens develop the ability to survive drug exposure. Animals might develop tolerance over time, reduced drug efficacy, or increased oocyst shedding. This occurs when the medicine has been repetitively incorporated into either water or feed.
Emerging oocysts will give the signal to vaccinate again. When the new coccidia are from a different strain, it is time to vaccinate again. Consider doing genetic studies on the oocysts to determine how many vaccinations are required.
